Capital Rate Research Articles

Экономика Китая: тридцать лет обгоняющего развития

China has eradicated absolute poverty and has reached the middle level of development. On its way, it crossed the borders of several clusters and surpassed South Africa and Brazil. Its achievements were based on the development of market institutions, world market opportunities, and the maintenance of an exceptionally high capital formation rate. The rapid pace of changes, demographic policy, and the solution of infrastructure problems have created certain issues – we note social inequality, environmental problems, the growth of household debts, and financial problems in the real estate sector, which are largely the consequences of huge social programmes. The transition to a “new normal” with lower (but still high) growth rates in many ways resembles the known effect of a “middle income trap.” The country has been developing along well-known lines but faster and by its own manner. By the horizon of 2035, China is expected to reach the current level of development of South and East Europe

Evaluation of Fair Value Relevance and Sensitivity to Valuation Assumptions

This paper evaluates whether the relevance of investment properties measured using Level 3 inputs is impacted by the assumptions underpinning the determination of fair values. Evidence is provided of investors generally finding investment property fair values determined with Level 3 inputs to be relevant, and the values are not discounted in market price. However, this is not the case when there is evidence of firms using optimistic assumptions in the determination of fair values. Specifically, there is a material price discount of recognized investment property values as well as fair value gains for these observations. Our research setting of real estate investment firms has several advantages as these firms typically have as their major assets investment properties whose fair value and rental income can be observed from financial reports. This allows investors to easily infer and compare the key valuation assumptions as captured by the capitalization rate. The implication for more general circumstances where valuation assumptions cannot be inferred from financial reports is that detailed disclosures of assumptions are necessary for users to assess the reliability of fair values determined with Level 3 inputs.

Financing Thresholds for Sustainability of Community Health Worker Programs for Patients Receiving Medicaid Across the United States.

States have turned to novel Medicaid financing to pay for community health worker (CHW) programs, often through fee-for-service or capitated payments. We sought toestimate Medicaid payment rates to ensure CHW program sustainability. A microsimulation model was constructed toestimate CHW salaries, equipment, transportation, space, and benefits costs across the U.S. Fee-for-service rates per 30-min CHW visit (code 98960) and capitated rates were calculated for financial sustainability. The mean CHW hourly wage was $23.51, varying from $15.90 in Puerto Rico to $31.61 in Rhode Island. Overhead per work hour averaged $43.65 nationwide, and washighest for transportation among other overhead categories(65.1% of overhead). The minimum fee-for-service rate for a 30-min visit was $53.24 (95% CI $24.80, $91.11), varying from $40.44 in South Dakota to $70.89 in Washington D.C. The minimum capitated rate was $140.18 per member per month (95% CI $105.94, $260.90), varyingfrom $113.55 in South Dakota to $176.58 in Washington D.C. Rates varied minimally by metro status but more by panel size. Higher Medicaid fee-for-service and capitated rates than currently used may be needed to support financial viability of CHW programs. A revised payment estimation approach may help state officials, health systems and plans discussing CHW program sustainability.

ANALISIS RELEVANSI RAHN DENGAN DINAMIKA PERIKATAN SYARIAH DI INDONESIA

Rahn, or pawn in Arabic, is a financial transaction that involves the delivery of goods as collateral for financing facilities. In the context of Indonesian law, pawn is regulated as a legal right obtained by the debtor over movable assets. In the dynamics of obligations, especially in Indonesia, there are conventional and sharia pawn, with the existence of these differences, it certainly requires a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of obligations in Indonesia about their differences and similarities. By using the literature research method (library research) which relies on data or information that exists in the literature such as journals, books, newspapers, and other documents. descriptive analysis is used in this study to explain in detail or describe the phenomenon that is happening or has happened. This method helps in understanding the concepts related to the analysis of amanah product financing at the sharia pawn unit and the relevance of rahn with the dynamics of sharia obligations in Indonesia. Rahn, or pawn, has an important role in providing guarantees for loans given, with sharia principles that must be obeyed. Sharia pawn aims to provide financing in accordance with sharia principles, such as the prohibition of riba (interest) and unethical business practices, as well as increasing financial inclusion in Indonesia. the difference between conventional and sharia pawn, including in terms of legal basis, pawn actors, agreement letters, pawn agreements, benefits of pawn recipients, capital rental rates, and handling of auction money. Although the concept and way of working of conventional and sharia pawn have similarities, there are also significant differences, especially in terms of the interest system that is not in accordance with sharia principles. sharia pawn has a strategic role in encouraging financial inclusion, economic growth, and increasing public awareness and understanding of sharia finance. By adhering to sharia principles, sharia pawn provides alternative financing that is in accordance with Islamic beliefs and values, thus providing a positive impact for the Indonesian people as a whole.
 Keywords: pawn or collateral,sharia pawn or rahn,conventional pawn,Dynamics of sharia agreements

Green technology advancement, energy input share and carbon emission trend studies

In order to study the theoretical mechanism of the impact of green technology progress on carbon emissions, this article constructs a theoretical mechanism of the impact of green technology progress on carbon emission growth. Explore the conditions for achieving carbon peak and carbon reduction. Based on the Cobb Douglas production function, construct a three sector model that includes capital, labor, and energy. Empirical methods were used to analyze the quantitative impact of green technology progress on carbon emission growth and the moderating effect of energy input share. This study mainly used provincial panel data from 1995 to 2020. Calculate carbon dioxide emissions based on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission coefficients of various energy sources in different regions. Using the perpetual inventory method to calculate capital growth rate, green computing progress rate, etc., to provide data support for the green technology carbon reduction model. Empirical analysis of the impact of green technology progress on carbon emissions using the FGLS panel model. Theoretical and empirical analyses show that green technological progress promotes an increase in the carbon emission growth rate through the scale effect, with an impact coefficient of 0.607; it promotes a decrease in the carbon emission growth rate through the technological effect, with an impact coefficient of − 0.667; the combined effect promotes a decrease in growth rate of carbon emissions, with an impact coefficient of − 0.06. The share of energy inputs has a positive regulating effect on the scale effect.

The interdependence and risk transmission between southward, northward capital and China’s stock, foreign exchange market

This paper mainly studies the interdependence structure and risk transmission between China’s north–south capital flow and the stock market and foreign exchange market. The results show that the correlation between southward capital and the mainland stock market is stronger, and the correlation between northward capital and the Hong Kong stock market is stronger. The correlation between northward capital and RMB exchange rate is greater than that between southward capital and RMB exchange rate. After the outbreak of COVID-19, the correlation between capital flows and the stock market has strengthened, while the correlation with the foreign exchange market has weakened. Furthermore, there is a bidirectional risk transmission between the north–south capital flow and China’s stock market and foreign exchange market. In general, the north–south capital flow has a greater impact on the stock market, and the exchange rate of RMB/US dollar has a greater impact on the north–south capital flow. This study has implications for investors and policymakers.

China Classical Poetry Art Song Market Trend Forecast and Big Data Analysis in Music Industry

Abstract In view of the fact that Chinese classical poetry and art songs are more and more widely welcomed in people’s entertainment lives, the article conducts research on its market development trend. The PSO-Prophet-LSTM combined prediction model is constructed by combining the Prophet prediction model and the LSTM neural network model and optimizing the combined model with the PSO algorithm. The PSO-Prophet-LSTM model’s prediction performance was tested in this paper and it was used to predict the music industry and the market of Chinese classical poetry and art songs. The PSO-Prophet-LSTM model achieved the best prediction results in terms of the comparison of adaptation, LOSS, and RMSE convergence curves with prediction accuracy. In the prediction of the music industry in the next five years, the total output value of the music industry expanded from RMB 465 billion in 2024 to RMB 986 billion in 2028. The capital preservation rate, the profit tax rate of music output value, and the capital profit rate of the music industry all keep growing over the five years. In the market size prediction of Chinese classical poetry and art songs, the market size of this segment expands with the overall market size of the music industry.

Regaining policy attention for a health insurance capitation payment reform in Ghana: A prospective policy analysis.

Capitation as a provider payment mechanism gained policy attention by the Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2012 and was piloted in the Ashanti Region, Ghana. Recent studies revealed that the policy was suspended in 2017 due to inappropriate policy framing, actor contestations, unclear policy design characteristics, and an unfavorable political context. However, the NHIS still has interest in capitation as a provider payment option. Using the modified political process model, a prospective policy analysis was conducted to explore how to: i) appropriately reframe policy debates; ii) create political opportunities; and iii) mobilize resources to reattract policy attention to capitation in Ghana. Cross-sectional qualitative data were gathered in December, 2019 from semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 18 stakeholders and complemented with four community-level focus group discussions with 41 policy beneficiaries in the pilot region. All data were tape-recorded and transcribed. The analysis was thematic, using the NVivo 12 software. The results revealed that an appropriate reframing of the policy requires policy renaming, refinement of certain policy design characteristics (emergency care, capitation rates, choice and assignment of providers) and refocusing policy communication and advocacy on the health benefits of capitation instead of its cost containment intent. To create political opportunities for policy re-implementation, a politically sensitive approach with broader stakeholder consultations should be adopted. Policy advocacy and communication should be evidenced-based and led by politically neutral agents. An equitable capitation policy implementation requires resourcing health facilities, especially the lower-level facilities, with improved infrastructure, consumables, improved information management systems and well-trained personnel to enhance their service delivery capacities. The study concludes that there exists stakeholder interest in the capitation policy in Ghana and calls for an effective reframing, creation of political opportunities, and mobilization of needed resources to regain policy attention.

Intellectual Capital and Subscription Rate: an Empirical Investigation in the Indian Initial Public Offering Market <br>

Intellectual Capital and Subscription Rate: an Empirical Investigation in the Indian Initial Public Offering Market <br>

Model of Analysis of Ecological-Economic Processes

This article presents a model for assessing the impact of environmental factors on economic performance and optimizing industrial production taking into account environmental costs. The modeling showed the influence of production and environmental parameters on the sustainable development of the economy and revealed the dynamic dependence of the volume of industrial production on time. The model can be used to analyze and predict the effectiveness of environmental measures, as well as to make smart decisions in the field of sustainable development and environmental protection. The developed program shows how the volumes of industrial production and pollutants emitted into the atmosphere change in various areas. Model parameters include initial values of industrial production, volumes of labor resources, capital utilization rates, cleanup costs, depreciation, disposal of funds, minimum values of production and environmental funds, and coefficients of the impact of pollution on the economy. The simulation calculates production volumes, pollution treatment, environmental damage, and environmental income, and then updates industrial production volumes considering depreciation, accumulation, and diffusion. The results demonstrate the dynamics of changes in the production of industrial products and make it possible to determine the volumes of industrial production and pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by region. Graphical results presentations illustrate temporal changes in industrial production and air pollutant emissions by region, facilitating the understanding and management of environmental and economic interactions.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF FACTORS THAT HINDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NON-OIL INDUSTRY BASED ON INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

The study of the problems of improving the mechanism of the management of the factors that slow down the development of the non-oil industry confirms the instability of the development rates of the Azerbaijani industry in 2005-2021, the disparities in the development of the industry in the production and processing areas, as well as in the regions. As a result of the study, the classification of internal and external factors that hinder the development of the non-oil industry is justified. Application of ISO standards in enterprises operating for the creation of a non-oil industry based on innovative economy, a new concept of regulation of production activities based on the data of technical projects, technical and economic justifications and project estimates were presented as the main direction of improving the management system of factors that hinder the development process of the non-oil industry. The relevance of the subject. In recent years, factors such as creating an inter-sector balance and effective use of natural and material resources have played an important role in ensuring economic stability in our country, but it is necessary to solve the economic and institutional regulation issues related to the development of the non-oil sector of the industry. Because ensuring the development of the non-oil sector has been set as a priority direction and main task of the state’s economic policy. The main goal in the implementation of the specified task is to increase the level of welfare of the population, transition to an export-oriented economy and improve the competitiveness of the economy. From this point of view, the relevance of the research of the subject is not in doubt. The purpose of the article. The main goal of the research is to create an effective management structure, which ensures the elimination of obstacles that slow down the development of this section of the industry, taking into account the role of the non-oil industrial sector in ensuring the sustainable development of the country’s economy and raising the standard of living of the population, through the formation and evaluation of a qualitatively new model of sustainable economic development of added value growth and structural changes in production areas and enterprises. Elucidation of practical aspects of using the concepts «technical structure of production», «organic structure of capital and turnover rate» to improve the management system of non-oil industries and enterprises, which are considered as objects of study of economic theory, is a priority direction of research. Research methods. The article was written on the basis of scientific research methods which includes theoretical analysis, systematic analysis, statistical analysis, generalization, comparative structural analysis, etc. Scientific innovation. In the article, based on the analysis of the production structure and current situation of the non-oil industry in 2005-2021, the classification of the obstacles that slow down the development of the industry was justified for the first time, and specific proposals for their elimination were put forward. Acknowledging the dependence of solving issues such as the application of ISO standards in the non-oil industry sector and the admission of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the World Trade Organization on the condition of ensuring the quality and safety of goods and services, determination of the technical structure of production on the basis of project-estimate documents and proposals for regulating the distribution of income (profit) according to the capital structure and turnover rate should be evaluated as innovative development directions of management in the industry.

A study of key techniques in mathematical input-output modeling in the field of management accounting

Abstract In this paper, we explore the integration of a stochastic input-output model based on uniform distribution into management accounting systems to enhance operational efficiency in enterprises. The model is formulated as the mathematical expression of an input-output table, focusing on the structure of the direct consumption coefficient matrix. By applying this model to the financial data of Y Iron and Steel Enterprise in W City, we evaluate the enterprise’s competitiveness and input-output performance. From 2019 to 2023, the company’s capital rate increased markedly from 0.0235 to 0.0868, reflecting a stronger resilience against lousy debt risks. Furthermore, we observed substantial growth in assets, deposits, and loans, with 2023 figures at 0.4965, 0.5839, and 0.3899, respectively. These metrics highlight the rapid development of the financial market and expansion opportunities. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of input-output models in management accounting to qualitatively assess and optimize product output and sales, thus ensuring greater overall operational efficiency.

Determinants of Non-performing Loans in Non-Bank Financial Institutions: Evidence from Sri Lanka

This study investigates the factors affecting non-performing loans of non-bank financial institutions in Sri Lanka, employing a panel regression model on data from ten firms from 2011 to 2020. The sample comprises five licensed finance companies and five specialized leasing companies, accounting for 65 percent of the NBFIs industry. The regression model includes profitability, operating efficiency, capital adequacy, company size, GDP growth, inflation, and interest rates as explanatory variables. The results show that capital adequacy and interest rates are positively related, and GDP growth and inflation are negatively related with non-performing loans. Further, it was found that firm size, profitability, and efficiency do not have a significant relationship with NPLs. These findings underscore the important influence of the firm’s capital ratio and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans of non-bank financial institutions in Sri Lanka.

PUBLIC SECTOR WAGE PREMIUM IN POLAND: A HUMAN CAPITAL APPROACH

Aim: The aim of the article is to estimate the value of the public sector wage premium. It is an important issue both in the area of wage management in an organization and labor market performance. Methods: The research method is based on measuring the rates of return on human capital in the public and private sectors. It assumes that human capital is a function of the cost of living, education, and work experience. The average value of human capital was calculated in a model sample of employees in the public, private, and total sectors in each of the analyzed periods. In order to calculate the rate of return, its value was compared with the average wage in each of the sectors. Results: The results indicate the existence of a small average negative public sector wage premium in Poland. However, in some periods, the observed wage gap widens signifi­cantly, reducing the wage competitiveness of the public sector. The results of measuring the return on human capital of employees of both sectors is about 8% per year. Conclusions: The paper’s findings can be used to optimize the wage policy and analyze wage competitiveness in public sector entities. The paper contributes to the sector wage differentials literature by developing an original methodology based on a human capital rate of return and also contributes to the research paradigm on normative return on capital. Findings in the second field are consistent with the concept of an 8% economic constant of potential growth.

Predicting the Direction of the Lq45 Stock Market in Indonesia

To cope with the unpredictability of the stock market, investors should have a solid understanding of the ups and downs of bullish and bearish phases. This is especially true when looking at Indonesia's LQ45 index, which consists of 45 of the most liquid stocks in Indonesia. This study carefully predicts the future direction of movement of the LQ45 stock price index by first figuring out its bearish and bullish periods, and then finding important macroeconomic factors. In this study, techniques such as X13 ARIMA SEATS, Bry-Boschan, and Binomial Logistic Regression are used to find clear bullish and bearish phases in the LQ45 index time frame. These techniques also point out certain macroeconomic indicators, such as Motor Sales, Retail Sales, Oil Price, BI Rate, 1-month Deposito Rate Working Capital Rate, Rupiah Exchange Rate, Inflation Narrow Money, Broad Money, US PMI Manufacture, and US Inflation, which have a great effect on these market conditions, as indicated by their p-values. Based on these insights, predictive models were created to show how the LQ45 index may change in the future. These models provide asset management companies with a solid basis for making smart investment decisions, with a tendency to be more aggressive when the market is up and more cautious when the market is down. This study is special because it combines the analysis of LQ45 index market trends with important macroeconomic factors in a way that has never been done before in the Indonesian market.
 

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ ДОЛГОВОЙ НАГРУЗКИ НА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

These days, domestic industrial enterprises tend to use borrowed funds for business development needs due to insufficient own funds for achieving the desired rates of sustainable growth. The forms and scopes of borrowing may vary depending on corporate goals and objectives at each stage of business development, including the possibility for the company to increase its debt burden without detriment to the operational performance. If the company's debt obligations grow at a higher rate than its profits, the company may be facing a loss of financial stability, potentially leading to bankruptcy. This article presents the findings of a study on the capital structure and change dynamics of a major furniture manufacturer in Russia, including the impact of the growing debt burden on the operational performance indicators. The study demonstrates that the capital growth rate slows down with an increase in the share of borrowed funds within the capital structure. Such borrowed funds, being essentially long-term financial liabilities, are found to dominate the overall capital structure, resulting in lower financial stability and a sharp rise in the company's debt service costs, which in turn contribute to reduced level of profits and lower return on assets. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that keeping on with the current trend of growing debt burden, the company will not be able to discharge its debt obligations through the operating activities at the given pace of business development.

An Assessment of the Relationship between Stock market Development and Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in some selected African Countries

The stock market supplies equity and a direct form of finance to prospect investors for economic reasons. This function qualifies it to work as an essential long-term lubricant in the economic growth progress. The study examines the relationship between stock market development and monetary policy on economic growth in the major oil producing African countries namely Nigeria, Angola, Algeria and Libya. The panel unit root tests show that real gross domestic product, market capitalization and interest rate are integrated of order one while money supply is integrated of order zero. The fixed effect model shows that market capitalization, money supply and interest rate have positive and statistically significant effect on the real gross domestic product in Nigeria, Angola, Algeria and Libya. The study concludes that stock market development has a positive effect on economic growth in the selected African countries and monetary policy has a positive effect on economic growth in the selected African countries. The recommends that African countries especially Nigeria, Angola, Algeria and Libya should advance buying and selling of stock by encouraging more companies and securities to be listed in the stock exchange for more equity capitalization and finally this could lead to increase in economic growth in their region, expansionary monetary policy should implemented in African countries in order to boast economic variables and achieved higher economic growth.

Family medicine in rural area- perspectives and development opportunities.

Access to health care should be universal and equal regardless of health needs, socio- economic status and place of residence. Empirical research confirms, however, that there are differences in access to health care between urban and rural areas. 40% of Poles currently live in rural areas. Until 2050, 27% of them will be of post-productive age, compared to 19% in 2020. What’s important, access to health care in rural areas of Poland is diverse. In some provinces the availability of services is optimal, in others access is severely restricted. The main challenges for the health care system in rural areas are staff shortages, lack of coordination between primary care, outpatient specialized care and hospitals, greater distance from large hospitals, difficult access to specialist and preventive services, and lower effectiveness of emergency care. 
 Practical solutions that can help organization of care in primary healthcare in rural areas have been identified. 
 1.Horizontal and vertical collaboration between healthcare professionals (HCPs).
 Collaboration between HCPs should happen both at level of medical professionals within primary healthcare (PHC) and in collaboration with outpatient specialist care. Delegation of some of doctors’ responsibilities to other professions (nurses, midwifes, care coordinators) will allow for more effective use of recourses. Investing in correct skill-mix for PHC teams is also crucial. 
 2.Financial motivators for HCPs working in rural areas
 Additional financial motivation does not exist in Poland, but it’s implementation is crucial to motivate staff to work outside the larger centers, thus improving care for patients in rural areas. The reward for working in remote and sparsely populated areas should apply to all members of the PHC team – doctors, nurses, midwives, coordinators. An adjustment of the capital increase rate on the basis of three conditions, which add up depending on the circumstances, Degurba index, population density and distance from the Medical University, could be a good solution for the Polish system.
 3.Effective use of modern technologies
 Overcoming technical barriers and effectively implementing telemedicine services can dramatically improve the organization of care, particularly in rural areas facing shortages of staff. Many telemedicine solutions are already successfully introduced in Poland, such as e-prescriptions, e-referrals, phone consultation, electronic doctor’s note. Those should be supplemented by online patient case conferences, access to patients’ electronic health records (EHRs) and sharing of an individual patient plan. 
 Considering main challenges of rural areas, modern technologies based on self-care and remote monitoring of patients' health are likely to greatly improve quality of care received by patients. 
 Study analyzed practical solutions which could improve the organization of primary healthcare in rural areas. Effective and efficient care for the population must be consistent with the concept of care coordination.

ASSESSMENT OF THE MARKET VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

The issues of assessing the market value of agricultural land are considered. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of determining the market value of agricultural land, and the factors affecting their value. Materials and methods. The study used approaches to assessing the market value of agricultural land, the regulatory framework governing the process of determining the market value, as well as the principles that guide the appraiser in determining the value of the object. Study results. The analysis of approaches and methods used in assessing the market value of agricultural land has shown that existing methods do not fully take into account the specifics of the assessed object in terms of determining the risks, which may eventually affect the market value. The market value of an agricultural land plot is influenced to a greater extent by natural factors, on which the efficiency of agricultural production depends, which should be taken into account when determining its value by a profitable approach. The Order of the Ministry of Property of the Russian Federation dated March 6, 2002 № 568-r (as amended on July 31, 2002) "On Approval of Methodological Recommendations for Determining the Market Value of Land Plots" contains instructions on determining the capitalization rate for the method of land rent capitalization and the method of intended use, in which calculation is reduced to doubling the risk-free income rate. As a result, it can be said that natural factors are not taken into account when calculating the market value of agricultural land plots. Based on the analysis, the factors determining the market value of agricultural land plots have been identified, which include the location of the site, its distance from the city, terrain and landscape, availability of communications (gas, water, electricity), the category of the land plot and the ways of its possible use, access roads, etc. Based on the correlation method, the main price-forming factors were determined. These include: the distance to the city (remoteness of the plot), the size of the plot, availability of communications. Conclusions. In addition to the general price-forming factors affecting the market value of agricultural land, natural ones can also be distinguished, on which the efficiency of agricultural production depends, which is used within the framework of a profitable approach.

The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Economy: Technological Innovation and Efficiency

"The investigation into the evolution of the digital economy has yielded profound insights into its fundamental nature, the pivotal drivers guiding its advancement, and the trajectories characterizing the metamorphosis of economic operations within organizations. The outcomes of this inquiry are primed to underpin the effectiveness, calibre, and dependability of information-driven and analytical underpinnings, indispensable for informed managerial judgments geared towards nurturing the inventive potential inherent in the digital economy. Furthermore, these findings address the impediments that curtail seamless digital transformation. Among the preeminent findings engendering novelty in this research, the subsequent elements stand out: the formulation of a comprehensive framework for the delineation and taxonomy of economic activities within the digital economy domain, encompassing both a classification schema for economic pursuits intrinsic to the digital sector and another for economic endeavours facilitated by the integration of digital technologies. A comprehensive array of metrics has been systematically devised to assess the evolution of the digital economy. This framework encompasses indicators derived from information and communication technology (ICT) statistics, national economic accounts, fixed asset investments, and foreign trade, as well as indicators custom-developed in consonance with the proposed taxonomy of economic pursuits within the digital economy. This classification system comprises five distinct blocks, each comprising discrete sets of indicators: those about the ICT sector, the digital sector, organizational outlays on digital technologies, digital proficiency of the workforce, and a holistic gauge of the digital economy. An intricate methodology has been formulated to quantitatively evaluate the ICT sector’s state, progression, and competitive standing. This methodological construct encompasses algorithms for the computation of physical quantities of gross value added and fixed capital investment segregated by the nature of economic undertakings associated with the production of ICT goods and provisioning ICT services. Also included are computations for the index of fixed capital formation rate, alongside indicators appraising the extent of the economy’s engagement with international trade concerning diverse digital products."