Capital Coefficient Research Articles

Estimating Production Functions in Differentiated-Product Industries with Quantity Information and External Instruments

This paper develops a new method for estimating production-function parameters that can be applied in differentiated-product industries with endogenous quality and variety choice. We take advantage of data on physical quantities of outputs and inputs from the Colombian manufacturing survey, focusing on producers of rubber and plastic products. Assuming constant elasticities of substitution of outputs and inputs within firms, we aggregate from the firm-product to the firm level and show how quality and variety choices may bias standard estimators. Using real exchange rates and variation in the bite of the national minimum wage, we construct external instruments for materials and labor choices. We implement a simple two-step instrumental-variables method, first estimating a difference equation to recover the materials and labor coefficients and then estimating a levels equation to recover the capital coefficient. Under the assumption that the instruments are uncorrelated with firms' quality and variety choices, this method yields consistent estimates, free of the quality and variety biases we have identified. Our point estimates differ from those of existing methods and changes in our preferred productivity estimator perform relatively well in predicting future export growth.

Analysis of the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance: an empirical research on Borsa Istanbul

Purpose- The purpose of this research is to reveal the effect of firms' intellectual capital on financial performance. Firms invest in intangible assets as well as tangible assets in order to gain competitive advantage (Atan ve Tuncer, 2019). Within the scope of intangible fixed assets, the most investment is made to intellectual capital. Intellectual capital has three basic dimensions: human capital, structural capital and customer capital (Soylu, 2020). In the 21st century, where technology changes and develops very rapidly, companies create added value by using their intellectual capital and turn the added value into profit. In this respect, intellectual capital is knowledge that can turn into profit (Cetin, 2005). Methodology- The intellectual capital levels of companies operating in the Borsa Istanbul Industrial Index were measured by the Intellectual Value Added Coefficient (VAIC) method for the period of 2015-2019. The relationship between the obtained coefficient and financial performance indicators, return on assets ratio (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and Tobin's Q ratio, was analyzed by panel data method. Findings- According to the results of the research, there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between the intellectual capital coefficient and profitability rates and Tobin's Q ratio. Conclusion- The results obtained show the positive effect of intellectual capital on firm performance. Companies can focus on intellectual capital investments and increase their productivity for sustainable financial performance.

Entelektüel Sermaye Türkiye'de Bir Uygulama

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the performance indicators of large-scale enterprises and intellectual capital components. Within the scope of the study, the data of the selected large-scale enterprises operating in the chemical industry in Turkey from 2009 and 2016 were analyzed. Ante Pulic's value-added intellectual coefficient method was used to calculate the intellectual capital of these enterprises. The research question of the study is to analyze the presence of statistical relationship between the performance indicators of the companies operating in the chemical industry (economic value-added, efficiency, profitability, growth, and asset turnover) and intellectual capital components. Correlation and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between variables. As the result of the analysis, significant and positive relationships were found between economic value-added, asset profitability and efficiency parameters and intellectual capital coefficient. One of the outstanding results in the analysis is that the enterprises with high potential to create economic value-added have similarly high market values It has been observed that intellectual capital components and chemical industry enterprises have an effect on the performance indicators. No significant relationship was found between growth and asset turnover indicators, and intellectual capital components.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: A RESEARCH ON BİST SMS INDUSTRY INDEX FIRMS

Bu çalışmanın amacı, BİST KOBİ SANAYİ endeksinde yer alan firmaların Entelektüel Sermayeleri ile Firma Performansları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. 20013-2015 yılları arasında BİST’e kayıtlı, KOBİ ölçeğindeki firmaların verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Ante Pulic tarafından geliştirilen Entelektüel Katma Değer Katsayısı (VAIC) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Firma piyasa değeri (MB), aktif devir hızı (ATO), aktif kârlılık (ROA) ve öz sermaye kârlılığı (ROE) performans ölçüsü olarak kullanılmıştır. Verimlilik ölçüsü aktif devir hızı (ATO), kârlılık ölçüleri için de aktif kârlılık (ROA) ve öz sermaye kârlılığı (ROE) kabul edilmiştir. Çoklu regresyon ve Korelasyon yöntemi kullanılarak analizler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, VAIC ve bileşenlerinin KOBİ ölçeğindeki firmalarda kârlılık üzerinde önemli etkilerinin bulunduğu görülmüştür.

Российские инвестиции: интеллектуальная недостающая

<span>На примере статьи Б. Л. Лавровского, Е. А. Горюшкиной, Е. А. Шильцина «Инвестиционный ресурс экономического роста: не только количество» критически рассматриваются взгляды современных российских экономистов, ставящих под сомнение необходимость наращивания инвестиционных ресурсов и считающих возможным экономическое развитие России за счет повышения интеллектуальной составляющей и инновационного развития. Приводится сравнение российской нормы накопления и среднемирового значения по международным ценам, результаты которого говорят о необходимости роста инвестиций в российскую экономику, как минимум, в два раза. На примере ведущих экономик мира показано, что в долгосрочной перспективе темпы роста капитала опережают темпы роста ВВП, а предельная капиталоемкость имеет тенденцию к повышению, что свидетельствует о непреходящей и повышающей роли капитала как фактора развития экономики. Влияние научно-технического прогресса и инноваций на инвестиционный процесс анализируется с позиции теории созидательного разрушения Й. Шумпетера, согласно которой прогресс, воплощаемый в инновациях, создает спрос на новые товары и требует новой материальный базы для их производства и, соответственно, инвестиций. При этом традиционные товары лишаются спроса, а существующие активы по их производству оказываются невостребованными. Показано, что с позиции теории созидательного разрушения считать инновации фактором, ограничивающим потребность в инвестициях, нет никаких оснований.</span>

Return of the capital coefficients matrix

A core ingredient of post-disaster input–output recovery models is the reconstruction of lost production capacity. Therefore, one would expect a set of models endowed with capital coefficients matrices to be available for analysis. However, this is not the case, possibly due to earlier negative experiences with such models. Nevertheless, in this paper, we aim to show that there is a class of problems that can be addressed successfully with a dynamic input–output model with a fully functioning capital coefficients matrix. We put forward that if reconstruction is tightly planned, investment and therewith gross output essentially become pre-determined. This also means that traditional final demand becomes an endogenous residual, with the model being transformed into a distribution and allocation model. We begin with a reordering of variables and equations as proposed in Leontief’s dynamic inverse, and then move on directly to the newly proposed model. Suggestions for further work are given.

Deconstructing the Impact of Entrepreneurship on Income Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

Abstract The study examines the impacts of entrepreneurship on income inequality in a panel of 29 Sub-Saharan African countries spanning from 2004 to 2020. The paper employs a dynamic heterogeneous panel approach to differentiate between long-run and short-run impacts of entrepreneurship on income inequality. The findings establish a robust and direct nexus between entrepreneurial activities and income disparity. The results of the two entrepreneurial indicators are stable. Besides, the coefficient of the human capital is positive in the regression and statistically significant at a 5 percent significance level. The proxies for macroeconomic factors exhibit diverse signs and impact, which suggest a policy stimulus aimed at refining macroeconomic situations and also ignite prospects for households to increase their incomes.

Incentive mechanism to prevent moral hazard in online supply chain finance

With e-commerce developing rapidly, banks have begun to cooperate with online platform operators to finance small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, this process engenders its own unique financial risks. This study highlights and investigates the risks in a four-party supply chain that include a third-party logistics provider, a bank, a B2B platform operator, and SMEs. In an asymmetric information setting, the collusion mechanisms in this four-party online supply chain are also explored. Subsequently, a two-part incentive contract is designed that can reduce the moral hazard faced by the banks while addressing the trade-off between the payments to the platform operator for better credit rating information and the payments to the third-party logistics provider for supervising collateral storage. For further confirmation, a numerical analysis is presented. The results indicate that based on a suitable capital coefficient, the two-part incentive contract may prevent moral hazard in online supply chains. Furthermore, when the line of credit is high, the bank must increase the incentives for the B2B platform operator to avoid default risk and decrease the incentives for 3PL.

Empirical Linkage of Intellectual Capital and Performance of Islamic Banks

With the eminence of the era of knowledge-based economies, the concept of intellectual capital (IC) is of vital importance for organisations to survive in these vigorous environments. As one of the knowledge intensive sectors, there is no exception to banking institutions in enhancing their intellectual capital efficiency to the forefront especially for Islamic banks (IBs) that have to compete with the firmly-established conventional banks. Accordingly, this study intends to measure the relationship between intellectual capital efficiency and banks’ performance. In total, 59 Islamic banks are selected and their audited annual reports are compiled from the banks’ websites respectively from year 2006-2017. Value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) are applied in measuring IC efficiency. The findings provide empirical evidences of positive relationship between IC efficiency and banks performance, nonetheless, when decomposes into human capital efficiency (HCE), structural capital efficiency (SCE) and capital employed efficiency (CEE), only human capital efficiency shows significant positive relationship with performance of the banks while the other two components show significant negative linkage with bank performance. Furthermore, due to criticisms towards VAIC method, this study using modified value-added intellectual capital coefficient (MVAIC) and found that MVAIC has significant positive relationship with bank performance while relational capital as additional variable in MVAIC regression model has no significant effect with bank performance. This study provides better insights on the importance of utilisation of IC by banking institutions particularly for Islamic banks.

Solving the Time-Varying Cobb-Douglas Production Function Using a Varying-Coefficient Quantile Regression Model

The output elasticity estimated by the traditional Cobb-Douglas production function is a fixed constant that describes developed countries with relative stable factor shares well. While the fixed constant fails to describe developing countries with changing factor shares during economic transitional periods, such as China. In this paper, we construct a time-varying elasticity production function model and extend the Cobb-Douglas production function to a time-varying elasticity Cobb-Douglas production function. The semi-parametric varying-coefficient quantile model, together with the local polynomial and the two-phase methods, is used for the estimation of the time-varying elasticity of the capital coefficient and the labor force. Empirical research on Chinese economic growth shows that the time-varying elasticity of capital is declining and the time-varying elasticity of the labor force is increasing gradually.

The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Financial Performance of Cosmetics Manufacturing Manufacturing Companies in the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013 - 2018

This study aims to know the effect of human capital coefficient, structural capital efficiency coefficient, and capital employed efficiency coefficient partially and simultaneously on the performance of manufacturing companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses a quantitative, causal approach. The sampling technique uses saturated sample technique. The researcher uses secondary data, namely the company's financial statements obtained from the official website of IDX. Methods of collecting data include literature studies and indirect observations. The analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption test, and model feasibility test, the researcher tests the hypothesis by using the T test and F test. The results of this study indicate that (1) Human Capital Coefficient partially influences the performance of the company in the stock market. Indonesian securities. (2) Structural Capital Efficiency Coefficient of coefficient is partially influential on the performance of company companies manufacturing on IDX (3) Capital Employed Efficiency Coefficient partially influences the performance of company companies manufacturing on IDX. (4) Human Capital Coefficient Capital Employed, Structural Capital Efficiency Coefficient, and Efficiency Coefficient simultaneously influence the performance of manufacturing companies in the IDX.

Does bank capital affect the monetary policy transmission mechanism? A case study of Emerging Market Economies (EMEs)

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of bank capital on monetary policy transmission mechanism during the period from 2010 to 2016 for 20 Emerging Market Economics (EMEs) by using the two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM). The coefficient of excess capital in low-asset countries is found to be negative which reveals the importance of excess capital for the effectiveness of monetary transmission. However, the study could not find the significance of excess capital for high-asset countries as they may afford the risky way to generate their income by increasing the loan supply.

Estimation of a Production Function for Philippine Retail Stores

Abstract The purpose of this paper is the estimation of a production function for retail stores in the Philippines. A generalized Cobb-Douglas production function is utilized for this purpose. Ordinary Least Squares is used in obtaining the coefficients for labor and capital. The results show that the marginal product of labor to be higher than the marginal product of capital and the hypothesis of constant returns to scale is not rejected.

The Role of Intellectual Capital Components on the Quality of Internal Control and Financial Restatements in Iran

In the present study, we examined the impact of firms' intellectual capital components on the quality of internal control and financial restatements in Iran. Data obtained from the audit reports and financial statements of 116 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2012 to 2016. The hypotheses testing results showed that none of the human, structural, and communicational capital coefficients have a significant relationship with the quality of internal control and financial restatements. Our findings could indicate that firms consider little value to human resources and its management during the examination period. Our study results do not deny the importance of human resources in implementing the internal control process. The study outcomes may benefit the impact of intellectual capital on internal control and restatement in developing countries.

How to keep renewable energy enterprises to reach economic sustainable performance: from the views of intellectual capital\xa0and life\xa0cycle

BackgroundIntellectual capital can not only help companies to obtain sustainable competitive advantage, but also serve as a key factor in corporate performance improvement and value creation. For knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive renewable energy companies, the effective management of intellectual capital is particularly important. However, there is a huge gap between the book value of renewable energy companies and their market value. It will be difficult to establish the most appropriate development strategy for companies by evaluating the corporate performance only based on financial indicators. Therefore, studying the value creation effect of intellectual capital will not only make new energy companies pay more attention to the intellectual capital management, but also help renewable energy companies achieve sustainable corporate performance.MethodsBy choosing the listed renewable energy companies from 2010 to 2016, this paper conducts an empirical research based on the Ohlson model and use quantile regression to analyze the impacts of value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) on sustainable performance at different life cycle stages.ResultsThe results confirm that increasing the VAIC creates value for enterprises. It also examines the effect of life cycle on this impact, and the result shows that it does not change the significant positive correlation with the economic sustainable performance at different life cycle quantiles. This paper also concludes that value-added human capital coefficient (VAHU) and value-added capital assets coefficient (VACA) are the most important component of intellectual capitals to economic sustainable performance at the growth stage, maturation stage, and decline stage.ConclusionsThus, it is suggested that renewable energy enterprises should emphasize on corporate intellectual capital management activities and design intellectual capital management solutions specifically for a certain life cycle stage.

The economic market outcomes and income distribution when capital is not homogeneous

Purpose An aggregate production function has been used in macroeconomic analysis for a long time, even though it seems that it is conceptually confusing and problematic. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the measurement problem related to the heterogenous capital input that exists in macroeconomics is also relevant to microeconomic market situations. Design/methodology/approach The author constructed a microeconomic market model to address both the problems of the measurement of the physical capital and of substitutability between labor and capital in the short run using two types of technologies: labor neutral and labor reducing. The author proposed that labor and physical capital inputs are complementary in the short run and can become substitutes only in the long run when the technology advances. Findings The author found that even if the technology improves at a fast rate over time, there are then diminishing returns of profits to technology and an upper limit to profits. Moreover, the author showed that under the labor-reducing technology, labor class earns more initially as technology improves, but their incomes start declining after some threshold level of passage of time. Originality/value The author cautioned the applied researcher that the estimated labor and capital coefficients of generalized Cobb–Douglas and constant elasticity of substitution of types of production functions could not be interpreted as partial elasticities of labor and capital if in reality the data come from fixed-proportions types of processes.

Estimation of Production Function for Furniture and Pharmaceutical Industries in Nepal

With the application of Robust Regression Method, this paper attempts to estimate the production function for manufacturing industries of Nepal. In this endeavour, the production function for Furniture and Pharmaceutical industries have been estimated using cross-section data of the Census of Manufacturing Establishment (CME) 2011/2012. The coefficients of log-linear form of Cobb-Douglas (C-D) production function reveal that the selected manufacturing industries are operating with decreasing returns to scales. The labour coefficients of both industries are found to be statistically insignificant. Negative labour coefficient of Pharmaceutical Industry indicates capital intensive nature of the production and minimal contribution of labour inputs. Although positive and significant, capital coefficients indicate both industries were running with decreasing returns to capital inputs. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) representing the state of technology and factors other than labour and capital found to be instrumental and significant for both the industries.

MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISES FINANCIAL RISKS MINIMIZATION MODELS BUILDING

The article is based on a financial condition indicators system, which assesses the financial risk of the enterprise, and their grouping according to the nature of the impact on the enterprise financial position. The following financial risks groups have been identified: the inappropriate capital structure, inefficient financial activity, liquidity decline, ineffective operating activities, the imbalances in cash flows and ineffective investment activities risks. Each group of indicators is selected by the "center of gravity"one representative method to construct a model for assessing the financial risk in the enterprise level. It is determined that representative indicators in identifying the financial risk in an enterprise level are: coefficient of autonomy, coefficient of turnover of capital, absolute liquidity ratio, return on sales, net cash flow ratio, total return on investment.At the next stage of constructing a model for enterprise financial risks minimizing using expert method, representative indicators are measured according to their informativity for assessing financial risk at the enterprise. Taking into account the indicators significance, a machine-building enterprises assessment financial risk model was constructed on the basis of the enterprise financial risk level indicators-representatives additive convolution with their significance weight coefficients correction.The functional dependencies between the indicators are determined given the direct and inverse nature of the link between the indicators that characterize the machine-building enterprises financial risk, using correlation-regression analysis. An optimization model for machine-building enterprises financial risks minimizing was built on the principle of limiting financial risks. Optimizing the model means getting the maximum integral index value of the financial risk neutralization level. To this end, the Kuhn-Tucker theorem is used. As a result of model optimization it was revealed that from the point of view the financial risks at machine-building enterprises level minimizing, the optimum values of financial indicators are: for the coefficient of autonomy — 0.41; for the capital turnover coefficient — 31,0; for the coefficient of absolute liquidity — 0,45; for a profitability ratio of sales — 0,29; for the coefficient of sufficiency of net cash flow — 0,60; for the coefficient of total return on investment — 0,28. The established norms of financial indicators provide financial risk minimization at machine-building enterprises.

The Role of Intellectual Capital To Economic Value Added (Empirical Study on Manufacturing Companies of Consumption Goods Sector)

The purpose of this study to analyze the influence of Intellectual Capital to Economic Value Added. The samples are 90 manufacture companies as the item of observations that were taken from annual reports listed of Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2011-2015. The model that used to measure intellectual capital was using Modified Value Added Intellectual Capital Coefficient (M-VAIC). M-VAIC component consist of Human Capital Efficiency (HCE), Structural Capital Efficiency (SCE), Capital Employed Efficiency (CEE) and Relational Capital Efficiency (RCE). This research is quantitative research and using panel data regression on balanced data of fixed effect for data analysis. The results showed that Human Capital Efficiency (HCE) and Structural Capital Efficiency (SCE) has no positive impact on Economy Value Added (EVA) but in this research has a positive impact on the Capital Employed Efficiency (CEE) and Relational Capital Efficiency (RCE) to Economic Value Added (EVA).

Theoretical structure for the application of stock-flow matrix

Purpose - In this study, we tried to determine the invesment goods requirements of the secttors. Stock-flow structure of the Turkish Industry analized with the help of realized investment projects. Methodology – The sectorel investment crisis periods are determined based on the CMAX methodology and the regression analysis is applied to investiga has been used to find out how much goods and services need to build a unit capital. By this way sector by origin has been determined, this capital structure matrix was multiplied with sectorel capital-output ratios to reach stock-flow coefficients of the models. Findings- From the results of this study it is observed that by using the the stok-flow coefficients of the sectors we come to the concisions that is requared to invest in industry. Conclusion- Capital coefficients are an important means to find the future location of the industries and the interrelationships of the industries as they show the relation between stock capital and current production. The capital structure matrix is associated with the SUO. This relationship is obtained by multiplying the matrix K, which is the SUO, with the matrix S, the stock-flow coefficient .