Capital In Rural Areas Research Articles

Importance of aviation in higher education

Air transport is particularly important for countries with geographically scattered settlements, where ground transport can be time consuming. Norway is one such country, and Norwegian authorities regard aviation as a regional policy instrument; therefore, they procure unprofitable air services in rural areas. To increase human capital in rural areas, Norway has a decentralised system of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This paper evaluates the importance of aviation to this HEI system and estimates the welfare effects from aviation on their students and employees. We found that the number of job-related air trips completed by HEI employees is significantly higher than the average number of business trips in Norwegian enterprises. The number of air trips per HEI employee are highest in the regions furthest from the capital; as such, the welfare effects of aviation are greatest for HEIs in the most peripheral regions. To maintain the positive effect of aviation on HEIs, effective flight connections and the establishment of meeting venues where the HEIs management, airline representatives, airport management, and politicians can discuss measures to increase the benefits for HEIs and society are crucial.

State support of small enterprise on agricultural territories

Small entrepreneurship in rural areas plays a significant role in the Ukrainian economy, since its development contributes to the economic growth of the welfare of rural residents, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, contributes to the saturation of the territorial markets with the necessary goods and services, and provides employment of freed labor resources. However, one of the main problems that slow down the development of small businesses in rural areas is the lack of financial support at the regional and national levels. A prerequisite for the further successful development of small business in rural areas is the stable and comprehensive state regulation. To date, there is no single algorithm of state intervention in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity. Each state, in accordance with socio-economic conditions of development, establishes state priorities and general state development. Small entrepreneurship in rural areas develops under the influence of external participants in the process: the state, local governments, and competitors. In reforming the economy, small businesses in rural areas have assumed the role of creator of the foundation for creating a new management system. The creation of small enterprises in rural areas allows solving a number of organizational and economic tasks, namely: the refusal of centralized management due to its ineffectiveness; creation of conditions for the reduction of the number of employees due to the elimination of ineffective units; the implementation of rational transformations for the further development of a particular area of the entire region. State regulation and support for the development of small businesses in rural areas in Ukraine should include a system of regulatory, economic and organizational measures that will promote the living standards of the population in rural areas, increase the efficiency of economic activity and rational use of available resources. Consequently, the further development of rural areas of Ukraine depends on how the state, community and rural dwellers work in this regard. The reasons for the slowdown of rural areas are the lack of human capital in rural areas, as well as financial support. It is also necessary to develop a single legal space within which social partnership of all members of society can be realized for the common goal – development and prosperity of not a separate group of people, but of the entire population of our rich country. Prospects for further research we see in the future the study of regional features of state support of small business in rural areas.

SELECTED COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN RURAL AREAS OF ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE VOIVODSHIP

Given the diversity of development of modern societies, which can not be explained by differences in access to three, until now key determinants of economic growth, more and more attention began to devote so. soft factors, which have become determinants of the development potential of economies. Social capital becomes the main subject of political and scientific discourse explanation generators socio-economic development in recent years. Social capital remains poorly understood and requires analysis. Studies of social capital should be done at the local level. This article attempts to present some components of social capital in the zachodniopomorskie rural areas. Attempt to showed a relatively low level of selected components of social capital in rural areas of zachodniopomorskie voivodship. This leads to the conclusion that social capital should develop now in order to secure economic growth in the future. Social capital building should be a priority now as a long term.

Czynniki edukacyjne a przestrzenne rozmieszczenie kapitału ludzkiego na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce

Celem artykułu jest określenie i ocena przestrzennego rozmieszczenia kapitału ludzkiego na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce i dokonanie klasyfikacji badanych gmin pod względem zasobów kapitału ludzkiego. Podjęto również próbę zbadania kierunków i zidentyfikowania głównego czynnika odpowiedzialnego za to zróżnicowanie. Analizę oparto na wybranych cechach opisujących jakość systemu edukacji. W badaniu wykorzystano wybrane metody hierarchizacji i klasyfikacji obiektów wielocechowych. W celu określenia osiągniętego poziomu zasobów KL obszarów wiejskich zastosowano porządkowanie liniowe w oparciu o metodę sum standaryzowanych wartości. W efekcie przyporządkowano każdemu z krajów względny wskaźnik zasobów KL. Badania potwierdzają, że: poziom kapitału ludzkiego na obszarach wiejskich jest ogólnie niski, zdywersyfikowanie przestrzeni wiejskiej jest silne, polaryzacja ma charakter dualny w układzie centrum – peryferia, wysoka jakość sfery edukacyjnej i jej dostępność dominuje nadal w ośrodkach wzrostu, a promień dyfuzji nie wykracza w zasadzie poza pierścień strefy podmiejskiej. Głównym źródłem danych były: GUS BDL, OKE, NSP.

The Effects of Social Capital in Economic Diversity of Rural Households ) Case Study: Zarin Dasht Dehestan- Darrehshahr County)

The Effects of Social Capital in Economic Diversity of Rural Households ) Case Study: Zarin Dasht Dehestan- Darrehshahr County)

Rola lidera lokalnego w generowaniu kapitału społecznego – studium przypadku z gminy Jeżewo

The aim of the article is to assess the role of local leaders in generating social capital in rural areas. The analysis is based on a study of Jezewo commune (Świecki county, Kujawsko-Pomorskie province). The study attempts to answer the following questions: Which personality traits and social conditions determine the possibility of becoming a local leader? Which initiatives can provide the basis for building social capital in the countryside? What is the leader’s role in generating social capital in rural areas? The results of the research indicate that the role of the local leader in creating social capital consists in activating the society by initiating and moderating various projects aimed at integrating the local community, intensifying relations and constructing local identity. According to the study, shared passions and interests can be the pivot of such grassroots projects.

Kapitał społeczny i ludzki jako niematerialny zasób rozwoju lokalnego w świetle badań ankietowych mieszkańców wsi województwa pomorskiego

The article is to complement data on territorially diversified social and human capital in rural areas. The study concentrated on rural areas of Pomorskie Province, broken down by suburban and other rural communes, and broken down by historical regions. The subject of the study is human and social capital. The term ‘human capital’ is understood as a collection of knowledge, skills and competencies of given persons, used for the purpose of economic activity. Social capital, on the other hand, is the ability of cooperative interrelations between people in a group or organisation to achieve common benefits. Both types of capital are significant, intangible resources necessary for the local development. The article focuses on selected aspects of both types of capital which are neglected in most studies relying on secondary data, due to measurement difficulties. Therefore, primary data was used from polls conducted on a group of 7,100 individuals (including 2,300 rural residents). The analysis covered the following issues: the value of life, trusting people and institutions, identification and relation with the work place, attitude towards work. The results consisted in three categories of conclusions. Firstly, as indicated by the most common indicators of social activity and entrepreneurship, the analysed characteristics do not differ between the city inhabitants and those in rural areas. Data on entrepreneurship and social activeness are easily accessible at every level of spatial integration and are commonly applied. Nevertheless, they should be interpreted with greater caution as the value of these indicators results directly from defined features of particular individuals and their community constituting human and social capital. The individuals’ and communities’ environment has a considerable impact on their functioning in society. On the other hand, polls indicate that they also cannot be interpreted directly. Smaller differences in issues meaningful for the development of social and human capital result partially from the way in which they are formulated in the social context. The reference framework is rather the situation of people in the closer and further environment than abstract indicators. This leads to flattening the spectrum of formulated assessments. Secondly, a lower level of studied features was generally not observed in rural suburbs with the exception of its components which are directly dependent on the agglomeration economies. Thirdly, in terms of historical regions, responses formulated by the respondents of the western part of the Province showed certain distinctive features. However, it seems that this might be attributed to the transition crises rather than long-term conditions.

Village Renewal as an Important Element of Integrated Rural Development

In the article the author presents the results of research and implementation works, concerning the possibility of widespread introduction in Polish conditions of the modern principles of the implementation of village renewal programs. Currently, these programs are implemented in a much shallower form, restricted only to investments in selected items of social and technical infrastructure. Apart from Opolskie Voivodship – and part of Dolnośląskie and Pomorskie voivodships — its full potential within village renewal of the building of social capital in rural areas is not used. In addition, a properly executed village renewal project may contribute to the protection and development of natural elements in rural settlements.

Introduction: Human and social capital in rural areas

Introduction: Human and social capital in rural areas

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND UNDER THE MULTIANNUAL FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK 2014-2020

Investment in human capital is a key determinant of socio-economic development in the twenty-fi rst century. These investments in rural areas require well-planned interventions in the fi eld of education. The necessary funds for this purpose will be available under the multiannual fi nancial framework EU 2014-2020. Interventions in this area in Poland are planned mainly under the Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development POWER) and the Regional Operational Programmes (RPO). It should therefore be valuable to preliminarily assess the opportunities and threats connected with the development of human capital in rural areas in Poland in the fi eld of education in 2014-2020. The aim of this article is, thus, an attempt to make such an assessment, taking into account the following aspects: scope of the EU support; procedures for obtaining fi nancial support; available funds and financial instruments. The article verifi es the following hypothesis: based on program POWER establishments and RPO 2014-2020 in the section on education potential chances of the HRD in rural areas mainly result from wide range scope of this suport; while the main threats stem from a very limited scale of prioritization in the procedure of obtaining fi nancial support and the use of non-repayable fi nancial instruments (grants). The article draws upon the analysis of regulations of the European Commission and national legislative sources, as well as literature on development of human capital in rural areas and the absorption of EU funds for social projects.

The role of agricultural producers in building the social capital in rural areas. Cooperation of pig farmers from Babin – case study

The role of agricultural producers in building the social capital in rural areas. Cooperation of pig farmers from Babin – case study

Social Capital in Rural Areas of Vietnam and Its Impact on Households’ Life Satisfaction

Using data of the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey 2014, with the participation of 3,648 households in rural areas of 12 provinces in Vietnam and two models: OLS regression and ordered logit, this paper studied the determinants of social capital in the rural area of Vietnam. Moreover, the paper also analyzed the impact of social capital on life satisfaction and risk coping strategies. Results of regression models confirmed that social capital is the essential ingredient for the life satisfaction of the community and at the same time, social capital also has notable impacts on households’ post-risk recovery. In the relationship with the life satisfaction, all the variables representing social capital, except for general trust, positively affected the growth of life satisfaction of households, aside from physical factors such as income. Therefore, social capital, along with economic growth, was the biggest factor that can help households increase their life satisfaction.

ДИВЕРСИФИКАЦИЯ КАК ОДИН ИЗ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ АНТИКРИЗИСНОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ НА УКРАИНЕ

The main goal of this work is to study the problems of rural development in a crisis situation and shows one of the outputs of the socio-economic problems of rural development, namely the proposed diversification of production and services. Because increased competition in the market requires a search for new effective ways and methods to ensure the survival of enterprises in rural areas in a market environment. One of these methods is the introduction of diversification. Diversity own economic and financial activity of various branches in rural areas is carried out not only in the context of globalization of the world economy associated with the interpenetration of capital and technology, but also in times of crisis as a tool of anti-crisis strategy. The effectiveness of its implementation depends on the timely focus on the types of goods and services that are in demand or close to the level of competitiveness. The question of the development strategy involving the development of methods of receiving, processing and communication of information related to the development of new technologies, products, markets and other areas and activities, as well as identify patterns to determine the motivation of diversification as a development strategy in rural areas. The methodological basis for the development of this paper, aimed at the development of rural areas in all its multidimensionality become fundamental research and active discussions among qualified experts and stakeholders, and formed on their basis of decisions of state and local governments targeted the development of production capacity, improve the quality of the environment and improving the quality of human capital in rural areas of Ukraine. Result. Diversification of economic activities in the rural development is not only adequate response to the challenges of a globalizing world economy associated with the interpenetration of capital and technology, but also in times of crisis – is one of the tools of anti-crisis strategy. The effectiveness of diversification depends on timely guidance on the types of goods and services that are in demand or close to the level of competitiveness. The practical value. Thus, our proposed mechanism for developing a program of social development will help meet the needs of the population in social infrastructure, solve the problem of territorial distribution of these facilities, to develop concrete measures to improve the functioning of the social infrastructure for various purposes and most importantly – to find ways financing of such programs will allow overcoming disparities of regions of Ukraine in general and the regions and districts to provide people with jobs. Value/originality. Diversification of the rural economy is the key to a significant decrease dependence on agriculture and the development of new economic activities, creating new businesses and investments. It can also help increase employment and income of rural population increased output of high value added, improving the quality of human capital and, finally, help boost rural development.

Rural–Urban Differences in Bonding and Bridging Social Capital

Sørensen J. F. L. Rural–urban differences in bonding and bridging social capital, Regional Studies. It is a common sentiment that rural areas are richer in social capital than urban areas. This hypothesis is tested here by drawing on data from a Danish survey (2011/2012) and by using the distinction between bonding and bridging social capital. Bonding social capital was found to be significantly higher in rural areas, whereas bridging social capital was found to be marginally higher in urban areas. The evidence thus partly refutes the hypothesis of higher social capital in rural areas. Among other results, the evidence suggests a degree of trade-off between the two forms of social capital.

The “Comprehensive village renewal programme in Burgenland” as a means a strengthening the social capital in rural areas

Abstract In this paper, the results of the study of the comprehensive village renewal programme in Burgenland are considered in the light of the concept of social capital. Changes to the social structures and demographic changes have a strong impact on the formation of social capital in the villages and are therefore a central challenge facing the policies of the municipalities. An objective in the further development of the programme for comprehensive village renewal is to strengthen the local and regional social capital. The implementation of participative village renewal processes has the potential for increasing social capital in the villages, but certain conditions need to be in place for this. The paper analyses and discusses how the programme has contributed to date to the formation of social capital, what opportunities the municipalities have and what instruments they will need in future to build up the social capital that is crucial to sustainable village development.

PERAN MODAL SOSIAL DALAM PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT PETANI TEMBAKAU DI KABUPATEN WONOSOBO

Dimensions of social capital described everything that makes people allied to achieve a common goal based on unity, and bounded by the values and norms that grow and obeyed, as well as the social relations inherent in social structures and social networks in a community that creates wide range of social obligations, creating a climate of mutual trust, bring information channels, and establish norms and social sanctions for members of the community (Coleman , 1999). However, Fukuyama ( 2000) says that not necessarily the norms and shared values are guided by reference behave, act, and behave it automatically becomes social capital. However, only the norms and shared values based on trust. Where trust is build from expectations, honesty, and cooperative behavior emerging from within a community based on shared norms shared by its members. The population consisted of tobacco farmers, community leaders, and government officials from eight districts and rural villages are selected as samples. While the number of respondents were 104 people , consisting of 80 tobacco farmers, 16 community leaders, 16 of the village, sub-district and 2 devices. Variables research includes the study of economic, socialcultural, demographic, tobacco farmers, and the effectiveness of social capital. Data collection using focus group discussions ( FGD ) with the respondent, and field observations. The results showed that the values of trust in social capital is dominant as the basis for rural communities to be used as based on improvement of other functions, such as increased respect and mutual benefit. Problems in the optimization problem concerning the nature of social capital, human resource issues, and management issues. The main problems to optimize the role of social capital in rural areas need the support of various stakeholders, and the demands of rural communities regarding the importance of mentoring programs to improve the competence of rural communities by improving farming skills, and improve agricultural diversification. In addition, the need for transformational leadership support to improve the optimization of the role of social capital .Keywords : social capital, welfare, transformational leadership, mentoring

Mobility Patterns of Overseas Human Capital in Australia: the role of a ‘new’ graduate visa scheme and rural development policy

ABSTRACT In 2007, the Australian federal government introduced a ‘new’ graduate visa scheme, the 485 visa sub-class. This visa facilitates the transition from student to worker for overseas graduates from Australian higher education institutions, with the potential to significantly increase their numbers in the country. At the same time, local governments have introduced various policies designed to attract and retain human capital in rural areas to address the shortfall of highly skilled individuals. This paper redresses the current lack of research into the spatial dynamics of overseas human capital in Australia and their relation to the new visa scheme in combination with shifts in rural development policies. Drawing on survey data of graduates describing the ‘before’ (2005) and ‘after’ (2008) periods of the introduction of the 485 visa scheme, this paper shows that the propensity of overseas graduates to move between Australia's regions has increased substantially. In particular, there have been an increasing proportion of overseas graduates moving to major cities despite rural development policy efforts to attract human capital to rural areas. However, these policy efforts appear to have attracted overseas graduates with particular qualifications (education and health) to work in such locales.

Testing the Hypothesis of Higher Social Capital in Rural Areas: The Case of Denmark

Sørensen J. F. L. Testing the hypothesis of higher social capital in rural areas: the case of Denmark, Regional Studies. Rural areas are often seen as uniquely rich on social capital. This paper tests this assumption by using The Danish Values Study (DVS) containing data from questionnaire collections in 1990, 1999 and 2008 (N = 3560). It uses four social capital measures and a detailed urbanization variable. Association membership, social trust, and institutional trust were found to be equally high in rural and urban areas. Voluntary work in associations, however, was found to be significantly higher in rural areas than in city areas. Thus, the high level of voluntary associational work provides some indication of higher social capital in rural areas. Sørensen J. F. L. 验证农村地区具有较高社会资本的假设：以丹麦为例，区域研究。农村地区通常被视为社会资本极度丰富地区。本文利用1990、1999和2008年进行问卷调查所获取的数据（样本量 = 3560个），通过丹麦价值观研究方法，验证了这一假设。文章使用了四种社会资本变量和一个详细的城市化变量。检验结果表明，协会会员资格、社会信任和制度信任在农村地区和城市地区具有同样的重要程度。但是，农村地区的志愿协会工作显著高于城市地区。因此，高程度的志愿协会工作为农村地区具有较高社会资本提供了一些证据。 社会资本 城乡差异 丹麦 Sørensen J. F. L. Vérifier l'hypothèse des niveaux plus élevés de capital social en milieu rural: étude de cas du Danemark, Regional Studies. Souvent, on considère le milieu rural comme particulièrement riche en capital social. À partir de la Danish Values Study (DVS) où figurent des données provenant d'une série de questionnaires réalisées en 1990, 1999 et 2008 (N = 3560), cet article cherche à vérifier cette supposition. On emploie quatre mesures du capital social et une variable d'urbanisation détaillée. L'appartenance à une association, la confiance sociale et la confiance institutionnelle s'avèrent d'une importance tout aussi élevée en milieu rural comme en zone urbaine. Cependant, le bénévolat associatif s'avère sensiblement plus élevé en milieu rural qu'il ne l'est en zone urbaine. Ainsi, le niveau supérieur du bénévolat associatif fournit une certaine indication du capital social en milieu rural. Capital social Différences urbano-rurales Danemark Sørensen J. F. L. Überprüfung der Hypothese eines höheren Maßes an Sozialkapital in ländlichen Gebieten: der Fall Dänemark, Regional Studies. Von ländlichen Gebieten wird oft angenommen, dass sie über ein einzigartig hohes Maß an Sozialkapital verfügen. In diesem Beitrag wird diese Annahme mit Hilfe der Dänischen Wertestudie untersucht (DWS), die Daten aus Fragebogen-Erhebungen in den Jahren 1990, 1999 und 2008 (N = 3560) enthält. Zum Einsatz kommen vier Maßstäbe des Sozialkapitals sowie eine detaillierte Urbanisierungsvariable. Die Mitgliedschaft in Vereinen, das soziale Vertrauen und das Vertrauen in Institutionen erwiesen sich in ländlichen und städtischen Gebieten als gleich hoch. Allerdings fiel die Freiwilligenarbeit in Vereinen in ländlichen Gebieten signifikant höher aus als in Städten. Dieses hohe Maß an freiwilliger Vereinsarbeit bietet somit einen gewissen Hinweis auf ein höheres Maß an Sozialkapital in ländlichen Gebieten. Sozialkapital Unterschiede zwischen ländlichen und städtischen Gebieten Dänemark Sørensen J. F. L. Comprobación de la hipótesis de un nivel más alto de capital social en zonas rurales: el caso de Dinamarca, Regional Studies. Muchas veces se considera que las zonas rurales son excepcionalmente ricas en capital social. En este artículo comprobamos esta hipótesis utilizando el Estudio Danés de Valores (EDV) que contiene datos recogidos a partir de encuestas con cuestionarios realizadas en los años 1990, 1999 y 2008 (N = 3560). Utilizamos cuatro mediciones de capital social y una variable de urbanización detallada. Observamos que la afiliación a una asociación, la confianza social y la confianza institucional eran tan altas en zonas rurales como urbanas. Sin embargo, observamos que el trabajo voluntario en asociaciones era considerablemente más alto en las zonas rurales que en las ciudades. Por ende, el nivel alto del trabajo voluntario en asociaciones ofrece algunos indicios de un nivel más alto de capital social en zonas rurales. Capital social Diferencias entre zonas rurales y urbanas Dinamarca

Public Goods and Public Services - The Process of Building Social Capital in Rural Areas

The paper deals with the process of building social capital as constrained by the availability of public and private The purpose is to show that social capital shapes, both in positive and negative terms, the capacity of local institutions to support development projects and strategies. The analysis assumes that a higher level of social capital gives to communities a stronger planning capacity; a lower level of social capital implies that new initiatives are implemented only if they give private individual benefits; a higher level of social capital generates actions that increase and improve social capital itself.The first section outlines the logical links between the concept of social capital and the availability of services. Social capital is here seen as a public good. Section 2 focuses on the relationship between the supply of public services and the level of social capital. Evidence from the welfare system in Southern Tuscany shows that public transfers fail in reducing territorial and social marginality, while people ask for more support in terms of Section 3 compares the Italian case with other cases in Northern Europe.The concluding section shows the relationship between marginality and the availability of public goods. It contributes to the analysis of the relationship between social capital and development, showing that there is both a theoretical framework and evidence that justify the principle that public action supporting social capital has a major role in determining the performance of development strategies and actions.

Investment Problems of China Rural Human Capital

The rural human capital refers to the condensation of the physical body, knowledge, skills, and all the abilities that can improve the capacity of the rural labor productivity. The ability is a form of human capital stock and it plays an important role in China's development of rural economy and society, but at present the situation of investment in human capital in rural areas is not optimistic. A lot of problems need to be solved such as the inadequate total investment and the irrational structure, as to these issues, strategies and recommendations were proposed in order to strengthen the human capital investment.