Determinants Of Capital Structure Research Articles

E Determinants of Capital Structure for The Coal-Mining Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this research is to explain the effect of profitability, asset structure, growth opportunities, and non-debt tax shields on the capital structure of the coal-mining firms indexed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020. There are 12 company samples in this research, which was determined with the purposive sampling method. The series of tests that will be carried out in this study include descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression model tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The data are processed using the EViews 12 software. The outcomes of this study show that profitability (ROA) and non-debt tax shields (NDTS) are affecting the capital structure (DER) negatively and significantly, growth opportunities (MTB) is affecting the capital structure (DER) positively and significantly, while asset structure (TANG) does not affect the capital structure significantly.

E Determinants of Capital Structure for The Coal-Mining Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this research is to explain the effect of profitability, asset structure, growth opportunities, and non-debt tax shields on the capital structure of the coal-mining firms indexed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020. There are 12 company samples in this research, which was determined with the purposive sampling method. The series of tests that will be carried out in this study include descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression model tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The data are processed using the EViews 12 software. The outcomes of this study show that profitability (ROA) and non-debt tax shields (NDTS) are affecting the capital structure (DER) negatively and significantly, growth opportunities (MTB) is affecting the capital structure (DER) positively and significantly, while asset structure (TANG) does not affect the capital structure significantly.

E Determinants of Capital Structure for The Coal-Mining Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this research is to explain the effect of profitability, asset structure, growth opportunities, and non-debt tax shields on the capital structure of the coal-mining firms indexed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020. There are 12 company samples in this research, which was determined with the purposive sampling method. The series of tests that will be carried out in this study include descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression model tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The data are processed using the EViews 12 software. The outcomes of this study show that profitability (ROA) and non-debt tax shields (NDTS) are affecting the capital structure (DER) negatively and significantly, growth opportunities (MTB) is affecting the capital structure (DER) positively and significantly, while asset structure (TANG) does not affect the capital structure significantly.

The Impact of Capital Structure on the Operational Efficiency of Commercial Banks Listed on the Australian Stock Exchange

Profitability serves as one of the determinants of both capital structure and stock returns in Australia. This paper looks at bank specific profitability. Researchers take into consideration two actions of financial institution performance: bank productivity (determined as profits separated by properties), and financial institution passion margins (measured as web interest income split by assets). It is commonplace to highlight that in order for a company to have the needed sources in regards to properties, they need to elevate the capital. The years given that the onset of the global financial situation has actually brought about significant architectural adjustments in the financial sector. The crisis revealed considerable weaknesses in the financial system of Australia as well as the prudential framework, bring about too much financing and also risk-taking unsupported by ample capital as well as liquidity buffers. The impacts of the crisis have taxed financial growth, monetary stability and also financial institution performance in several territories including in Australia, although the headwinds have begun to subside. Technical adjustment, increased non-bank competitors as well as changes in globalization are still broader ecological difficulties facing the financial system. Regulators have reacted to the crisis by reforming the international prudential structure and improving supervision. The study was a literature based in which literature from far and wide were reviewed to derive study themes. The findings revealed that Banks in Australia have boosted their durability to future risks by significantly accumulating funding and also liquidity barriers. The boosted use anxiety testing by banks and also managers since the situation additionally attends to greater strength on a positive basis, which ought to aid support credit circulations in excellent as well as hard times. Furthermore, progressed economic situation financial institutions have moved to even more stable funding resources and also purchased more secure as well as less complex assets. Several of these changes may be driven partly by intermittent aspects, such as accommodative monetary policy, and also hence may lessen as conditions transform. Qualitative evidence indicates that financial institutions have significantly enhanced their threat management and also internal control practices. Although these modifications are tough to analyze, scientists point to substantial range for further enhancements, in particular because of the inherent unpredictability regarding the future development of risks. The research concludes that the financial obligation ratios make contrast of the overall debt with the complete properties owned by the company and a low proportion shows that a company depends much less on debt while a high percentage suggests that a firm count a lot more on financial debt money. The findings of this research study have important policy implications on the individual banks in Australia, the industry and the macro levels. Since most of the reviewed studies found a negative correlation between the financial leverage and the firms value, the research study recommend that bank financial managers should decrease the finance leverage they employ in their capital structure in order to increase firms value. Keywords: Capital, Structure, Productivity, Listed, Commercial, Banks, Australia.

Capital Structure Determinants in German SMEs: Panel Analysis and Policy Recommendations

Capital Structure Determinants in German SMEs: Panel Analysis and Policy Recommendations

Reintroducing Industry Effects in Capital Structure Determination of SMEs

Abstract Following recent literature on the specific field of industry effects on capital structure determination (Kumar et al., 2017; Daskalakis et al., 2022), the main purpose of this paper is to reintroduce the importance of industry effects in the determination of financial leverage, focusing on SMEs. In this paper, we investigate whether SMEs capital structure is determined differently across different industries. We construct a three-stage econometric model, built around industry differentiations in capital structure determination, aiming to investigate the following two aspects: a) the relationship between the debt ratio and specific capital structure determinants, taking the industry factor under consideration, b) any potential differentiation in capital structure determinants across the selected industries. We not only show that the different capital structure determinants affect financial leverage in different ways across industries (different signs), but we also show that the level of intensity is different (statistically different coefficients) even in case the signs are the same. JEL classification numbers: G3, G32. Keywords: Capital Structure, Financial Leverage, Industry Effects, SMEs Financing, Pecking Order Theory, Trade-off Theory.

Determining Factors of Capital Structure and its Effect on the Value of Public Companies in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of capital structure and how its affect firm value. The sample selected from public companies listed on the IDX which four (4) industries were selected by using stratified and purposive random sampling that have been selected 74 companies with 222 observations from 2017 to 2019. Estimation technique of panel data in this study by using the FEM approach. The results of hypothesis testing reveal that in the first model, three (3) variables that have a significant positive effect on the company's capital structure, namely AUR, LSIZE and ROA. Furthermore, in the second model, the company's capital structure has a negative effect on firm value. This study also reveals that companies tend to use debt as the first alternative when internal sources of funds are insufficient. Investors are advised to be careful in investing their funds in companies that have a very high debt utilization ratio, because in addition to burdening the company's cash flow, the company will also have the potential to lead to bankruptcy if the use of the debt is not managed properly.

Determinants of Capital Structure Evidence from Saudi Arabia

This study aims toinvestigate the most important determinants of capital structure in non-financial Saudi Arabian firms listed in Saudi Stock Exchange (TADAWUL) from 2010-2021, using a fixed effect with robust standard regression. Theories of capital structure have different views and conclusions as well as the empirical works. Thus, determining the factors affecting the capital structure in a different context like Saudi Arabia that has a unique feature such as the absence of corporate tax, undeveloped and illiquid bond market, will add to the existing literature. The study finds a positive relationship between each size, asset tangibility, and market- to book with firm leverage On the other hand, there is a negative relationship is found between profitability and sales growth. Some of the findings are consistent with the trade-off theory such as firm size while some of the findings support the picking order theory. Empirical findings should help corporate managers understand the nature of the market and make optimal capital structure decisions.

Examining Capital Structure Determinants for ASEAN Energy Firms

Increasing energy insufficiency is the main trench for the South East Asian countries. Though, there are rare empirical inquiries in relation to the energy firms’ capital structure determinants for the firms functioning in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Therefore, this study is an attempt to discover the capital structure determinants of energy firms that are functioning in the six key economies of ASEAN region which are Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam. In this setting, a total of 144 energy firms’ yearly Panel Data is involved over 14 years period from 2007 to 2020. The seven core determinants of capital structure, namely tangibility, return on equity, current ratio, non-debt tax shield, inflation and annual gross domestic product are inspected in relation to capital structure which is measured by ratio of debt to total asset. Employing both Panel Data models that are Static and Dynamic models via using robust estimator i.e. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), the results reveal that tangibility and profitability are the most prominent determinants among all others. Evidently, the two newly introduced capital structure determinants that are inflation and energy consumption for ASEAN region energy firms are also reported significant by dissimilar estimators. The significant character of tangibility, profitability and lagged dependent variable directly infers the relevance of Dynamic Trade-Off theory. The findings provide new ways for policy makers to construct parallel strategies which will not only help out to overcome the energy scarcity issues but also to enhance regional level integration.

Can a pro-public orientation explain the holding of capital by G-SIBs?

Purpose: We investigate the correlation between capital structure and a set of, mostly, standard capital structure determinants for a unique sample: Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs).Design/methodology/approach: We augment the standard set of regression determinants with a proxy measure of pro-public orientation (DataStream’s Refinitiv Environmental, social and governance [ESG] scores). We expect to find that a more pro-public orientated G-SIB holds more capital. This is because very large and systemic banks underpin the functioning of society. The public, therefore, has a direct interest in bank safety with a better capitalised bank being a safer bank. On the other hand, shareholders of a safer bank suffer because of lower profitability.Findings/results: Initial results indicated no relation between pro-public orientation and bank leverage; however, further analysis showed that bank leverage decreases as the governance component score increases. This suggests that the governance of G-SIBs is important for financial stability. Bank size was found to have no intermediation effect on the relationships, implying that our results are not because of a clustering among the largest banks. Correlations between the control variables and bank leverage provide support for the argument that bank leverage is not solely determined by regulations.Originality/value: We extend recent work on social ratings and capital structure in non-financial firms to banks. Our results provide further support for the proposition that the drivers of the capital structures of non-financial firms also determine those of banks, weakening the argument that capital regulation is the sole determinant of bank capital structures. Our sample focuses attention on a core financial decision of very important, if not the most important, players in the global economy.

The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Indonesia

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the determinants of capital structure. Theoretical framework: There is an essential gap in modern finance theory on the issue of corporate debt policy, where contemporary theory cannot explain the company’s choice of capital structure composition (Myers, 1977). Myers (1984) claimed that we have a limited understanding of capital structure. We have no idea how corporations determine whether debt, equity, or hybrid securities to issue. Furthermore, Thies & Klock (1992) claimed that capital structure is one of the most divisive topics in finance. Design/methodology/approach: A hundred and three companies were observed 618 times, applying multiple regression to find out the determinants of capital structure in manufacturing companies in Indonesia from 2011 to 2017. Findings: This study disclosed that five capital structure determinants (firm size, profitability, debt tax shield, growth, and liquidity) significantly affected capital structure. Firm size, debt tax shield, and growth positively correlated with capital structure, while profitability and liquidity negatively correlated with capital structure. Firm size was inequivalent with expectations, indicating that managers take advantage of firm size to increase their debt. Likewise, growth was not analogous with expectations, indicating that the company was taking advantage of its growth opportunities to increase debt. On the other hand, profitability, debt tax shield, and liquidity had the desired direction of the relationship. Furthermore, the other two variables, firm age and business risk, had no significant effect on capital structure, alluding that they were improper variables to explain variations in the sample companies’ capital structure. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study focused on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, consisting of various industrial sectors and sub-sectors or heterogeneous. Thus, recruiting homogenous samples is recommended to generalize Indonesians’ sub-sector companies. In addition, the findings suggested that the management needed to pay attention to firm size, profitability, debt tax shield, growth, and liquidity to determine the composition of its capital structure. Originality/value: Manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange were recruited as the sample of the study. However, the controversies and inconsistencies of the results are still debatable.

The Capital Structure Determinants on Banking Sector of Western Balkan Countries

The study examines the capital structure of the Western Balkan banking industry across the period 2015 - 2020. Forty-seven of the total Western Balkan-based commercial banks were included in the study. By constructing a balanced panel, this study uses pooled ordinary least squares fixed and random effects regressions to examine the relationship between bank book leverage as the dependent variable and bank-specific explanatory variables that include profitability, leverage ratio, bank size, earnings volatility, collateral, growth opportunities, and liquidity. These reports are examined using linear regression analysis. The study shows a significant positive relationship between profitability and book leverage for the period studied. In contrast, leverage ratio, earnings volatility, collateral, growth, and liquidity significantly negatively impact the book leverage of Western Balkan banks.
 The findings have practical implications for bank executives. They will assist them in identifying the bank-specific factors that influence the capital structure and selecting values that promote optimal capital structure. The findings of this study can help regulators develop an effective prudential framework. This study opens up new avenues for further research in this area for academics, researchers, and analysts.

Determinant of Banking Capital Structure in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, liquidity, Non Performing Loans (NPL), and inflation on the banking capital structure during 2015-2020. There are 48 companies as population and the samples obtained 39 companies that fit the criteria by using purposive sampling method. Data analysis technique used panel regression. The best model chosen is the Random Effect Model (REM). The findings of the study indicate that internal banking factor and external factors such as macro variables that had an effect on the capital structure of banking. Banking internal factors consisting of profitability and NPL have a negative effect on capital structure, while liquidity has a positive effect on banking capital structure. Inflation as a macro variable has a negative effect on the banking capital structure. This study looks for the determinants of capital structure considering the importance of capital structure as one of the criteria for assessing the soundness of a bank. These results contribute to the literature on the soundness of banks in terms of their capital structure and have implications for financial institutions, especially banks in determining policies to be able to maintain their capital structure.

The effect of capital structure on the financial performance of companies listed on the Algerian stock exchange: Case of the Saidal group

The present study aims to shed light on the impact of capital structure determinants on the financial performance of a public economic firm listed on the Algerian Stock Exchange, represented by the Saidal Group, during the period from 2010 to 2021. Furthermore, the study relied on the financial statements (balance sheet and income statement table) published on the official website of the stock exchange to collect the financial data of the firm. In pursuance of this aim, three multiple models were estimated in which dependent variables expressing financial performance were represented in each of the return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and earnings per share (EPS), while the independent variables expressing the determinants of the capital structure were represented in each of the ratio of medium and long-term debt to total assets (MLTDTA), the ratio of shortterm debt to total assets (STDTA), and the self-financing capacity (SFC). In addition to this, the control variables were used in the models to represent the liquidity and size of the firm, which was measured in the Neperian logarithm of its total assets. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are the presence of a statistically significant positive relationship between the capital structure, as measured by the firm's self- inancing capacity, and the financial performance with its three indicators, as well as the existence of a statistically significant negative relationship between the ratio of medium- and long-term debt to total assets and financial performance. As for the ratio of short-term debt to total assets, it has a negative and statistically insignificant impact on both the return on assets and the return on equity, but also has a negative and statistically significant impact on earnings per share. In light of this, the study recommends that the firm should rely on internal financial sources rather than external financial sources to finance its various investments in order to improve its future financial performance

Pengaruh Struktur Aset, Profitabilitas, Biaya Agensi, Inovasi dan Teknologi, Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Struktur Modal : Bukti Dari Sektor Teknologi Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the determinants of a company's capital structure (debt ratio) such as asset structure, profitability, agency costs, innovation and technology, and company size. The population in this study uses technology companies and are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2019 – 2021 using a purposive sampling method that meets the research criteria with panel data analysis. The determination of the research sample was based on a purposive sampling method with a total sample of 36.The data used is secondary data derived from the company's financial reports which have been accessed via www.idx.co.id. Secondary data processing using eviews analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that asset structure has a positive influence on capital structure; however, profitability, agency costs, innovation and technology, and company size do not affect the capital structure. For Technology Companies listed on the IDX, based on the results of this research, it is hoped that they can provide broad insight to company management to oversee the company's capital structure in a good, effective and efficient manner, thus enabling companies to take advantage of the capital structure. For investors and potential investors, if they want to invest, it is advisable to look at the financial condition of the company which can describe the company's value every year in the form of annual income and dividends distributed by the company and consider the company's cash flow before making a decision to invest in a technology sector company listed on IDX so that investors can provide capital to the right companies and have good value

Firm Size Moderate Relationship Between Capital Structure and Profitability with Dividend Policy: An Empirical Evidence from Indonesian Data

This study aims to determine effect of capital structure and profitability on dividend policy by including firm size as a moderating variable. The samples in this study were 26 companies from 65 Basic Industrial and Chemical Manufacturing Sector Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2011-2019, which were determined by purposive technique. The results showed that firm size is a variable that determines the strengthening and weakening of the relationship of capital structure with dividend policy also between profitability with dividend policy. Increasing firm size or increasing company assets do not provide incentives to increase the level of company profitability as measured by return on equity. Likewise, an increase in company assets does not provide incentives to increase dividend ratios, as an estimate of an increase in company income due to increased production capacity and company sales capacity. The larger firm size provides an incentive to increase the debt ratio because of the increasing need for funding to increase its investment in long-term assets. An increase in company size is also an indication for an increase in dividend ratios due to the estimated increase in company profits due to increased company revenue. Therefore, the determinants of capital structure and dividend policy in emerging markets such as the Indonesian market share the same set of suggested factors with the developed markets.

Determinants of S.M.E.s capital structure in the Visegrad group

In this article, we investigate the capital structure determinants of the Visegrad group, namely the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland for small- and medium-sized enterprises (S.M.E.s) from 2011 to 2018. We compare the capital structures of S.M.E.s across all mentioned countries and define how these may impact capital structure choices. The results show S.M.E.s in these countries determine their capital structure in similar ways and all the factors analysed in this study (except for growth opportunity) provide robust explanatory power for companies across all four countries. We find that profitability, liquidity, firm size, assets structure, and non-debt tax (depreciation of total assets) have a significant negative impact on capital structure for all four countries. Our study should be of interest to policymakers and companies who want to optimise their capital structure in order to improve company performance.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS – THEORIES AND DETERMINANTS VALIDATION BASED ON EVIDENCE FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC

The optimal capital structure is a key precondition for business, even though the task of defining the optimal capital structure can be difficult. Previous studies present many different and mutually contradictory factors that should be considered with respect to managerial strategic financial decisions. The first part of the presented contribution summarises the effects of the most frequent capital structure determinants and reviews the world’s most important theories about the behaviour of enterprises when deciding on capital structure. The aim of our contribution is the analysis of capital structure behaviour in the Czech environment. Fundamental capital structure theory is revealed by statistical hypotheses testing. Moreover, we are mainly targeting significant determinants of capital structure. The results help us to create general recommendations for the financial management of Czech companies. In the scope of our study, there are approximately a thousand national financial statements of Czech companies from the most important sectors of economic activity for the period 2016–2019. The correlation analysis with partial correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis was utilised to determine the effects and significance of the individual determinants. Data show that Czech companies do not prefer debt financing recommended by some capital structure theories. Their financial management behaviour corresponds to pecking order theory with insufficient utilisation of tax shield. Sectorwise analyses prove only one exception; motor vehicles wholesale, retail trade, repair and maintenance sector generally prefers financing by debt. Based on the literature review, we selected six significant determinants of capital structure: size, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), tangibility, asset growth and duration. Advanced statistical analyses show the power and influence of each determinant on capital structure and their mutual relations. Autocorrelations can negatively affect the results of regression analyses. We can conclude that the capital structure of Czech companies is mainly influenced by tangibility and ROA.

Is this rating worth it? The benefits of credit ratings in the dynamic tradeoff model

PurposeThis study seeks to identify the main determinants of the optimal capital structure by reexamining the interpretation of the conventional set of explanatory variables used as proxies for the costs and benefits of debt in the context of the dynamic tradeoff theory.Design/methodology/approachThe authors isolate the variation in leverage due to different targets from that caused by deviations by aggregating the data across a dimension identifying firms with similar targets – credit rating category.FindingsContrary to theoretical priors, large and profitable rated firms have lower targets. The authors show that size and profitability proxy for non-financial risk and that, for rated firms, non-financial risk is positively correlated to the optimal leverage. The benefits of a better rating outweigh the costs of foregone tax shields for firms with relatively low non-financial risk. The authors find support for that theory in institutional trading – institutional investors do not punish highly rated firms when credit downgrades occur.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the capital structure literature by developing a new approach based on data aggregation. This study is the first, to the authors’ knowledge, to find a positive effect of the firm's non-financial risk on target leverage among rated firms. The authors argue that the benefit of a better credit rating is an increasing function of the rating itself. The authors also contribute to the literature on the impact of credit ratings on the capital structure choices of the firm.

Impact of Determinant for the Selection of Capital Structure of PSUs in India: A study

Purpose of Research: Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) have been playing a pivotal role in accelerating the pace of industrialization and achieving social and economic goals. The capital structure decision of the firm and the impact of determinants in capital structure decision is an important issue in the recent era for measuring the performance of any firm. Determinants of leverage can influence the selection of the capital structure of the business. Hence, in this study, we try to find out the relationship between the determinant of capital structure and leverage in the capital structure decision-making process of the PSUs in India. This study has been conducted to identify important factors along with the measurement of their level of significant capital structure theory. From the analysis, it is observed that most of the determinants follow the trade-off theory which means PSUs follow the trade-off theory of capital structure in the present situation in India.