Incorporation Of Capric Acid Research Articles

Solvent-Free Enzymatic Synthesis of Dietary Triacylglycerols from Cottonseed Oil in a Fluidized Bed Reactor.

The synthesis of structured lipids with nutraceutical applications, such as medium-long-medium (MLM) triacylglycerols, via modification of oils and fats represents a challenge for the food industry. This study aimed to synthesize MLM-type dietary triacylglycerols by enzymatic acidolysis of cottonseed oil and capric acid (C10) catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM (lipase from Rhizomucor miehei) in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). After chemical characterization of the feedstock and hydrodynamic characterization of the reactor, a 22 central composite rotatable design was used to optimize capric acid incorporation. The independent variables were cycle number (20-70) and cottonseed oil/capric acid molar ratio (1:2-1:4). The temperature was set at 45 °C. The best conditions, namely a 1:4 oil/acid molar ratio and 80 cycles (17.34 h), provided a degree of incorporation of about 40 mol%, as shown by compositional analysis of the modified oil. Lipozyme RM IM showed good operational stability (kd = 2.72 × 10-4 h-1, t1/2 = 2545.78 h), confirming the good reuse capacity of the enzyme in the acidolysis of cottonseed oil with capric acid. It is concluded that an FBR configuration is a promising alternative for the enzymatic synthesis of MLM triacylglycerols.

Enhancing power generation by maintaining operating temperature using Phase Change Material for Microbial Fuel Cell application

The present study focuses on the feasibility to provide power to sensors or environmental monitoring devices that are at remote locations through Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). In field applications of MFC, fluctuations in temperatures during day and night lead to a decrease in overall performance, especially in locations where the temperature is highly vulnerable to change. To maintain required optimum temperature the use of capric acid, as a Phase Change Material (PCM) is proposed. Capric acid is incorporated into the MFC by enclosing the setup on the exterior so that only the PCM is exposed to external environment. During increase in external temperature capric acid melts gradually by absorbing heat and stores it acting as an insulator to the interior MFC unit. During decrease in external temperature, the PCM dissipates the stored energy to maintain the internal temperature by changing its phase from liquid to solid. Hence, the optimum temperature maintained provides a conducive environment for the growth and metabolism of microbes thereby resulting in a better electron transfer mechanism. The incorporation of capric acid resulted in a maximum voltage, power density, and coulombic efficiency of 728 ± 2 mV, 283 ± 1.3 mW/m2, and 8.6 ± 0.4%, respectively, unlike the MFC without capric acid (power density: 156.7 ± 1.5 mW/m2, voltage: 456 ± 1.3 mV and coulombic efficiency: 1.6 ± 0.2%) which suffered performance deterioration. The results revealed that capric can be used in integration with MFC to sustain optimum operating temperature. The study opens a new line of research to utilize other PCMs in MFC for thermal management.

Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids from grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) oil in associated packed bed reactors.

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) can be modified to increase the absorption of fatty acids, prevent obesity, and treat fat malabsorption disorders and metabolic diseases. Medium-long-medium (MLM)-type TAGs, which contain medium-chain fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone and a long-chain fatty acid in the sn-2 position, show particularly interesting nutritional characteristics. This study aimed to synthesize MLM-type TAGs by enzymatic acidolysis of grape seed oil with medium-chain capric acid (C10:0) in associated packed bed reactors. The reaction was carried out during 120H, at 45°C, using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme® RM IM). The residence time distribution of reagents in the reactor was quantified to evaluate the reactor behavior and to diagnose the existence of preferential paths. The reaction progress was monitored by analyzing TAG composition and, at the steady state (after 48H of reaction), the incorporation degree achieved a value of 39.91±2.77%. To enhance the capric acid incorporation, an acidolysis reaction in associated packed bed reactors was performed. The results showed a good operational stability of the biocatalyst, revealing values of half-life 209.64H, 235.63H of packed bed and associated packed bed reactor, respectively, and a deactivation coefficient 0.0061H-1 .

Transformer-ethosomes with palmitoyl pentapeptide for improved transdermal delivery

The aim of this study was to develop flexible lipid carriers loaded with palmitoyl pentapeptide (PPP) for improved transdermal delivery. Transformer-ethosomes (TESs), composed of phosphatidylcholine and fatty acids, were prepared by a modified extrusion method. The physicochemical characteristics of PPP-entrapped TESs (PPP-TESs) indicated that they had a mean diameter of <150 nm, a homogeneous particle population, a net positive surface charge, and an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of >97%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms showed that incorporation of capric acid (CA) and myristic acid (MA) into the lipid bilayers altered their transition temperature and improved flexibility when compared with liposomes and ethosomes (ESs). The flexibility values of TESs containing CA or MA were inversely proportional to the transition temperature of the formulations. The skin permeation of PPP-TESs through either an artificial membrane or human cadaver skin was much higher than that observed with a PPP solution, PPP-liposomes, and PPP ESs. Moreover, the collected receptor fluid and vertically sliced human skin of rhodamine-6G (R6G)-loaded TES-MA were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to assess the accumulation of fluorescence in the skin and skin penetration. As a result, TES may be a promising candidate for the transdermal delivery of PPP as well as other drugs.

Incorporation of capric acid in pumpkin seed oil by sn-1,3 regioselective lipase-catalyzed acidolysis

Structured lipids (SLs) are novel triacylglycerols obtained by changing the native fatty acid (FA) profiles or by the incorporation of a new desired FA in the acylglycerol backbone. These modified fats present important medical and functional properties for food applications. This work aimed to synthetize a MLM-type SL, which consists of triacylglycerols containing a medium-chain FA (M) at sn-1,3 positions and a long-chain FA (L) at sn-2 position, by acidolysis of pumpkin seed oil with capric acid, catalyzed by a commercial lipase preparation from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme TL IM). Reactions were performed at 45 °C, in solvent-free media, at 1:2 molar ratio (pumpkin seed oil:capric acid) and a fixed amount of immobilized lipase of 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%. Incorporations of C10:0 increased with time up to 31 h (29.9 ± 0.7 mol-%) when 5% lipase load was used. Significant differences were only observed between the results obtained with 5 and 20% of biocatalyst load. The subsequent experiment was carried out with 5% lipase load, at 45 °C, 1:2 molar ratio and in the presence of n-hexane. The results showed slightly higher incorporation yields in the presence of solvent, namely at 48 h-reaction (34.7 ± 1.0 mol-%). However, since the structured lipids are to be used in food products, together with environmental and economic concerns, solvent-free systems are preferred. In this study, the synthesis of a MLM-type SL from pumpkin seed oil for food uses was well succeeded.

Minor Components and Oxidative Stability as Determined by DSC of Fractionated and Lipase-catalyzed Structured Rapeseed Oil

Natural fats and oils can be modified by various methods to prepare products with desired physical, chemical and nutritional properties. The enrichment and retention of the minor lipid components, the incorporation of capric acid and oxidative stability in low temperature fractionated rapeseed oil (RSO) in acetone were assessed in this study. The fractionated liquid part (L-RSO), the solid part (S-RSO) and the RSO were transesterified with capric acid (CA) at different mole ratios using lipase. The yields of L-RSO and S-RSO were 30 and 70 g per 100 g, respectively. The L-RSO contained higher levels of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, and a lower level of oleic acid compared to the S-RSO. The S-RSO contained a higher amount of total sterols than the RSO and the L-RSO. In contrast, the L-RSO contained a higher amount of total tocopherols than the RSO and the S-RSO. The incorporation of CA was ideal at a mole ratio of 1:3. The content of sterols and tocopherols gradually decreased with an increased mole ratio for the CA incorporation. The oxidative stability shown as onset temperature, determined by DSC, of the S-RSO was higher compared to those of the L-RSO and RSO.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Capric Acid-Rich Structured Lipids (MUM type) Using Candida antarctica Lipase

The objective of the work was to produce capric acid rich structured lipids starting from various Indian indigenous vegetable oils, such as rice bran, ground nut and mustard oils. Acidolysis reaction between individual vegetable oils and capric acid in one is to three molar ratios at 45 degree centigrade temperature was carried out using position specific Candida antarctica lipase so as to protect the Sn-2 position of the oils which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. The incorporation of capric acid depended on the reaction time showing 6 % within 6 h and 30.8 % in 72 h with rice bran oil. Similarly, in ground nut oil incorporation of capric acid was 34.2 % in 72 h compared to 5.3 % in 6 h. Thus mustard oil showed much lower incorporation than the other two oils, with 3.3 % and 19.5 % in 6 and 72 h respectively. The incorporation of capric acid was influenced by the nature of the fatty acids present in the original oil. The fatty acid composition of Sn-2 position of the structured triacylglycerols of the three oils revealed that capric acid was mainly replacing the fatty acids occupying the Sn-1 and 3 positions of the triglyceride molecule.

Structured and Specialty Lipids in Continuous Packed Column Reactors: Comparison of Production Using One and Two Enzyme Beds

AbstractIn this study, speciality lipids based on fish oil (FO) and capric acid (CA) were produced in packed bed bioreactors using immobilized Lipozyme IM from Rhizomucor miehei in a solvent‐free environment. Our goal was to compare the product quality and yield among reactors consisting of one or two enzyme columns. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize process variables for maximum incorporation (Inc) of CA for each reactor configuration. The studied process variables were substrate molar ratio (1:1–3:1 CA/FO), temperature (35–55 °C) and flow rate (0.5–1.5 mL/min). All experiments were conducted based on a face‐centered cube design. The maximum predicted Inc of CA into FO (31.7 mol%) using one column was obtained when substrate molar ratio, temperature and flow rate of substrates were 2.70:1 (CA/FO), 55 °C and 0.5 mL/min. The corresponding optimal Inc of CA into FO (22.7 mol%) using two columns was predicted at 2.95:1 (CA/FO), 55 °C and 0.86 mL/min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that Inc of CA into the one‐bed design was significantly influenced by all experimental conditions, with substrate molar ratio having the greatest impact. In the two‐bed design, only temperature and flow rate had an effect; the molar ratio of substrates was not significant. Coefficients of determination were low for both designs, indicating a poor fit of our data to the model. However, the main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of process factors on Inc of CA into FO, rather than generate a model useful for prediction of responses under conditions not examined with this design. Therefore, the significant ANOVA results are much more important, stressing the real relationship between parameters and response, than the low coefficients of determination.

Lipase-Catalyzed Acidolysis of Olive Oil with Capric Acid: Effect of Water Activity on Incorporation and Acyl Migration

Structured lipids were synthesized by acidolysis of olive oil and capric acid with an immobilized lipase (Lipozyme TL IM) from Thermomyces lanuginosus. The acidolysis reaction was carried out by incubating a 1:3 molar ratio of olive oil and capric acid under solvent-free reaction systems at 50 degrees C. The effect of water activity on the incorporation of capric acid was investigated, and the tested water activity range was between 0.22 and 0.80. Capric acid incorporation into triacylglycerols of the olive oil increased as the water activity increased, but the degree of acyl migration also increased. Also, the degree of acyl migration of modified olive oils with a similar degree of incorporation was investigated. High degrees of acyl migration occurred at water activities of 0.22 and 0.32 for the degree of incorporation of ca. 50 mol %. Only 8 h of reaction time was required to achieve incorporation of ca. 50 mol % at a water activity of 0.80, and the lowest acyl migration occurred at the same water activity. These results suggest that acyl migration can be efficiently minimized by a shorter reaction time at higher water activity.

Production and structural analysis of triacylglycerols containing capric acid and conjugated linoleic acid isomers obtained by enzymatic acidolysis

AbstractBACKGROUND: Structured lipids containing medium‐chain fatty acids have interesting applications as reduced‐calorie fats; moreover, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have shown interesting biological properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing capric acid in the sn‐1‐ and sn‐3‐ positions and CLA isomers in the sn‐2‐ position, using different commercial available lipases.RESULTS: The homogeneous CLA‐TAGs (Tri‐CLA) were chemically synthesized starting from glycerol and CLA isomers, 9‐cis,11‐trans and 10‐trans,12‐cis CLA. The acidolysis reactions of Tri‐CLA with capric acid were carried out at 55 °C for different times in hexane; after 96 h the acidolysis average yield was 65%. The best capric acid incorporation in total TAGs was obtained after 96 h with Lipozyme IM (56.6%). The results of structural analysis carried out on the obtained TAGs showed that both Novozyme 435 and anhydrous Lipozyme IM gave the best incorporation of capric acid in sn‐1(3)‐ positions (61.8%). However, anhydrous Lipozyme IM gave also the highest CLA percent content in sn‐2‐ position (73.2%).CONCLUSION: Anhydrous Lipozyme IM appears to be the more effective enzyme in acidolysis reactions to obtain structured TAGs containing CLA isomers in the central position and capric acid at external positions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Preparation, thermal properties and thermal reliability of capric acid/expanded perlite composite for thermal energy storage

The aim of this research is the preparation of a novel form-stable composite PCM by incorporation of capric acid (CA) within the expanded perlite (EP), characterization of the composite by SEM and FT-IR technique and determination of thermal properties and thermal reliability of the composite PCM using DSC analysis. The maximum proportion of CA as phase change material (PCM) in the composite was found as 55 wt%. This composite was specified as form-stable because it does not allow the melted PCM leakage even when it is heated over the melting point of CA. Thermal properties of the form-stable CA/EP composite PCM were measured using DSC analysis. Thermal reliability of the composite PCM was investigated by thermal cycling test with respect to the changes in its thermal properties. Thermal conductivity of the composite PCM was also increased approximately as 64% by adding 10 wt% expanded graphite.

LIPASE‐CATALYZED MODIFICATION OF BLACK CURRANT OIL

ABSTRACT Black currant seed oil was modified with capric acid using a 1,3‐specific lipase, Lipozyme IM. Acidolysis reactions were carried out in the presence of organic solvents. A typical acidolysis reaction was carried out with 1:5 mole ratio of black currant oil (BCO) to capric acid in isooctane at 60C with Lipozyme IM. Effects of reaction temperature, mole ratio of reactants, enzyme load and reaction medium on the incorporation of capric acid were studied. About 42.16 mol % of capric acid was incorporated into BCO after 15 h of reaction. Modified BCO is expected to have beneficial effects on health.

Lipase catalyzed acidolysis of lard with capric acid in organic solvent

Enzymatic acidolysis of lard with capric acid was investigated. Of the five lipases that were tested in the initial screening, immobilized lipase TL IM from T. languginosa resulted in the highest incorporation (37.39 mol%) of capric acid into lard. This enzyme was further studied for the effect of enzyme load, organic solvent, substrate ratio, reaction time, temperature and added water. High-performance liquid chromatography analyzed the products from the acidolysis reaction. Enzyme load 5–10% was suitable for the acidolysis of lard with capric acid. Among the solvents tested, solvents with log P > 3 were the best reaction media for the acidolysis of lard with capric acid. Time course study suggests that the incorporation of capric acid into lard was increased up to 37.52 mol% after 24 h. Desirable mole ratio of substrates was 1:2 (lard:capric acid), capric acid incorporation up to 50.14 mol%. Capric acid incorporation was desirable at low temperature (50–55 °C). Optimal amount of added water for maximal capric acid incorporation was in the range of 0–10%.

Enzymatic incorporation of capric acid into a single cell oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid and oxidative stability of the resultant structured lipid

Lipase-assisted acidolysis of a single cell oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22: 6 n−3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5 n−6), commerically known as the OMEGA-GOLD oil, with capric acid (CA, C10:0) was carried out. Screening of five commercially available lipases was carried out for oil to CA mole ratio of 1:3 at a temperature of 45 °C, a reaction time of 24 h, 4% (w/w of substrates) PS-30 lipase from Pseudomonas sp. and 2% (w/w of substrates and enzyme) water content. Stereospecific analysis indicated that CA was present mainly in the sn-1,3 positions of the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules while DHA and DPA were mainly esterified to the sn-2 position. Enzymatically modified oil generally had higher conjugated diene (CD) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values than its unmodified counterpart. However, the oil subjected to the same reaction steps in the absence of any enzyme, exhibited a significantly ( p<0.05) lower oxidative stability. Therefore, removal or alteration of endogenous antioxidants during the process may be primarily responsible for the compromised stability of the modified oil.

Synthesis of structured lipids via acidolysis of docosahexaenoic acid single cell oil (DHASCO) with capric acid.

Screening of five commercially available lipases for the incorporation of capric acid (CA) into docosahexaenoic acid single cell oil (DHASCO) indicated that lipase PS-30 from Pseudomonas sp. was most effective. Of the various reaction parameters examined, namely, the mole ratio of substrates, enzyme amount, time of incubation, reaction temperature, and amount of added water, for CA incorporation into DHASCO, the optimum conditions were a mole ratio of 1:3 (DHASCO/CA) at a temperature of 45 degrees C, and a reaction time of 24 h in the presence of 4% enzyme and 2% water content. Examination of the positional distribution of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of the modified DHASCO with CA showed that CA was present mainly in the sn-1,3 positions of the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules. Meanwhile, DHA was favorably present in the sn-2 position, but also located in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. The oxidative stability of the modified DHASCO in comparison with the original DHASCO, as indicated in the conjugated diene values, showed that the unmodified oil remained relatively unchanged during storage for 72 h, but DHASCO-based structured lipid was oxidized to a much higher level than the original oil. The modified oil also attained a considerably higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value than the original oil over the entire storage period. However, when the oil was subjected to the same process steps in the absence of any enzyme, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in its oxidative stability when compared with enzymatically modified DHASCO. Therefore, removal of antioxidants during the process is primarily responsible for the compromised stability of the modified oil.

Production and stability of structured lipids from algal oils and capric acid

This study aimed to incorporate capric acid (CA) into selected algal oils, namely arachidoinc acid single cell oil (ARASCO), docosahexaenoic acid single cell oil (DHASCO) and the OMEGA-GOLD oil rich in dcosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and dosapentaenoic acid (n-6 DPA). Response surface methodology indicated that under optimum conditions (12.3% enzyme, 45 degrees C, and 29.4 h) CA incorporation was 20.0% into ARASCO; (4.2% enzyme, 43.3 degrees C, and 27.1 h) 22.6% into DHASCO and (2.5% enzyme, 46.6 degrees C and 25.2 h) 20.7% into the OMEGA-GOLD oil. Stereospecific analysis indicated that in all oils examined CA was mainly located at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of the resultant TAG molecules while the highly unsaturated fatty acids being primarily esterified to the sn-2 positions of the three oils. In all cases, enzymatically modified oils were more susceptible to oxidation than their unmodified counterparts.

LIPASE‐CATALYZED SYNTHESIS OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS IN POLAR SOLVENTS

ABSTRACT The effect of acetone on structured lipid synthesis by Lipozyme IM60 in n‐hexane was studied. Transesterification of tristearin with capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic and oleic acids was performed individually and in combinations at equal mole ratios. Higher incorporation of oleic acid was observed with the addition of acetone when compared to other fatty acids. Incorporation of capric acid decreased with increase in acetone concentration. The overall activity of enzyme decreased in acetone compared to n‐hexane.

Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of structured lipids via acidolysis of seal ( Phoca groenlandica) blubber oil with capric acid

A structured lipid (SL) containing n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3; docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3) and capric acid (10:0; a medium chain fatty acid) was prepared using lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of seal blubber oil with capric acid. An immobilized lipase, Lipozyme-IM from Mucor miehei, was used as the biocatalyst. Acidolysis reactions were carried out in hexane and the products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Incorporation of capric acid was affected by mole ratio of substrates, type of organic solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, water content and the amount of lipase. The optimum reaction mixture and conditions were oil/fatty acid mole ratio of 1:3, hexane, 45 °C, 24 h, 1% (w/w of substrates) water and 10% (w/w of substrates) Lipozyme-IM lipase. Under these conditions, a SL containing 2.3% 20:5n-3, 7.6% 22:6n-3 and 27.1% 10:0 was obtained. Solvents with log P values between 2.5 and 4.5 performed the acidolysis reaction better than those with log P values of less than 2.5. However, in the absence of any organic solvent, Lipozyme-IM afforded a satisfactory incorporation of capric acid into seal blubber oil.

Lipase catalyzed modification of fish oil to incorporate capric acid

Immobilized lipase, IM60, from Rhizomucor miehei, was used as a biocatalyst for the incorporation of capric acid (C10:0) into menhaden fish oil concentrate containing 34.7 mol% eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and 34.4 mol% docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). Transesterification (acidolysis) was performed in hexane and solvent-free media. Tocopherol content was analyzed before and after enzymatic modification. Products were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. After 24 h incubation in hexane, there was an average of 31.1±4.6 mol% incorporation of C10:0 into fish oil, while 20:5 and 22:6 were reduced to 12.6±3.1 and 13.7±4.4, respectively. The solvent-free reaction produced an average of 28.8±4.7 mol% capric acid incorporation; 20:5 and 22:6 decreased to 16.1±5.7 and 13.5±3.0 mol%. The effect of incubation time, substrate mole ratio, enzyme load, and added water were also studied. Generally, as enzyme load, mole ratio, and incubation time increased, mol% capric acid incorporation also increased. Time course of reaction indicated that the highest C10:0 incorporation occurred at 72 h, for both the reaction in hexane (33.5 mol%) and the solvent-free reaction (36.0 mol%). The highest C10:0 incorporation for the substrate mole ratio reaction occurred at a mole ratio of 1:8 in hexane (50.7 mol%) and the solvent-free reaction (36.7 mol%). Although the highest C10:0 incorporation (31.8 and 48.6 mol%) occurred at an enzyme load of 15% in hexane and 20% for the solvent-free reaction respectively, the values were not significantly different (P<0.05) after 5% enzyme load. Mol% incorporation of C10:0 declined with increasing amounts of water. At 1% added water, high C10:0 incorporation was achieved for the reaction in hexane (39.3 mol%) and the solvent-free reaction (26.0 mol%). Pancreatic lipase catalyzed sn-2 positional analysis was performed on the fish oil before and after enzymatic modification. Fish oil containing capric acid was successfully produced and may be beneficial in certain food and nutritional applications.

Lipase-catalyzed modification of rice bran oil to incorporate capric acid.

Capric acid (C10:0) was incorporated into rice bran oil with an immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as the biocatalyst. Effects of incubation time, substrate mole ratio, enzyme load, and water addition on mole percent incorporation of C10:0 were studied. Transesterification was performed in an organic solvent, hexane, and under solvent-free condition. Pancreatic lipase-catalyzed sn-2 positional analysis and tocopherol analysis were performed before and after enzymatic modification. Products were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for fatty acid composition. After 24 h of incubation in hexane, there was an average of 26.5 +/- 1.8 mol % incorporation of C10:0 into rice bran oil. The solvent-free reaction produced an average of 24.5 +/- 3.7 mol % capric acid. In general, as the enzyme load, substrate mole ratio, and incubation time increased, the mole percent of capric acid incorporation also increased. Time course reaction indicated C10:0 incorporation increased up to 27.0 mol % at 72 h, for the reaction in hexane, and up to 29.6 mol % at 12 h, for the solvent-free reaction. The highest C10:0 incorporations (53.1 and 43.2 mol %) for the mole ratio experiment occurred at a mole ratio of 1:8 for solvent and solvent-free reactions, respectively. The highest C10:0 incorporation (27.9 mol %) for the reaction in hexane occurred at 10% enzyme load, and the highest incorporation (34.4 mol %) for the solvent-free reaction occurred at 20% enzyme load. Incorporation of C10:0 into rice bran oil declined with the addition of increasing amounts of water after reaching 30.3 mol % at 2% water addition in hexane, and in the solvent-free reaction after reaching 35.9 mol %.