Capital Inputs Research Articles

A model of rational equilibrium in quota‐regulated multiple‐species fisheries

AbstractThis paper derives rational ecological–economic equilibrium outcomes—capital and variable input allocations, harvests, discards, revenue, costs, and stock abundances—in a spatially heterogeneous, multispecies fishery that is regulated with individual fishing quotas (IFQs). The production setting is decentralized; a manager chooses species‐specific, seasonal, and spatially nondelineated quotas. Industry controls all aspects of harvesting operations. We present a solution concept and computational algorithm to solve for equilibrium harvests, discards, and profits across species, space, and time (within the regulatory cycle). The rational equilibrium mapping that we derive, used recursively, can be used to implement management‐preferred bioeconomic outcomes. The model offers an essential IFQ regulation‐to‐outcome mapping that enables more precise implementation of management goals in multiple‐species and heterogeneous fishery settings.Recommendations for Resource ManagersKnowing where and when individual tradeable fishing quotas will be utilized across heterogeneous space and time in multiple‐species fisheries is essential for effective fisheries management.Ad hoc models, while simple, contribute to “implementation uncertainty” whereby predicted mortality, discards, cost, and rent outcomes across fish species, space, and time are poorly matched to the realized outcomes that are implemented by resource users.A model of rational equilibrium mortality, discards, costs, and rent across space and time offers and powerful tool to improve the management of quota‐regulated fisheries.

Farmland Transfer, Scale Management and Economies of Scale Assessment: Evidence from the Main Grain-Producing Shandong Province in China

Promoting farmland transfer through the farmland rental market is an essential instrument to achieve the centralized scale operation of farmland in China. However, few studies have explored or verified the economies of scale after land concentration. This study uses face-to-face interviews to randomly select 395 farmers engaged in land scale management in 68 villages of 11 cities in Shandong Province. Based on these data, a production cost function model is used to measure the cost elasticity of farmland scale management and further empirically test whether farmland scale management can achieve economies of scale in actual agricultural production. The empirical results show that the development of farmland scale operation can reduce production costs and realize the economy of scale. In other words, the scale of farmland management still has the possibility of further expansion. More importantly, we find the operation cost of farmland is significantly influenced by the price of farmland transfer, fixed capital input and labor input, especially the scale operator with rich planting experience and good cultural quality is an important human capital stock, which can make significant contribution to reducing production cost and developing the positive effect of scale operation. To promote farmland scale management in China, we should pay attention to reducing the transferring cost and transaction cost of farmland by building the land transfer market trading platform, increasing the subsidies for farmland transfer and developing agricultural mechanization, which is helpful to improve agricultural productivity and realize the scale economy. This research can provide a reference for rational land scale management and land use policymaking.

Do more get more: Monopoly appropriation of labor income in manufacturing companies

In recent years, the overtime culture has generally emerged in Chinese enterprises (CEs), the length of workers’ working hours has been lengthened, and their intensity has increased. Still, the labor income share has declined, which deserves in-depth analysis. This paper introduces a relative labor intensity indicator to estimate the trend of the labor income share based on the general factor-enhanced CES production function in China. The econometric model is then introduced to analyze in-depth the influencing factors leading to this trend using relevant data from 2001 to 2020. If the elasticity of substitution is less than 1 and capital and labor are complementary, then the labor income share tends to decrease. This is because the relative labor intensity tends to increase while the growth rate of the capital-labor ratio tends to decrease. The empirical results also show that the decrease in labor income share and labor compensation is related to monopoly and the amount of capital input. If the amount of capital input is higher and the degree of monopoly is higher, then the labor income is lower, and the share of labor income is lower. Monopolies and capital intercept most of the value created because of the increased labor intensity, and laborers receive only a small profit.

Cultivated Land Input Behavior of Different Types of Rural Households and Its Impact on Cultivated Land-Use Efficiency: A Case Study of the Yimeng Mountain Area, China.

Analyzing cultivated land input behavior (CLIB) at the scale of rural households links with cultivated land-use efficiency (CLUE), this study examined the Yimeng Mountain area in northern China, supported by field survey data from 737 rural households. This research systematically analyzed the characteristics of CLIB of different types of rural households, measured the CLUE of different types of rural households by using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, and explored the influence of CLIB on CLUE based on the Tobit regression model. The results show (1) significant differences in the characteristics of the CLIB of different types of rural households in the Yimeng Mountain area. Among them, the highest land, labor, and capital inputs were I part-time rural households (I PTRH), followed by full-time rural households (FTRH). In contrast, II part-time rural households (II PTRH) and non-agricultural rural households (NARH) had higher levels of non-agricultural employment; however, their input levels gradually declined. (2) The CLUE of the sample rural households was generally low and had considerable potential for improvement. Regarding the types of rural households, as the degree of part-time employment increased, the CLUE showed an inverted U-shaped trend of first increased and then decreased, namely, I PTRH > FTRH > II PTRH > NARH. This finding indicates that appropriate part-time employment could help to promote investment in agricultural production and improve the CLUE. (3) The CLIB of rural households had significant effects on CLUE; the literacy of the agricultural labor force, yield-increasing input per unit area, per capita household income, share of agricultural income, operation scale of cultivated land, effective irrigation rate of cultivated land, and soil and water conservation rate of cultivated land had positive effects on improving CLUE. Even so, there was still significant heterogeneity in the degree of influence of different rural household types. The study concluded with some policy recommendations from the perspective of different rural household types to provide references for optimizing farming inputs and improving CLUE.

DEVELOPMENT OF NON-PROFIT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS

This research is included in information system development research. The output product of this research is an Accounting Information System. The stages used in this study adapt the waterfall model from Pressman. Implementation of web-based system development using MySQL database on PHPMyAdmin. MySQL is one of the Database Management System (DBMS). The backend development of the accounting information system of this non-profit organization focuses on system logic starting from input, process and output. Input financial transactions in cash and bank as well as transactions that affect capital excluding income and costs. Automatically processes the inputted data in the report recapitulation according to the primary key that is set. Cash, bank, and capital transaction inputs are automatically recorded in the cash, bank and capital ledger, income ledger, expense ledger, income details, expense details, cash flow, and year-end reports. The output of the inputted report is a print preview to print the report by connecting to the hardware (printer). The testing procedure in this study was carried out with 2 tests, namely white-box testing, testing of the buttons on the system and black-box testing, testing of functions or processes that occur in the system. The data obtained from the results of filling out a set of instruments in the form of a questionnaire given to experts and users to assess the feasibility of the developed system. The results of the development research state that the accounting information system for non-profit organizations is feasible to be applied. This is evidenced by the results of the validation test of material experts, technology experts, and trials to users who are in the outstanding categories. The average on the material expert validation test shows the outstanding category with a score of 4.8. Technology experts show the outstanding category with a score of 4.78. Meanwhile, the trials on users belong to the very good category with a score of 4.7.

TESTING THE LONG-RUN GROWTH EFFECTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN TÜRKIYE: EVIDENCE FROM ARDL & NARDL ANALYSIS

This study examines the linear and nonlinear effects of foreign direct investment on the long-run economic growth in Türkiye for the period of 1970-2020, within the framework of a simple endogenous growth model represented by a production function in the form of Cobb-Douglas, where the assumptions of constant returns to scale and decreasing productivity are valid for all collectible capital inputs. For this purpose, the study investigates whether the changes in fixed capital and foreign direct investment rates affect the GDP per capita growth rate linearly and non-linearly by using the ARDL & NARDL approach. The findings show that there is a linear and a nonlinear cointegration relationship between the foreign direct investment rate and GDP per capita growth rate, but the foreign direct investment rate does not make significant contributions to the growth rate in the long run. According to another finding, positive and negative shocks in the foreign direct investment rate, depending on the contraction and expansion periods of the Turkish economy, do not significantly and asymmetrically affect the growth rate in the long run.

The Effects of the Medicaid Expansion on Hospital Utilization, Employment, and Capital.

In recent years, hospitals reacted to changes in demand caused by the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions. We conducted a difference-in-differences analysis that compared changes to hospital demand and supply in Medicaid expansion and nonexpansion states. We used 2010-2016 data from the American Hospital Association and the Healthcare Cost Report Information System to quantify changes to hospital utilization and characterize how hospitals adjusted labor and capital inputs. During the period studied, the Medicaid expansion was associated with increases in emergency department visits and other outpatient hospital visits. We find strong evidence that hospitals met increases in demand by hiring nursing staff and weaker evidence that they increased hiring of technicians and investments in equipment. We found no evidence that hospitals adjusted hiring of physicians, support staff, or investments in other capital inputs.

Technical Efficiency of Sugar Industry in Sudan: Stochastic Frontier Approach

This paper employs Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to estimate technical efficiency of major sugar producers in Sudan, that includes Kenana Sugar Company and four producers of Sudan sugar company (SSC) which include Sennar, Assalaya, New Halfa, and Al-Genied manufacturers. The production function of sugar output employs three inputs: capital, labor, irrigated area. The finding of the paper indicate technical inefficiency (distance from optimum production frontier) of Sudan sugar company is about 8 percent, implying output loss of (5,000) tons of sugar per annum for each producer. Estimation results in the paper also indicate Kenana Sugar Company is performing at the highest level of efficiency in the group with only 0.12 percent inefficiency level. The output loss due to such technical inefficiency for Kenana Sugar Company is estimated 360 tons of sugar per annum. The finding in the paper also indicate a major source of the inefficiency of SSC producers is over staff of employment (decreasing return to scale to labour input) and under utilization of the available capital inputs (increasing return to scale to capital input).

How urban land-use intensity affected CO2 emissions at the county level: Influence and prediction

Currently, China will promote county towns’ urbanization, and few studies have analyzed spatial effects of urban land-use intensity on CO2 emissions and predicted CO2 emissions at the county level accurately. Here, taking data from 2010 to 2015 at the county level of Zhejiang Province as an example, we analyzed the spatial effect of urban land-use intensity from three aspects of input, density and output on CO2 emissions by the spatial Durbin model (SDM). And then a machine learning method of Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) was proposed to predict CO2 emissions for 2035 nonlinearly under the different promotions of urban land-use intensity. The main result and conclusion showed that: (1) The spillover effects of urban land-use density were negatively related to CO2 emissions, and urban land-use output intensity showed positive spillover effects on CO2 emissions; (2) The prediction of BPNN showed that the improvement of urban land-use intensity would not be effective in CO2 emissions reductions for southwestern counties with both low levels of urbanization and urban land-use intensity; (3) It was effective in CO2 emissions reduction by slowing down the growth rate of urban land-use capital input intensity, especially for the northeast region which was developed by the port economy. Our study encouraged a regional differentiated urban land-use intensity improvement strategy for Zhejiang to achieve low carbon development.

Green Accounting Practice of Nipah (palm trees) Farmers Along Moncongloe Lappara Riverbanks

This study aims to implement practical management accounting on nipah water by looking for inputs and outputs for other commodities. The main problem in this study is how accounting can raise environmental problems in the form of green accounting practices. The review is seen from management accounting to determine cross production between nipah water production as capital input for other commodities. Environmental accounting practices dealing with the problem of pricing agricultural products become increasingly complex in agricultural locations. The data source is primary data taken directly from 30 nipah farmers located on the banks of the Moncongloe Lappara River, Moncongloe District, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi during 2020. The analytical method used is to measure input-output commodities with the Social Accounting Matrix. The results of this study indicate that the total contribution index of sap water production from Nipah is 456.66 to other commodities, while commodity B is 1236.04 and commodity C is 851.66. With this contribution, farmers can manage their own sources of funds sourced from nipa palm water in a sustainable manner, not only farmers in the Lappara Moncongloe River area, but also the condition of nipa palm farmers in other parts of Indonesia

ESTIMATION OF EFFECT ON GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF PRODUCTION FACTORS USING CES AND TRANSLOG PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS: AN APPLICATION TO CHINA ECONOMY

In this study, the effects on the economic growth (GDP) of capital, labor and energy input factors for the Chinese economy are investigated with the help of the CES and Translog production functions. According to the empirical findings of the study, it can be said that the GDP data obtained using the CES production function are less efficient than the estimates obtained using the Translog production function. The Ridge regression technique was used for parameter estimation of Translog production model since there is multicollinearity between the variables in the model. The output elasticities and the substitution elasticities between each input factor are then dynamically estimated, based on the appropriate Translog production model that includes the capital, labor and energy input factors. In addition, the inputs of the Translog production model were estimated using the Holt-Winter's method to predict the future economic growth of the Chinese economy. Consequently, output elasticities of all input factors are positive, and we can rank the input factors as labor, capital and energy according to their degree of impact on GDP, respectively. This shows that the Chinese economy is labor and capital intensive.

Optimizing Agricultural Input and Production for Different Types of at-Risk Peasant Households: An Empirical Study of Typical Counties in the Yimeng Mountain Area of Northern China.

Using typical counties in the Yimeng Mountain area of northern China as an example, this paper analyzed the household and agricultural input characteristics of different types of peasant households using survey data from 262 farm households. The target minimization of the total absolute deviations (MOTAD) model was applied to determine the optimal combinations in the allocation of agricultural input factors and production for different types of at-risk peasant households to obtain the ideal agricultural income. The relevant results are twofold. (1) The agricultural input behaviors of different types of peasant households vary significantly. The highest levels of agricultural land, labor, and yield-increasing and labor-saving inputs included I part-time peasant households (I PTPH), followed by full-time peasant households (FTPH), while the input levels of II part-time peasant households (II PTPH) and non-agricultural peasant households (NAPH) with higher levels of non-agricultural employment gradually decreased. In general, an increase in peasant households' part-time employment revealed an inverted U-shaped trend in the agricultural input level, with a trajectory of I PTPH > FTPH > II PTPH > NAPH. (2) The current agricultural inputs and production combinations of different types of peasant households have room for improvement. It is necessary to adjust agricultural inputs and optimize production combinations to obtain target incomes. Overall, all types of peasant households must streamline labor inputs and increase capital inputs, except for I PTPH, for which capital inputs should be reduced. Following optimization, economic crops gradually replace grain crops, and the optimal agricultural incomes of peasant households will be improved. The study results provide practical policy insights for reducing agricultural production risks and improving agricultural production incomes.

Farmers’ perspectives on the adoption of smart farming technology to support food farming in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Abstract The possible future challenge for food agriculture development led to the transition from conventional to modern agricultural management using smart farming technology (SFT). Some factors detaining the use of SFT for food commodities, specifically in small farmers’ communities, are global climate change, low-quality human resources of farmers, and extension workers. Small farmers generally have relatively small land, limited access to capital and farming input, and grow different kinds of commodities according to seasons. This research examined the adoption readiness in using SFT for three food commodities in Aceh Province, Indonesia, namely rice, maize, and potatoes. The sample comprises 70 farmers per commodity and 48 extension workers, obtained through the quota sampling method, culminating in 258 respondents. The readiness measurement for SFT adoption was conducted by introducing various models, images, videos, and RITX applications. The collected data were investigated and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis for two or more categories. The result showed that both farmers and extension workers have a positive perception of the application of SFT. However, in terms of readiness, farmers have a relatively lower readiness level than the extension workers due to their low capacity. This means it is essential to focus on the economic and capacity building of farmers by providing them with appropriate SFT devices to overcome the high investment cost and provide the technical skill for its application to overcome this situation.

Will the substitution of capital for labor increase the use of chemical fertilizer in agriculture? Analysis based on provincial panel data in China.

Major changes have taken place in the agricultural factor input structure in China, which will inevitably affect fertilizer input in agriculture. However, there is no consistent conclusion about the impact of capital and labor input on chemical fertilizer input. This paper employed directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to clarify the influence of capital-labor input structure on the use of chemical fertilizer. Using inter-provincial panel data, the dynamic panel system GMM method was adopted to examine the mechanism of factor substitution elasticity in determining the impact of agricultural capital-labor input on chemical fertilizer input. The results showed that agricultural labor and capital input are positively correlated with chemical fertilizer input. In the process of capital and labor input affecting fertilizer input, the elasticity of factor substitution plays a negative moderating role. From 1996 to 2018, the trend of capital replacing labor was evident, and the increase ratio of capital input was greater than the decrease ratio of labor input. Therefore, an increase in capital input and its substitution for labor is the main driver of the increase in fertilizer input. At the same time, the elasticity of fertilizer-capital substitution declined during the period 1996-2018, thereby reinforcing the increase in fertilizer input caused by the increase in capital input. In order to reduce agricultural pollution caused by the increase in chemical fertilizer input, it is crucial to reverse the declining trend in the elasticity of fertilizer capital substitution.

Environmental effects and their causes of agricultural production: Evidence from the farming regions of China

Farming in sustainable ways is rapidly gaining importance, which necessitates a quantitative understanding of the major determinants of agricultural environmental consequences. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the environmental effects and their drivers of agricultural production through the lens of fertilizer application and water quality. An integration of the econometric modeling and machine learning methodologies (multiple regression model and boosted regression trees method) was employed to dissect the relative importance and the non-linearity of each variable. The results showed that (1) Household income level is a primary contributing factor to both fertilizers use and water quality, demonstrating an increasing marginal effect. (2) Proximity factor-distance from provincial capital city positively correlated with these two terms. (3) Water quality is more sensitive to natural conditions, such as precipitation and elevation, which also considerably affect fertilizer use. (4) Agricultural mechanization level is positively related to fertilizer use despite their non-linear effects. In summary, capital, technology, and labor input are the major socio-economic determinants of the environmental consequences, which were also largely associated with regional natural conditions. These findings provide quantitative insights that can be used to improve the agro-environment and achieve sustainable agricultural growth.

Detrimental Effect of the Characteristic-Human-Capital-Inputs-Based Horizontal Pay Dispersion on Team Member Work Role Performance via Employee Benign and Malicious Envy: An Evidence from China.

PurposePay for employee characteristic human capital inputs, which results in part of horizontal pay dispersion (HPD) and is well acknowledged by organizations and employees, has been greatly ignored by scholars. This study proposes “the characteristic-human-capital-inputs-based HPD” and explores what impact it tends to exert on team member work role performance (TMWRP), why, and when. Drawing on social comparison theory, goal-setting theory, and self-regulatory depletion theory, we develop a dual-mediation model elaborating the detrimental effect of this type of HPD on TMWRP from the perspective of employee benign and malicious envy and test it using objective and subjective data of 364 members coming from 65 Chinese ordinary employee teams.MethodsWe on-site collected objective data including each member’s pay level, outcome performance, and characteristic human capital inputs. Using five-point Likert rating method, team supervisors were requested to evaluate each member’s TMWRP and members were asked to self-rate benign and malicious envy. Hierarchical regression analysis, simple slope analysis, and bootstrapping approach were employed to verify the model.ResultsThe characteristic-human-capital-inputs-based HPD adversely affects TMWRP by reducing employee benign envy (the mediating effect=−0.053, 95% CI=[−0.111, −0.002], excluding 0) and enhancing employee malicious envy (the mediating effect=−0.025, 95% CI=[−0.059, −0.004], excluding 0). The positive linkage between employee benign envy and TMWRP is only observed in lower-paid employees (the simple slope=0.145, p<0.05). Employee pay level does not moderate the relationship between malicious envy and TMWRP (β=−0.033, p>0.10).ConclusionThe characteristic-human-capital-inputs-based HPD, which involves the HPD part mainly resulting from employee differences in characteristic human capital inputs, tends to impair TMWRP through inhibiting employee benign envy and promoting employee malicious envy. Employee pay level is an important boundary condition constraining the positive effect of benign envy on TMWRP.

Cleaner Production Standards and Increased Technical Complexity for Textile Exporters

An important prerequisite for promoting sustainable development and value chain climbing of textile enterprises is to achieve a win-win situation between environmental protection and export technical complexity. Thus, based on Chinese enterprises’ microdata, this paper investigates the impact of cleaner production standards implementation on the export technical complexity of Chinese textile enterprises using a double difference method. The results show that the implementation of cleaner production standards significantly increases the export technical complexity of Chinese textile enterprises. The results of the mechanism test indicate that cleaner production standards increase export technical complexity by enhancing capital and labor inputs of textile enterprises, as well as by promoting enterprise innovation and increasing productivity. Heterogeneity analysis shows that cleaner production standards have a significant role in increasing the export technical complexity of textile enterprises in the eastern region and larger scale; it is not significant in increasing the export technical complexity of textile enterprises in the central and western regions and smaller scale; in terms of enterprise ownership attributes, it has the greatest role in increasing the export technical complexity of state-owned textile enterprises, followed by foreign and private textile enterprises. The results of this paper show that cleaner production standards, as an environmental regulation policy, can achieve a win-win situation for environmental protection and export technical complexity increase.

Cost Minimization Analysis of a Running Firm with Economic Policy

In this paper the Cobb-Douglas production function is operated in a firm for the analysis of the cost minimization policies. In an economic world, gain of profit depends on the efficient use of raw materials and use of various techniques of the cost minimization. A firm’s main target is to make maximum profit. Scientific based and efficient but minimum cost procedures will favor in this regard. To increase local and global demands, a firm of course develop production sector. An attempt has been taken in this study to minimize cost by considering four inputs, such as capital, labor, raw material, and other inputs to form the economic model subject to a production constraint within the budget.

Unveiling the asymmetric energy-growth nexus in top oil-importing and exporting countries: The common correlated effects approach

Conventional panel models that overlook nonlinearity, nonstationarity, heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency when analysing the energy-growth nexus might produce misleading conclusions. In addressing these issues, this study extends the examination of the nexus by applying nonstationary panel models with common correlated effects (CCE). They involve two estimators, namely CCE mean group (CCEMG) and augmented mean group (AMG) estimators. The main objective is to examine the effects of total and renewable energy consumption on the gross domestic product (GDP) by comparing the top oil-importing and top oil-exporting countries. The datasets are in annual frequency, ranging from 1992 to 2015. The results are compared to ordinary least squares (OLS)-type models that serve as benchmarks. This study innovates the models by incorporating the asymmetric effects of energy consumption into the estimations. The findings reveal a positive correlation between total energy consumption and GDP for both panel groups, and capital input is one of the determinants in all cases. The results disclose evidence of the asymmetric effects of total and renewable energy consumption. The positive impact of total/renewable energy consumption decreases for the top oil-exporting group is more apparent than its increases, signifying the importance of energy conservation. For top oil-importing nations, increased renewable energy consumption impedes the GDP, but the increase in total energy consumption accelerates it. Energy efficiency policies should be implemented in oil-importing countries since the positive impact of total energy consumption is smaller than in the other group.

The Interaction Mechanism of Tourism Carbon Emission Efficiency and Tourism Economy High-Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin

Exploring the relationship between the tourism carbon environment and high-quality economic development in the Yellow River Basin is a national strategy to meet the realistic requirements of the goal of “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutral”. It is also conducive to the realization of “Ecological Protection and High-quality Development Strategy in the Yellow River Basin”. Therefore, based on the calculation of tourism’s carbon emission efficiency and the evaluation of the tourism economy’s high-quality development, the interaction mechanism between them was observed. The results showed that, firstly, the tourism carbon emission efficiency of the Yellow River Basin increased slightly from 2010 to 2019, with an average of 0.9782, which was at a medium efficiency level. Secondly, the tourism economy’s high-quality development level is rising, and the speed of development is fast, especially in western provinces. Thirdly, there is a parasitic relationship between the two, but in each province, there is a positive or negative asymmetric symbiotic relationship. The tourism economy’s high-quality development has a greater impact on the efficiency of tourism’s carbon emissions. Fourthly, energy and capital input, as well as coordination and innovation factors, are important driving factors of the symbiosis between the two, among which the role of labor input was gradually revealed, and the impact factor experienced the changing process of “sharing-coordination-innovation”. This study provides a theoretical framework and evaluation methods for evaluating and analyzing the relationship between tourism’s carbon emission efficiency and the tourism economy’s high-quality development, and it provides data support and policy suggestions for the real development.