Capital Buffers Research Articles

Pengaruh Faktor Internal dan Faktor Eksternal terhadap Stabilitas Bank Syariah Indonesia

This research is a quantitative study that analyzes the influence of internal factors (total bank assets, income diversification, and capital buffers) and external factors (gross domestic gross and inflation) on the stability of Islamic banks. This research uses panel data, namely Bank Syariah Indonesia in the 2017-2021 period. The method for explaining this research is panel data regression analysis with Eviews version 9. The results of this study prove that starting from the factors of total assets, income diversification, capital buffers, gross domestic income, and inflation significantly affect the stability of Bank Syariah Indonesia. These results also prove that the independent variables consist of internal factors (bank total assets, income diversification, and capital buffers) and external factors (gross domestic product and inflation) simultaneously influencing the stability of Indonesian Islamic banks. In addition, this study also supports the charter value theory but rejects the too-big-to-fail theory.
 Keywords: Stability, Total Bank Assets, Income Diversification, Capital Buffer, Gross Domestic Product, Inflation.

The relationship between profitability and capital buffer in the Indonesian banking sector

This study examines profitability as a mediating variable to explore variables that affect the capital buffer in commercial banks. The research population is conventional commercial banks operating in Indonesia, with an observation period of 2017–2020. A purposive sampling method was used, during which 90 observations were found. Data analysis used multiple regression and the Sobel test to test for the mediating role of profitability. The results show that profitability acts as a mediating variable for non-performing loans and the ratio of loans to deposits in the capital buffer. Therefore, it is suggested that banks must maintain their ability to generate profitability in order to avoid liquidity risk. Another finding that is also important for bank managers is that non-performing loans have a significant effect on reducing profitability, while loans to total assets have a positive impact. Loan-to-deposit ratio and income diversification are not significant to profitability. Profitability, debt-to-total assets ratio, and income diversification have a negative impact on the capital buffer. Non-performing loans are not significant, while the loan-to-deposit ratio has a significant positive impact on the capital buffer.

How do markets react to tighter bank capital requirements?

We use hikes in the countercyclical capital buffer [CCyB] to measure how markets react to tighter bank capital requirements. Our identification strategy relies on two unique features of the CCyB institutional framework in Europe. First, all national authorities make quarterly announcements of CCyB rates. Second, these hikes affect all European banks proportionally to their exposure to the country of activation. We show that CCyB hikes translate in lower CDS spreads for affected banks, in particular those poorly capitalised. On the other hand, bank valuations do not react. Markets therefore consider that higher countercyclical capital requirements make banks more stable at no material cost for shareholders. We claim that these effects relate to the capital constraint itself, as opposed to the potential signal conveyed on the state of the financial cycle.

The Credit Suisse CoCo wipeout: Facts, misperceptions, and lessons for financial regulation

The Credit Suisse CoCo wipeout: Facts, misperceptions, and lessons for financial regulation

Financial stability and sustainable development

AbstractFinancial institutions operating in a stable financial system seem to be willing to support the realization of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This view assumes that financial stability is crucial for sustainable development. We investigate the effect of financial stability on sustainable development. We use a unique financial stability index, sustainable development index and four SDG indicators. We analyse 26 countries from 2011 to 2018 using the system GMM method. The findings of the sustainable development index analysis show that financial stability has a significant effect on the level of sustainable development and the effect is negative in Asian countries. European and Asian countries have a high sustainable development index compared to African countries. The result of the individual SDG analyses show that financial stability has a significant effect on SDG3. Financial stability has a negative effect on SDG10 in Asian countries and a negative effect on SDG3 during periods of economic prosperity. Financial stability has a positive effect on SDG3 and SDG7 in countries where the banking system have high capital buffer. The results show that the effect of financial stability on sustainable development depends on how sustainable development is measured.

The Cyclical Behavior of Capital Buffer of Indonesian Islamic and Conventional Banks

This paper is aimed at analyzing the cyclical behavior of capital buffer of Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia. More specifically, this paper has three objectives. First, to test whether capital buffer in Indonesian banking industry as a whole is countercyclical or procyclical. Second, to test whether there is a difference in the level of capital buffer of Islamic banks as compared to the level of capital buffer of conventional banks. Third, to test whether there is a difference in the cyclicality of capital buffer of Islamic and conventional banks. The analysis in this paper is conducted using the standard dynamic system generalized method of moments (system GMM) regressions and includes a panel of 108 banks over the period between 2004 and 2019. From the results, it can be concluded that the capital buffer of Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia is procyclical. From the results, it can also be concluded that no difference exists in the level of capital buffer of Islamic banks as compared to conventional banks and in the cyclicality of capital buffer in Islamic and conventional banking. If the countercyclical capital buffer is achieved, a policy measure to alter the cyclical behavior of capital buffer of Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia therefore is a must. Such policy measure needs not to be specified for Islamic or conventional banking industry.

Credit gaps as banking crisis predictors: A different tune for middle- and low-income countries

The aim of this paper is to assess the quality of credit-based variables as early warning indicators of systemic banking crises. The existing literature focuses mainly on developed economies and shows that the best performing indicator is the credit-to-GDP gap computed via one-sided HP filter (the so-called Basel credit gap). The empirical evidence legitimates the use of the credit-to-GDP gap as a key indicator in macro-prudential banking regulation, i.e., in the determination of the countercyclical capital buffer. We take advantage of a new database on bank credit series and credit gaps covering more than 160 countries (Bouvatier, Delatte and Rehault, 2022) to focus specifically on middle- and low-income countries. Our findings suggest that the credit-to-GDP gap remains the single best performing indicator regarding the high-income group while the same does not hold for middle- and low-income countries. This result highlights that a one-size-fits-all approach is not relevant in the design of the operational framework of the countercyclical capital buffer. Further, we show that the credit gap turns to be a fair banking crises predictor when the financial development, captured by the trend’s value in credit-to-GDP ratio, exceeds 20%.

Fiscal risks and their impact on banks' capital buffers in South Africa

AbstractSouth Africa's fiscal balances have deteriorated significantly over the last decade, although the economy has been recording disappointing economic growth rates even prior to the COVID‐19 crisis. In this paper, we estimate a series of equations to test how sovereign risk premia affect capital buffers, while controlling for variables identified in the literature, such as size of banks and the economic cycle. Unlike other studies, we use actual capital buffers. We show that these are substantively different to the proxy buffers calculated using the common approach in the literature, indicating that results based on proxy measures should be interpreted with caution. Our overall results show a positive relationship between the sovereign risk premium and capital buffers. This suggests that banks are accumulating capital to mitigate against fiscal and other domestic policy risks. It is likely that this is contributing to higher lending rates.

Issues when the parental and host country systemic institution buffers differ: the case of Czechia

The article analyses regulatory reforms in the EU to the capital buffers for mitigating risks associated with institutions' systemic importance in the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD). The Directive includes a buffer for other relevant institutions (O-SIIs) and limits its size to a general cap and a specific cap for subsidiaries. However, the specific subsidiary cap may limit national authorities' ability to set a sufficient buffer for domestic institutions that are members of European banking groups to cover risks to the domestic market. It also may lead to a situation where two institutions of similar systemic importance could be subject to different O SII buffer rates because their owners are of different systemic importance and have different O-SII buffer rates in different EU jurisdictions. The amended CRD V increases the general and subsidiary cap for the O-SII reserve by one percentage point. However, the cap for subsidiary institutions remained in force, which limits the setting of capital buffers, especially for banking sectors with significant foreign ownership. These include mainly countries of the former Soviet-aligned Eastern Bloc. This paper outlines shortcomings of the subsidiary cap, argues for a revision of it to ensure level playing field in these capital buffers and quantifies the impact of the subsidiary cap according to the CRD IV and CRD V on the capital requirement applied to the Czech banking sector.

Capital Regulations and the Management of Credit Commitments during Crisis Times

Abstract Borrower drawdowns on credit commitments reduce a bank’s capital buffer. Using Austrian credit register data and exploiting the 2008–09 financial crisis as an exogenous shock to bank health, we provide novel evidence that capital-constrained banks manage this risk by cutting credit commitments that are not fully used. Controlling for their capital position, we find that banks also respond to liquidity problems by cutting such commitments. However, banks manage the capital and liquidity risk posed by undrawn credit in a way that limits negative macroeconomic implications: credit cuts are targeted at financially less constrained firms, and we show that borrowers of more-affected banks can substitute lost credit with credit from other banks and do not suffer real effects. Additional findings suggest that voluntary agreements between constrained banks and strong firms to reduce spare borrowing capacity can explain why strong firms experience larger credit cuts.

The European Central Bank, the Single Supervisory Mechanism and the COVID-19 related economic crisis: a neofunctionalist analysis

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a major economic crisis worldwide. The monetary policy response of the European Central Bank (ECB) was fast and massive. The ECB also intervened on the supervisory side because, after the establishment of Banking Union, the ECB was given responsibility for banking supervision in the euro area through the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM). This paper explains the response of the ECB-SSM to the COVID-19 related economic crisis during 2020 and 2021, up until February 2022. These ECB actions include the reduction of bank capital buffers, the redefinition of non-performing loans, and the limitations on dividends and bonuses paid by banks. We adopt a neofunctionalist approach, which suggests that policies are developed at the EU level in response to need, whereby supranational actors and spillovers are particularly important. We offer some concluding insights into whether the ECB-SSM’s responses have led to a further deepening of integration.

How Usable are Capital Buffers?

How Usable are Capital Buffers?

Bank's loan loss provisioning in large emerging countries: the role of motivation, capital buffer, business cycle and governance

Bank's loan loss provisioning in large emerging countries: the role of motivation, capital buffer, business cycle and governance

Bank’s Loan Loss Provisioning in Large Emerging Countries: The Role of Motivation, Capital Buffer, Business Cycle and Governance

Bank’s Loan Loss Provisioning in Large Emerging Countries: The Role of Motivation, Capital Buffer, Business Cycle and Governance

The validation of different systemic risk measurement models

This paper improves on the DebtRank model by incorporating a capital buffer. We use data from China’s banking industry to compare the systemic risk measured by the original, improved and differential DebtRank models. Our results show that the relationship between the systemic risk and initial shock varies over the three models. When the initial shock is small, the systemic risk measured by the improved Debt- Rank is the smallest, followed by the original DebtRank, while the systemic risk measured by the differential DebtRank is the largest. When the initial shock exceeds a certain threshold, the systemic risk measured by the original DebtRank is the smallest, followed by the improved DebtRank, while the systemic risk measured by the differential DebtRank is the largest. This shows that, when the risk shock is small, the existence of a capital buffer inhibits risk contagion and thus reduces systemic risk. However, as the risk shock increases, the role of the capital buffer in reducing risk contagion reduces. The improved model measures systemic risk more accurately than both the original and differential DebtRank models.

Determinants of Banks’ Risk-Taking Behaviours in Africa: A Regulatory Perspective

The intermediation role of banks between borrowers and savers exposes them to various risks which impact their risk appetite and behaviour. Using annual panel data for the period 2010 to 2019, this paper examines the determinants of risk-taking behaviours of banks within the African context. The study sampled 45 listed banks from African nations that have adopted the Basel III regulatory requirements and used the random effect estimator to fit the static panel data models established for the study. The study shows that minimum capital requirements, capital buffer premium and profitability were significant determinants of the risk-taking behaviour of the African banks. However, compared to other variables, the minimum capital requirement remained the most important factor in terms of determining the risk-taking behaviour of the selected African banks. This is because the minimum capital requirement determining measure is more significant across the three measures of the risk-taking behaviour of the African banks compared to others. The study recommends that African banks should establish risk limits, improve risk identification, and establish a platform for bank stress testing by using the key determinants of risk-taking behaviour in making strategic business decisions.

The Effect of the Countercyclical Capital Buffer on the Stability of the Housing Market

The Effect of the Countercyclical Capital Buffer on the Stability of the Housing Market

Bank Countercyclical Capital Buffer Under the Liquidity Coverage Ratio Regulation

Bank Countercyclical Capital Buffer Under the Liquidity Coverage Ratio Regulation

THE ROLE OF MACRO-MONETARY POLICY ON ISLAMIC BANKING STABILITY IN THE BUSINESS CYCLE IN INDONESIA: STUDY OF KEYNES'S THEORY AND IBN KHALDUN'S THEORY

According to the theory of Keynes and Ibn Khaldun, the government must be in control of the national economy with active policies to influence the movement of the economy. The macro-monetary policy can reduce output imbalances through macro-monetary instruments to influence credit growth, affecting aggregate demand. This study aims to analyze the role of macro-monetary policy on Islamic banking stability in the business cycle in Indonesia. This study used the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) simultaneous equation method with the Eviews-12 program. This study used secondary data on Islamic banks from various institutions such as the Financial Services Authority, Bank Indonesia and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The secondary data in this study are Islamic banks from 2008 to 2021. This research resulted in findings that, in the long-term business cycle, Statutory Reserves positively influence Islamic banking financing. Buffer capital or Capital Buffer and Non-Performing Financing negatively influence sharia banking financing. Meanwhile, economic growth or Gross Domestic Product does not affect sharia banking financing. Meanwhile, in the short term, none affects sharia banking financing. The results of the Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Forecast Error Variance Decompositions (FEVD) show that the shock of the Statutory Reserves and Buffer Capital makes the most significant contribution to sharia banking financing in the long-term business cycle. The results of this study can encourage Islamic banks to use macro-monetary instruments in controlling Islamic financing as a proxy for the stability of Islamic banking in Indonesia to control the distribution of financing in a balanced, prudent and quality manner in the business cycle. Then it can anticipate losses and not disrupt the stability of Islamic Banks.

Highlighting Differences in Cash Flow from Investing Activities and Capital Adequacy Ratio Relationship between Indonesian and Malaysian Commercial Banks

This study compares the impact of Cash Flow from Investing Activities (CFI) on the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) between Indonesian and Malaysian commercial banks. The study uses time-series data from the countries' big-five banks from 2009 to 2013. This study engages the regression model to measure the CFI's impact on CAR and then applies a Chow test to compare the discrete regression output between the two countries. The statistical tests reveal that the CFI of Indonesian banks correlated negatively with the CAR, while Malaysian banks showed a positive correlation. Consistent with the correlations, the influence of CFI on CAR in both countries is equally significant. By a Chow test, this study concluded that the CFI's impact on CAR significantly differs between the banks in the countries. From the literature perspective, the CFI and CAR relationship of Malaysian banks is closer to the findings of previous detached studies. The figures indicate that nowadays, Malaysian banking harvests cash inflow from their past investments. Otherwise, the Indonesian banks portray the ongoing spending for long-term investment during the recent five years. This preference results in a consistent decrease in CFI when the CAR moves upward. Departing from the existing differences, to optimize the CFI and CAR relationship, this study suggests the CFI and CAR equilibrium formulation for banks to avoid cash shortages and failure to earn interest due to capital buffer retaining to maintain a high ratio of capital adequacy.