Capital Intensity Research Articles

TAX AVOIDANCE: AN AGENCY THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Tax Avoidance, or often known as tax avoidance, is an obstacle that has the potential to affect state cash revenue. This arises from the irresponsible behavior of corporate taxpayers who do not fulfill their obligations in paying their taxes, in practice often taking advantage of weaknesses or loopholes in tax regulations. The purpose of this research is to test the impact of transfer pricing, sales growth, capital intensity, and debt to equity ratio on tax avoidance in the oil, gas and coal mining industry listed on the IDX in 2019 – 2022. The method used in sampling is the purposive sampling method through a sample that has a total of 8 out of 19 oil, gas and coal mining industries in the IDX in 2019 – 2022. The variables used in this research are dependent (y) and independent (x) variables. The data analysis used in this research is multiple linear regression using the SPSS version 18 test tool. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the researchers were able to draw conclusions that the variables transfer pricing, sales growth, capital intensity, and debt to equity ratio had a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, on the significance value of each independent variable (x), namely 0.001, 0.003, 0.042, and 0.010 where the value was smaller than 0.05.

Pengaruh Intensitas Modal, Leverage, Manajemen Laba, dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Tax Avoidance

This study aims to determine the influence of Capital Intensity, Leverage, Earnings Management and Company Size on Tax Avoidance. The sample selection technique in this study uses purposive sampling and obtained 40 companies in the food and beverage sub-sector that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2022 period. The data analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression using SPSS version 26 software. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that Capital Intensity has an effect on Tax Avoidance, while Leverage, Earnings Management and Company Size do not have a significant effect on Tax Avoidance.

Influence of company size, capital intensity, sales growth and profit management against tax avoidance

This study aims to explore the influence of Company Size, Capital Intensity, Sales Growth, and Profit Management on Tax Avoidance in Consumer Non Cyclicals companies with food and beverage sub-sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2018-2022 period. This study uses a quantitative approach with purposive sampling techniques, and involves 14 companies as a sample. The analysis method used is multiple regression with F test and T test using Eviews 12. The results show that Company Size has an effect on Tax Avoidance, while Capital Intensity, Sales Growth, and Profit Management have no effect on tax avoidance. However, simultaneously, all of these independent variables have a significant influence on Tax Avoidance. This research contributes to the Directorate General of Taxes in an effort to increase tax collection from companies, as well as provide insights for companies to comply with tax regulations and reduce tax avoidance practices. For the author, this study adds to the understanding of the variables that affect tax avoidance. Kata Kunci : Ukuran Perusahaan; Capital Intensity; Pertumbuhan Penjualan; Manajemen Laba; Penghindaran Paja

Determinan Leverage dan Capital Intensity Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dengan Ukuran Perusahaan Sebagai Variabel Moderasi Menggunakan Moderated Regression Analysis

This study aims to examine the effect of Leverage and Capital Intensity on Tax Avoidance with Company Size as a moderation variable. The population in this study is primary consumer goods sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2018-2022 period. The sampling method in this study used purposive sampling techniques and obtained 215 samples of observation data. The data used is secondary data where financial statements are obtained from the official IDX website and the web of each company. The analysis method carried out is a multiple linear regression model with the help of the SPSS program version 25. The results of this study show that leverage does not have a significant effect on tax avoidance, capital intensity has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance. The size of the company is not able to moderate the effect of leverage and capital intensity on tax avoidance

Corporate Tax Planning and Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods in Nigeria

The multiplicity of tax laws and heavy tax burden facing companies in developing countries such as Nigeria has resulted in the adoption of different strategies to reduce tax liabilities. The main objective of this study therefore was to examine the effect of tax planning on financial performance of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria from 2013 to 2022. The measures of tax planning adopted in this study were effective tax rate, tax incentives, debt tax shield and capital intensity. Return on assets was the measure of financial performance. The research design adopted for this study was ex-post facto because secondary data was used. The population of this study consisted of 21 listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria and purposive sampling technique was employed to select 18 of these companies. The ordinary least square regression technique was used to analyze the data and the statistical package employed was E-views version 10. The findings of the study revealed that effective tax rate has a negative and insignificant effect on the return on assets (ROA); tax incentives has a significant positive effect on return on assets; debt tax shield has significant and positive effect on return on assets; capital intensity has a positive but insignificant effect on return on assets of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. Thus, it was concluded that tax planning activities impact on the financial performance of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. Based on the above it was recommended among others that the management of consumer goods companies should focus on long term tax planning rather than solely concentrating on reducing effective tax rate. The management of consumer goods companies should also explore and take full advantage of available tax incentives by capitalizing on applicable tax incentives provided by the regulatory environment.

Tax Avoidance by Reputable Companies: Does Brand Value Have Moderating Role?

Purpose: To examine the effect of profitability and capital intensity on tax avoidance and to determine the role of brand value in moderating the effect of profitability and capital intensity on tax avoidance. Methodology/approach: Using a purposive sampling method, producing 190 observation data from 75 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and included in the top 100 strongest and most valuable brands published by Brand Finance in 2017 to 2019. The relationship between variables will be tested using multiple regression analysis with moderation effects (Moderation Regression Analysis). Findings: Profitability has a positive effect on tax avoidance, while capital intensity has a negative effect on tax avoidance. Furthermore, the moderating role of brand value was found in the effect of profitability on tax avoidance, but not found in the effect of capital intensity on tax avoidance. Practical implications: When companies avoid taxes, they not only take into account their profitability but also consider their brand value. High brand value shows that the company has a good reputation, and in essence the company will try to maintain its good reputation by not avoiding taxes. Originality/value: Provides empirical evidence on the moderating role brand value on the effect of profitability and capital intensity on tax avoidance.

The Effect of Trade Policy Uncertainty on Green Technology Innovation: Evidence from China’s Enterprises

Promoting green technology innovation is essential for sustainable development and the transition to a low-carbon economy. Using data from listed manufacturing companies in China from 2000 to 2020, this paper takes the establishment of permanent normal trade relations with the United States after China’s accession to the WTO as a quasi-natural experiment and uses the difference-in-differences method to study the impact of the decline in trade policy uncertainty on firms’ green technology innovation. The results show the following: (1) Reduced trade policy uncertainty significantly enhances green technology innovation in firms. (2) Further research finds that the decline in trade policy uncertainty mainly promotes the level of the green technology innovation of firms by alleviating financing constraints faced by firms and intensifying market competition. (3) A heterogeneity analysis reveals that the impact is more pronounced in firms with lower capital intensity, higher growth, export firms, and firms exporting to the United States. This study offers micro-level empirical evidence from China on the economic outcomes of external trade policy changes from the perspective of firms’ green technology innovation and provides insights into how the government should respond to the risks of external trade frictions and improve firms’ sustainable development in the future.

Local land regulatory governance and land transaction prices: Micro evidence from land audits

It is of great significance to explore the role of land supervision in the standardization of local land transactions. We document the DID strategy to systematically evaluate how land audits affect the transactions in the land market. The results show that: (1) land audits have restrained the transactions of low price of industrial lands and the high price of commercial and residential lands, raised the unit price of industrial lands transactions, and reduced the price of commercial and residential lands, and these effects would not exist in the public sectors land transactions; (2) the impacts of land audits are more pronounced in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and enterprises with large-scale operations and high capital intensity; (3) audits have overall positive significance, which has increased the total investment of local industrial enterprises and reduced the investment bubble. However, there are no deterrent effects. The conclusions have important implications for our understanding of the loss of lands and resources, supervision, and the standardized construction of the trading market.

Pengaruh Financial Distress, Capital Intensity, Pertumbuhan Penjualan dan Kepemilikan Manajerial terhadap Penghindaran Pajak

This study aims to determine the influence of financial distress, capital intensity, sales growth and managerial ownership on tax avoidance. The population in this study is Property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the financial statements for the 2020-2023 period. The sampling technique in this study uses the purposive sampling method and obtained as many as 128 sample data from 32 companies. The analysis tool used is multiple linear regression analysis using the Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) Program Version 22.0. The results of this study show that financial distress and capital intensity have a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, while sales growth and managerial ownership do not have a significant effect on tax avoidance.

Spatial development of agricultural production in Russia: The comparative advantages approach

The territorial planning approach to allocating productive forces is based on the fact that territories have competitive advantages in producing specific products. However, in agriculture, the advantages principle cannot be used to shape the allocation patterns, due to a variety of intervening factors, such as the climatic and environmental conditions for agricultural production and the quality of land and availability of water. In the case of Russia, one of the most diverse countries in terms of the territorial disparities in agricultural production, this study examines the location and development patterns of the agricultural sector. The study identifies the competitive advantages of territories by comparing localization of agricultural production, production costs, performance, and profitability of agricultural producers, as well as prices of agricultural products in 78 different administrative regions in Russia. The study reveals which regions have more advantageous conditions for over-concentrating energy capacities, labor resources, fixed capital, and investments. However, at a certain point, over-concentrated production forces can lead to a deterioration in the performance of farmers due to an increase in capital intensity. Therefore, countries with significant regional differences in agricultural production should adjust their spatial development patterns according to the parameters of territories’ comparative advantages.

The effect of fiscal loss compensation, capital intensity and company age on tax avoidance

The effect of fiscal loss compensation, capital intensity and company age on tax avoidance

Pengaruh leverage, intensitas modal, dan intensitas persediaan terhadap tarif pajak efektif pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2019-2022

This research study investigates the effective tax rates. It aims to provide empirical evidence of the impact of leverage, capital, and inventory intensity on the effective tax rate. The study uses specific selection criteria to focus on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2022. A total of sixty-eight companies were chosen as samples through purposive sampling. The samples were then analyzed and tested using the multiple linear regression method. The study results indicate that the leverage variable affects the effective tax rate. At the same time, capital intensity does not affect the effective tax rate. On the other hand, inventory intensity has also been proven to affect the company's effective tax rate. Public interest statements Investors should consider various financial ratios to maximize profits. This study's findings can provide guidance for making informed decisions. Companies should prioritize factors that attract investor interest and ensure accurate completion of financial reports. The study's results can help them better understand these factors. Future researchers should consider adjusting variables to improve the effectiveness of the tax rate. The study's findings can serve as a starting point for their research.

The Phenomenon of Tax Aggressiveness is Associated with Capital Intensity, Inventory Intensity, profitability, and Leverage

Tax aggressiveness is an activity or reconstruction effort carried out with the aim of maximizing contributions to the company through tax management strategies. This study aims to analyze the effect of capital intensity, inventory intensity, profitability, and leverage on tax aggressiveness. The population studied was property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2022. Sampling using a purposive sampling method. The number of samples as many as 61 companies. Data collection techniques through documentation techniques using secondary data sources. Data analysis using multiple linear regression using statistical Application Program tools: Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The results of this study showed that capital intensity, and profitability affect tax aggressiveness, while inventory intensity, and leverage did not affect tax aggressiveness.

The Mediating Role of Capital Intensity Between Executive Character and CEO Duality in Tax Avoidance

The Mediating Role of Capital Intensity Between Executive Character and CEO Duality in Tax Avoidance

Determinants of Tax Avoidance in the Infrastructure Sector of State-Owned Enterprises

Research Aims: The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of capital intensity, return on assets, and firm size on tax avoidance practices. Design/methodology/approach: The data are used from the financial reporting and annual report of the infrastructure sector of state-owned enterprises listed in IDX from 2016-2022. Research Findings: The results of this study indicates that capital intensity has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance. Meanwhile, return on assets and firm size has no significant effect on tax avoidance. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: The company's capital intensity can reduce tax avoidance efforts in line with fulfilling stakeholder (principal) expectations regarding increasing net income. This research contributes to expanding understanding regarding determinants of tax avoidance and agency theory.

DOES TRANSFER PRICING, SALES GROWTH, AND CAPITAL INTENSITY AFFECT TAX AGGRESSIVENESS?

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effect of transfer pricing, sales growth, and capital intensity on tax aggressiveness. Methodology/approach: The population of this research are mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2018-2022, with a total of 83 companies. Data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 27 to analyze. Findings: The results of this research show that transfer pricing have a positive effect on tax aggressiveness. Meanwhile, sales growth and capital intensity variables have a negative effect on tax aggressiveness. Transfer pricing, sales growth, and capital intensity collectively have a significant effect on the level of corporate tax aggressiveness. Practical implications: The implications of this research can enhance knowledge and be used as a consideration or input for the government in economic decision-making and in formulating tax policies to address future weaknesses in tax regulations. Originality/value: This research examines mining companies in the most recent 5 years period 2018-2022.

Assessing trade supply chain vulnerability and trade participation of SMEs in India: insights from a comprehensive analysis

PurposeThis study presents the impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU)-induced Trade Supply Chain Vulnerability (TSCV) on the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in India by leveraging the World Bank Enterprise Survey data for 2014 and 2022. Applying econometric techniques, it examines firm size’ influence on productivity and trade participation, providing insights for enhancing SME resilience and trade participation amid uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachThe econometric techniques focus on export participation, along with variables such as total exports, firm size, productivity, and capital intensity. It addresses crucial factors such as the direct import of intermediate goods and foreign ownership. Utilizing the Cobb-Douglas production function, the study estimates Total Factor Productivity, mitigating endogeneity and multicollinearity through a two-stage process. Besides, the study uses a case study of North Indian SMEs engaged in manufacturing activities and their adoption of mitigation strategies to combat unprecedented EPU.FindingsResults reveal that EPU-induced TSCV reduces exports, impacting employment and firm size. Increased productivity, driven by technological adoption, correlates with improved export performance. The study highlights the negative impact of TSCV on trade participation, particularly for smaller Indian firms. Moreover, SMEs implement cost-based, supplier-based, and inventory-based strategies more than technology-based and risk-based strategies.Practical implicationsPolicy recommendations include promoting increased imports and inward foreign direct investment to enhance small firms’ trade integration during economic uncertainty. Tailored support for smaller firms, considering their limited capacity, is crucial. Encouraging small firms to engage in international trade and adopting diverse SC mitigation strategies associated with policy uncertainty are vital considerations.Originality/valueThis study explores the impact of EPU-induced TSCV on Indian SMEs’ trade dynamics, offering nuanced insights for policymakers to enhance SME resilience amid uncertainty. The econometric analysis unveils patterns in export behavior, productivity, and factors influencing trade participation during economic uncertainty.

Does financial market liberalization promote corporate radical innovation? Evidence from China

This paper investigates the impact of financial market liberalization on corporate radical innovation using Chinese non-financial firm-level data from 2000 to 2022. The results show that increased financial market liberalization promotes corporate radical innovation by alleviating financing constraints, enhancing capital allocation efficiency, and improving credit allocation quality. These findings remain robust even after replacing variable measurements, changing model specifications, and addressing endogeneity concerns. The positive impact of financial market liberalization on corporate radical innovation is more pronounced for firms facing higher financing constraints, governance efficiency, information asymmetry, marketization, and capital intensity. Our study underscores the critical role of thoughtful financial market reforms in driving high-quality corporate development.

A Systems Engineering Approach to Decarbonizing Mining: Analyzing Electrification and CO2 Emission Reduction Scenarios for Copper Mining Haulage Systems

Due to climate change risks, the public, regulators, and investors require solid actions to minimize the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of mineral extraction and metals production. The mining sector considers alternatives to reduce its carbon footprint by transforming the business and adopting new technologies into operations. Given the capital intensity, technical characteristics, and business structure involved, a shift in the mining industry necessitates impartial insights into the trade-offs and risks. Considering the low-carbon transition trade-offs and risks in mining, this study presents the application of system dynamics modeling (SDM) in mining projects to analyze the impact of decarbonization alternatives with respect to carbon footprint and costs. A system dynamics model of an open-pit copper mine is developed to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as capital and operational costs, during the project life cycle. The change in GHG emissions in the business-as-usual scenario with diesel equipment haulage versus the alternative scenario with electric overland conveyor haulage is compared concerning GHG emissions and associated costs. The results unequivocally demonstrated that electrifying material mobility offers significant decarbonization in open-pit mining if the on-site electricity has a low emission factor. The findings also indicate that the substantial cost difference between electrification and diesel alternatives is another major obstacle to implementing electrification in an open-pit copper mine. This research proves that implementing SDM in the mining industry can offer impartial insights into decision-making and enable a thorough evaluation of options using quantitative criteria. It effectively assesses and communicates the trade-offs and risks of transitioning to low-carbon alternatives because it analyzes project variables quantitatively and holistically and is easy to run.

The Effect of Capital Intensity, Litigation Risk, Profitability, Cash Flow, Institutional Ownership, and Company Size on Accounting Conservatism

The Effect of Capital Intensity, Litigation Risk, Profitability, Cash Flow, Institutional Ownership, and Company Size on Accounting Conservatism