Development Of Capitalism In Russia Research Articles

Analysis of human capital development in Russia by means of physical culture and sports using neural network modeling

Subject. The article investigates the human capital in the regions of the Russian Federation in the context of health promotion and active longevity of the population of the country. Objectives. The purpose is to examine the state of human capital driven by the development of physical culture and sports in Russian regions, using neural network modeling. Methods. Neural networks are used as a method of studying the multidimensional statistical data. The method of data clustering based on neural network modeling is not affiliated with model constraints. This method is aimed at self–training of neural networks, i.e. self-organizing Kohonen maps, and is a promising means of visual representation of multidimensional data space. Results. Using the neural network modeling, we placed 85 Russian regions in six cluster formations. We assessed the influence of each studied indicator on cluster construction. The paper demonstrates a strong difference in the number of regions of the Russian Federation in clusters, presents average values of the considered indicators in clusters for 2021. Conclusions. The study shows uneven development of human capital in Russian regions from the point of view of physical culture and sports, which predetermines different strategies for the development of the regional sports sphere. The positive trend in the number of sports facilities, personnel, and population engaged in physical culture and sports is facilitated by a systems approach based on program documents, which focuses on strengthening the health of citizens and their active longevity.

KYRGYZ NOMADIC ECONOMY IN THE PRE-REWOLUTIONARY PERIOD (ON THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF THE ISSUE)

The article deals with the debatable problems of the Kyrgyz nomadic economy in the prerevolutionary period. In particular, to what type of production does the Kyrgyz nomadic and pastoral economy belong: to small-scale production of the feudal or capitalist type? These problems are among the fundamental ones in the historiography of the economic history of Kyrgyzstan, in terms of determining the objective and subjective prerequisites for the industrial revolution in the region, that is, the Great October Socialist Revolution; the article puts forward a hypothesis about the absence of not only capitalist, but even its rudimentary elements. Consequently, a national working class was not formed as the driving force of the socialist revolution, while the opposite was stated in Soviet historical science. The study applied the method of objectivism, i.e. a theoretical and practical analysis of the reality of the Kyrgyz nomadic society at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries was carried out through the methodological content analysis of the Leninist theory of the development of Russian capitalism in depth and in breadth, since it was Vladimir Lenin who gave a specific methodological analysis of the political and economic state of the Turkestan region, traced the process of development of capitalism in Russia in breadth, and the ways of the decomposition of feudalism in colonially dependent regions, outlined the features of the initial accumulation of capital in the colonies. Also, in the article, to solve the problems posed, a systematic method was applied with the help of which the main stages of the development of Russian capitalism were traced - home crafts or home industry, manufactory, factory stage. As a result, the authors of the article came to the following conclusions: the capitalist way of life in Kyrgyzstan had not developed by the eve of the October Revolution. But, the process of decomposition of patriarchal-feudal relations began, bypassing the stage of development, and the factor of this was the Russian capitalism introduced from the outside, and not the internal forces of the Kyrgyz society and economy; Kyrgyz crafts, i.e. domestic industry, were of a natural, noncommodity nature, which means that the Kyrgyz nomadic economy was not a capitalist type of economy; in view of the absence of a capitalist structure in the Kyrgyz society, the objective and subjective prerequisites for the October Socialist Revolution were not formed.

Underlying Challenges for Russian Venture Industry Development and Methods for Their Solution

The authors of this article set a goal to identify the most relevant obstacles for venture capital development in Russia. In order to achieve this goal, statistical analysis was carried out as well as valuation of different quantitative and qualitative information, including primary sources (interviews with venture industry experts) was conducted. Russian and foreign literature was exploited during this research. The analysis of the Russian venture capital development dynamics was carried out, as well as the major regulatory aspects of the industry were examined. Based on the results of the research, certain recommendations were provided, which, according to the authors, are capable of supporting venture investments in the long term and accelerating the volume growth of capital raising by domestic startups.

Питання майбутнього Росії в українських геополітичних вченнях першої половини ХХ сторіччя

The article is devoted to the analysis of the coverage of the future of Russia in the geopolitical teachings of Ukrainian thinkers of the first half of the 20th century. This problem is actualized by the large-scale Russian aggression against the Ukrainian state and the need to outline the content of the Ukrainian victory in this war. The discourse in the circles of politicians and scientists regarding the future of the "post-Russian world" received a powerful impulse after the statements of the American general Ben Hodges about the need to prepare for the division of Russia. It is noted that the Ukrainian political opinion of the first half of the 20th century considered the future of Russia and Ukrainian-Russian relations in the range from "coexistence" to participation in its "distribution". It is said that the views of one of the founders of the UРR, M. Hrushevskyi, have evolved from autonomism to the complete independence of Ukraine from Russia, the need to revive Ukraine’s natural geopolitical orientations. It is noted that S. Rudnytskyi, analyzing the political situation in Europe after the First World War and the interests and policies of the main European geopolitical actors, noted that most of them were focused on preserving Russia as a single large geopolitical space, which endangered not only the existence of Ukrainian an independent state, but also lasting peace on the continent and in the world. Attention is drawn to the fact that Yu. Bachynskyi, based on the Marxist methodology of analyzing the development of capitalism in Russia, concludes that it is divided into three separate political and economic mechanisms. It is emphasized that the most in-depth analysis of Russia’s prospects was made by Yu. Lуpa. Attention is drawn to the fact that the scientist considers the division of Russia not only inevitable, but also a component of Ukraine’s historical destiny. He believes that the return of the Muscovite state to its historical borders, provided that it renounces imperial ambitions, will contribute to the rapid well-being of the local population and the revival of moral values. Scientists pay special attention to the issue of the division of Siberia, which has an excellent population psychology and geopolitical directions of development.

Оценка влияния местного бюджета на человеческий капитал территории: исторические и современные аспекты

Considering the need for sustainable human capital development in Russia, as well as interdisciplinary research challenges, the present study examines historical and contemporary aspects of the impact of the budget on regional human capital. For this purpose, budgetary mechanisms implemented in the period from 1969 to 2020 were retrospectively analysed. Based on archival materials and data from statistical collections of the Soviet period, the dynamics and structure of budget revenues and expenditures in the 1970s were compared with those in the period from 2000 to 2017. A quantitative assessment was performed to test a hypothesis about a relationship between the volume of social budget expenditures and increase in the return on human capital in the form of tax revenues to the budget. The study employed methods of comparative, structural, correlation and econometric analysis and statistical grouping. Constructed econometric models demonstrated the nature and degree of influence of various social expenditures on the resulting indicator of human capital development. Then, comparative analysis was conducted to interpret the econometric modelling results and data on the state of local budgets in the Soviet and post-Soviet period. Taking into account the established relationship between social expenditures and the indicator of human capital development, public authorities can most efficiently allocate budget funds, ensuring the maximum socio-economic effect from their investment. The research findings can be used for creating socio-economic development strategies of particular regions, as well as for comparing their social development in the historical and geographical context. In this regard, future studies can systematically assess the impact of local budgets of the largest Russian regions on the resulting indicators of human capital.

Socioeconomic Conditions of Human Capital Development in Russia and China

Socioeconomic Conditions of Human Capital Development in Russia and China

The Political Economy of S. N. Bulgakov (to the 150th anniversary of his birth)

Introduction. 2021 marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of S. N. Bulgakov, an outstanding Russian scientist, economist and philosopher. The aim of the study is to assess the scientific contribution of S. N. Bulgakov to the development of Russian socio-economic thought. Materials and Methods. The work was written on the basis of the economic writings of S. N. Bulgakov, documents and materials of that era, as well as contemporary Russian and foreign publications. The article uses a dialectical approach, methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, structural-functional and program-targeted research methods. Results. The article reveals the scientific contribution of S. N. Bulgakov to the formulation and solution of urgent problems of the humanities and economics. The place and role of S. N. Bulgakov in the history of Russian and world science are revealed. The problems of the fundamental work of S. N. Bulgakov “Capitalism and Agriculture” (1900) and his other economic studies are considered in detail. An assessment is given to the ideas of the formation of a humanistic political economy, the doctrine of “Christian socialism”, the relationship between the principles of spiritual, moral and rationalistic approaches in the study of the national economy. The specific views of the scientist on the agrarian economy are shown: agrarian overpopulation, the nature of agricultural labor, the operation of the law of diminishing land fertility, the peculiarities of domestic agriculture, the nature of land rent. The idea of the legitimacy of the ideas and conclusions of S. N. Bulgakov about the nature and prospects of the development of capitalism in Russia, the spread of small and medium-sized forms of organization of agrarian production, understanding of the agrarian economy in the “broad” and “narrow” sense is substantiated. Discussion and Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the views of S. N. Bulgakov, N. I. Bukharin, K. Marx, V. I. Lenin, A. Smith, A. V. Chayanov on the general theoretical aspects of the development of agricultural production is carried out. Shown are modern studies devoted to the ideas of S. N. Bulgakov in the field of socio-economic analysis.

The Transformation of Public Opinion on Capitalism during Perestroika

This article examines the transformation of the image of capitalism in Russian public opinion during Perestroika. The opposition between socialism and capitalism was a key aspect of Soviet ideology and the Soviet system of values. Perestroika triggered new economic practices, such as leasing and cooperatives, which were the first steps in the transition from communism to capitalism. Using various sources (periodical articles, Russian citizens’ letters to officials and to editorial boards), this article investigates Russian people’s attitudes to the development of capitalism in Russia. The early history of capitalism in Russia was turbulent, and people’s attitudes to capitalism were versatile. An analysis of letters by Russian citizens reveals some characteristic features of the Soviet mentality and assesses Soviet people’s attitudes to capitalism through the prism of a Soviet mentality that rejected the idea of wealth accumulation, preached social equality, extolled social labor, but admired dictatorship as the best form of social organization. Hence, people expressed their vehement disapproval of cooperatives and demanded that the latter should be immediately closed. The author underlines that the image of capitalism underwent a certain transformation in public opinion, which can be seen in infrequent but comprehensive letters written by Soviet citizens who highlighted the necessity of market economy, stressing its advantages.

The Marxist Tradition Against the Grain Anna Yegorova. Rethinking the Category of Class: Tempora Multa of the Plural Subject

The author develops the concept of plural temporality as a tool for revising the Marxist tradition. This concept was not explicitly formulated by Marx, but the author maintains that it takes a latent form in those of his works which expose the inadequacy of understanding historical development through a linear model or as unfolding in stages. The author finds traces of plural temporality in the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right where Marx contrasts the modernity of German philosophy with the anachronistic nature of the German state. The article outlines the concept’s growing influence over a series of works from the Manifesto of the Communist Party to The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. However, it is most distinct in two later texts by Marx devoted to the Russian rural commune (obshchina). Marx notes its unprecedented historical character as a product of pre-capitalist social relations that is nevertheless contemporary with capitalism. Therefore, it is not so a hindrance to the development of capitalism in Russia, but more a model of the type of collective labor and collective property that are an alternative to capitalism. Marx thought that the future revolution, if it happens at the “appropriate time,” would necessarily establish the free development of the rural community and the superiority of Russian society over those countries in which capitalism dominates. The author analyzes the works of Marx’s followers who already consciously use the concept and metaphors of plural temporality in their works such as Ernest Bloch, Antonio Gramsci and Louis Althusser. In conclusion, the concept of plural temporality is not meant to completely refute the idea of a continuous course for history, but instead to elucidate its complex and contingent nature.

Socio-economic aspects of human capital development in Russia and China

Innovative cooperation is an important component of mutually beneficial bilateral cooperation. Such interaction between the two major global players such as Russia and China requires a well-balanced human development policy. The article reveals the complexity of the evolution of hu-man capital in RF and China. Based on the comparison of the socio-economic indicators and data from the UN Human Development Report, the author considers strengths and weaknesses of existing models of human development. The article shows the dominance of Russian Federation in economic and social indicators, such as per capita GDP, disposable income, inequality index, gender gap, education level. While important features of the modern China progress are making this country more capable in accumulating and making proper use of human potential. The main advantages of development of PRC are rapid growth of population incomes, thoughtful elimination of poverty and illiteracy, growth of the education level and life expectancy. The author highlights weaknesses in the development of partner countries: population decline, age and gender imbalances, significant gap in living standards, increasing burden on the healthcare system, drop in real incomes and insufficient funding for education and research. According to the human development index, the gap between Russia and China in the world ranking at this stage is 34 positions. However, the dynamics of changes in living standards over the past 30 years indicates a short time left until Russia remains a leader. Building a strategic long-term partnership with China requires from Russia more balanced policy in use of human capital.

Влияние цифровизации на формирование и использование человеческого капитала

The article focuses on human capital formation and evaluation. The contradictory impact of the digitalization on institutions that determine the reproduction and use of human capital is analyzed. Special attention is paid to human capital development in Russia.

FORMATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AS A FEATURE OF INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOSCOW IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The period of the late XIX – early XX centuries, which is characterized by the active development of capitalism in Russia and the emergence of a number of new industrial sectors, – has been considered. These processes were clearly manifested in Moscow, which had turned into the largest industrial center. The emergence of advanced technical industries has been shown: printing, chemical, electrical. The capitalist level of industrial development in Moscow at the beginning of the XXth century is evidenced by the processes of concentration, combination and monopolization of production in many industries. The products of Moscow enterprises were in demand both within the country and abroad. It has been shown that the Moscow factory industry acted as a conductor of the latest technology, not only for a vast area of central provinces, but also for all Russia.

Marxism and the Debate on the Transition to Capitalism in Prewar Japan

After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan rapidly industrialized, greatly raising its level of economic productivity. However, the peasants were kept in a state of hunger under a semifeudal agricultural system. How should this semi-feudality be understood? About this question arose a debate among Japanese Marxists in prewar Japan: the Debate on Japanese Capitalism. This article examines the methodologies of three analysists of Japanese capitalism focusing on the level of abstraction of the analysis of capitalism, whose ideas were derived from Hegel’s Logic and Marx’s methodology of downward analysis and upward development: Moritarō Yamada of Kōzaha, Itsurō Sakisaka of Rōnōha, and Kōzō Uno, who distanced himself from both sides. Uno criticized Yamada and Sakisaka for directly analyzing a particular Japanese capitalism with a highly general theory such as Capital, and proposed the Three-Stage Theory: the Pure Theory, which is based on the assumption of a pure capitalism, such as Marx’s Capital; the Stage Theory, which clarifies the historical developmental stage of capitalism, such as Lenin’s Imperialism (1917); and the Empirical Analysis, which analyzes capitalism in each country at a given time. However, Uno’s main concern was to analyze Japanese capitalism in the Stage Theory, doing little to further advance it in the Empirical Analysis. Therefore, this article divided the Empirical Analysis into two levels of abstraction: the domain of theoretical construction of Japanese Capitalism, such as Lenin’s Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), and of data analysis of specific conditions of Japanese capitalism, such as Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844), and thus proposed the Four-Stage Theory. It is a hypothesis for complementing Uno’s Three-Stage Theory, which should be further developed by data. Finally, such methodological consideration for analyzing capitalism is applicable to non-Japanese capitalist societies.

Econometric modeling of some economic metrics of human capital development in Russia in the current economic situation

Econometric modeling of some economic metrics of human capital development in Russia in the current economic situation

РЫНОК ТРУДА И КАЧЕСТВО ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА

<p align="justify">В статье анализируются основные характеристики человеческого капитала в России. Рассматриваются ключевые направления взаимодействия человеческого капитала и экономики: демография, квалификационная структура, уровень жизни. Констатируется, что Россия пока значительно отстает по характеристикам развития человеческого капитала от наиболее развитых стран. Одновременно с этим показан имеющийся потенциал сокращения такого отставания в рамках конструктивных сценариев развития российской экономики </font>

"Capital" by K. Marx vs. "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" by V. I. Lenin: Similarities and Differences

"Capital" by K. Marx vs. "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" by V. I. Lenin: Similarities and Differences

Theoretical Approaches towards Global Social Development

Background/Objective: The topicality of the research is stipulated by the determination of the theoretical approaches that could serve as a basis for path finding out of the global systemic crisis. Theoretical views of outstanding economists of the past toward the future of humanity and the real state of the world are of undoubted interest. The article deals with the ideas of G.V. Plekhanov, analyzes the results of their implementation in Russia in the 1990s. Possible perspectives of social development are associated with a change in the socio-economic views on the role and the place of nature in today’s context.Methods: The basic methods of studying this problem are the economic analysis, deduction, factor analysis and system-structural approach.Findings: The authors have given the analysis of the theory of economic growth stages, considered the views of Plekhanov toward the development of capitalism in Russia and the modification of the social nature of the monarchy and its consequences. To secure its future, the humankind is destined to change moral principles. Changing social consciousness depends on the level of culture and education. The theoretical approaches are determined that could be core ones in searching for ways out of the today’s global problems.Improvements/Novelty: Solving global problems of today such as nature and society, war and peace, social inequality is closely linked to changes in consumption patterns. Nature, life on the planet should be a common goal for all countries and peoples. Economy and politics should be subject to this goal. These findings are of practical value to scientists, economists, sociologists, philosophers, as well as for college teachers.

Nature and Evolution of Russian Capitalism

The article presents the research of origin, nature and evolution of the Russian capitalism. The existing approaches to the definition of the concept are considered, methodological approaches of various schools and directions of economic theory that classify economic systems are listed and analyzed. The models of the analysis of the historical development of the Russian economic system are studied. They allow identifying the main stages in the formation of the Russian capitalism, its features and evolutionary transformations. The comparison of various concepts and theories describing the current state of the Russian economic system is carried out. For the purpose of systematization of researches, the Map of the Russian is proposed, which is a generalized descriptive scheme of methodological concepts and theories of the development of capitalism in Russia.

An attempt to analyze the development of capitalism in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the perspective of the revolutionary period

An attempt to analyze the development of capitalism in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the perspective of the revolutionary period

Попытка анализа характера развития капитализма в России в конце XIX – начале XX века с позиций концепции революционного периода

Попытка анализа характера развития капитализма в России в конце XIX – начале XX века с позиций концепции революционного периода