Capital Area Research Articles

Risks for Readmission Among Older Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Analysis Using Korean National Health Insurance Service - Senior Cohort Data.

The high readmission rate of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has led to the worldwide establishment of proactive measures for identifying and mitigating readmissions. This study aimed to identify factors associated with readmission, as well as groups particularly vulnerable to readmission that require transitional care services. To apply transitional care services that are compatible with Korea's circumstances, targeted groups that are particularly vulnerable to readmission should be identified. Therefore, using the National Health Insurance Service's Senior Cohort database, we analyzed data from 4874 patients who were first hospitalized with COPD from 2009 to 2019 to define and analyze readmissions within 30 days after discharge. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors correlated with readmission within 30 days. The likelihood of readmission was associated with older age (for individuals in their 80s vs. those in their 50s: odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 2.12), medical insurance type (for workplace subscribers vs. local subscribers: OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.99), type of hospital (those with 300 beds or more vs. fewer beds: OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.90), and healthcare organization location (provincial areas vs. the capital area: OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.41). Older patients, patients holding a local subscriber insurance qualification, individuals admitted to hospitals with fewer than 300 beds, and those admitted to provincial hospitals are suggested to be higher-priority for transitional care services.

Bibliometric Study of the Conceptual Approach of Intellectual Capital

This study aims to map the conceptual approach of intangibles for the period 1982 – 2022 by using a bibliometric study. For this study, we used the Web of Science Core Collection database as a main reference for data collection. From 1982 to 2022, we filtered 21,564 records for our final sample. Collected data were analysed with descriptive statistics and co-word analysis, where a co-occurrence network was used for visualisation of co-word analysis. From a total of 37 460 keywords, the most frequent are: “Risk”, “Performance”, “Human Capital”, “Impact”, “Growth”, “Return” and “Volatility”. USA is the leader in researching the area of intellectual capital (approximately 30% of the total amount of papers belongs to USA researchers). Separately, we analysed the case of the Slovak Republic. Our results show that Slovakia has a huge time gap with other countries, but the positive is that Slovak researchers are in step with worldwide popular areas of intellectual capital. Also, we found that Slovak Republic published 0,75% of the total 21,564 papers. This study offers a wide range of the current state of researching intellectual capital worldwide and separately for the Slovak Republic.

Scenario-Based Seismic Risk Assessment for the Reykjavik Capital Area

About two-thirds of the population in Iceland lives in the Reykjavik capital area (RCA), which is close to active volcanoes and seismic zones. In the period 1900–2019, a total of 53 earthquakes of Mw≥5.0 struck in these zones. The two largest events in the Reykjanes Peninsula, Mw6.36 and Mw6.12, occurred in 1929 and 1968, respectively. Both events were less than 20 km from the outskirts of the RCA. Late in the year 2020, the seismicity on the peninsula greatly increased due to magma intrusion and volcanic activity, which has so far resulted in three eruptions, in 2021, 2022, and 2023, and six earthquakes of Mw≥5.0. Based on historical and geological data, the ongoing activity is probably the initial phase of an active period ahead that could continue for many decades, and has the potential to trigger larger earthquakes like those in 1929 and 1968. Further east, in the South Iceland Seismic Zone, two earthquakes of Mw6.52 and 6.44 struck in June 2000, and in May 2008, a Mw6.31 earthquake occurred. In both cases, around 5000 buildings were affected. Insurance loss data from these events have been used to develop empirical vulnerability models for low-rise buildings. In this study, the loss data are used to calibrate seismic vulnerability models in terms of the source-site distance. For a given magnitude scenario, this provides a simpler representation of seismic vulnerability and is useful for emergency planning and disaster management. These models are also used to compute different types of scenario risk maps for the RCA for a repeat of the 1929 earthquake.

Factors Affecting The Adoption Rate Of Beef Cattle Farmers Implementing A Profit-Sharing System In Bone District

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the level of adoption of beef cattle farmers who run a profit-sharing system. This research was conducted in Bone District, South Sulawesi Province. The sample size was 164 farmers who adopted the profit-sharing system using probability sampling technique. Data collection methods were conducted through observation and interviews. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression models using simultaneous and partial tests. Independent variables included social capital (trust, cooperation, and norms), financial capital (business capital, farm income, non-farm income and land area), and human capital (formal education, farming experience and counseling). The dependent variable includes the level of adoption of farmers. The results showed that the level of adoption of beef cattle farmers who run the profit-sharing system is in the very low category because farming work is only used as a side job and pays less attention to operational costs so that sometimes the results are less profitable. Therefore, extension activities are needed to educate farmers on how to manage operational costs used during the beef cattle rearing system. Factors that influence the level of adoption are trust, cooperation, norms, business capital, farm income, land area and farming experience.

Seeking and reaching emergency care: A cross sectional household survey across two Liberian counties.

The overwhelming burden of morbidity and mortality from injury and medical conditions requiring acute care are borne by low- and middle-income countries lacking accessible, quality care systems. Current evidence suggests the lack of prehospital care systems likely contributes to this disproportionate burden. As an initial step in a longitudinal, collaborative effort to strengthen the chain of survival for emergency conditions in Liberia, baseline attitudes and behaviors in accessing and utilizing emergency care were characterized. A multistage, proportional, cluster sampling frame was employed to conduct a cross-sectional, community-based survey of 800 households across rural Lofa County and the greater capital (Monrovia) metropolitan area. The primary outcome was facility-based utilization of emergency care within the 12 months prior to survey administration. 43.9% of individuals surveyed reported a visit to an emergency unit in the last year. Multivariable logistic regression revealed increased adjusted odds of facility-based emergency care utilization in households that were low-income, non-English-speaking, lacking electricity, or had a non-durable roof. Among these individuals, 23.6% had sought care from a community health worker, family/friend, clinic, pharmacy, or traditional healer prior. The majority of persons seeking care do so without ambulance services. 34.8% of all households have called a community member for a medical emergency, but 88.9% of survey respondents report no first aid training and cite barriers to rendering aid. This represents the first household survey to assess the perceptions and utilization of emergency care in Liberia. Formal pre-hospital care provision is limited and substantial barriers to emergency care access exist. First aid training and acceptance is lacking, despite frequent reliance on community-based aid during emergencies.

은근한 따돌림은 학교폭력인가?

Objectives The purposes of this study were to determine characteristics of ‘Eun-ta’(ostracism, being stated in the Act on the Prevention of and Countermeasures Against Violence in Schools.) and examine conceptual definition. Methods To this end, conceptual review of domestic and foreign research trends was conducted and compared concepts of bullying and ostracism. This study also identified the characteristics of Eun-ta using the concept mapping method. Using concept mapping, the data were collected from 10 teachers of middle and high schools in capital area. 54 statements were extracted through depth interview on experiences of Eun-ta in school settings. The statements were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. Results The results are as follows. First, the related research has not been performed since 2000, the recent re-search still has quoted the same concept and definition. Second, there are obvious different definition between bullying and ostracism in international research. Third, the result of concept mapping showed that the character-istics of student being separated from peers had six clusters with two dimensions. Conclusions This study suggested that Eun-ta hardly belong to school violence by revealing the conceptual structure. The study would contribute to the conceptual definition and the development of related educational guidance and policies.

Depression and stress levels in patients with different psychiatric disorders during concurrent early-phase COVID-19 pandemic and earthquake in Croatia

Abstract Background While Croatia shared COVID-19 pandemic with other countries, its capital area was also hit by a 5.6 magnitude earthquake. The simultaneous impact of these two disasters on psychiatric patients is largely unknown, and we addressed those knowledge gaps. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted during the pandemic’s first peak, in the aftermath of earthquake, by telephonic survey. Measurements included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Perceived Stress Scale and the semi-structured interview to evaluate the impact of pandemic stress and earthquake. Overall 396 patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders (DAD), 229 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and 205 healthy controls were enrolled. Results Both patient groups had higher depression and stress levels than controls, independent of sex, age and the presence of somatic comorbidity. After controlling for the same covariates, patient groups had higher COVID-19- and earthquake-related fears than controls. In patients with DAD, both fears were greater than among SSD patients. When comparing the two fears, the fear from earthquake was higher in DAD and control groups, whereas in SSD patients there was no such difference. Conclusions Patients with DAD were the most vulnerable group during disasters, while earthquake seems to be associated with more fear than the pandemics, at least in DAD patients and healthy individuals. Future longitudinal studies should determine if early psychological support might alleviate stress levels after disasters and prevent further worsening of mental health, particularly among DAD patients.

Surgical outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy by single surgeon: Before and after learning curve in a non-tertiary low volume bariatric center.

In Korea, the need for bariatric surgery (BS) is increasing because of the increasing incidence of morbid obesity. There is no special training program for BS, and most BS are conducted in non-tertiary hospitals in capital area. We evaluated the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) before and after the learning curve (LC) to prove that the barrier of entry for LSG is not very high. We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent LSG in a secondary hospital without the supervision of an experienced surgeon between April 2019 and August 2022. We compared the surgical outcomes and changes in body measurements before the LC (BL) and after the LC (AL) after 1 year of follow-up. The duration of operation for BL and AL were 118.4 and 61.9min (p=0.000), respectively. No mortality was observed. There were four and eight cases of morbidity; the weight loss after 1 year was 90.6 and 89.7kg (p=0.804); changes in body mass index (BMI) were 10.3 and 10.2kg/m2 (p=0.928); excess weight loss after 1 year was 93.0 and 89.3% (p=0.762); and excess BMI loss after 1 year was 92.7 and 89.5% (p=0.807) in the BL and AL groups, respectively. %Total weight loss was 26.8 and 23.7 in the BL and AL group. There was no statistical significance of all parameters of body measurements between two groups. LSG can be safely and effectively performed by novice bariatric surgeons in non-tertiary hospitals if patients are cautiously selected. Surgical outcomes of BL and AL is not different, except for the operation time.

The economy–employment–environmental health transfer and embedded inequities of China's capital metropolitan area: a mixed-methods study

Metropolitan areas have complex trade linkages internally and externally. This complexity stimulates the unequal spatial transfer of environmental health consequences, economy, and employment embodied in internal trade or trade with the outside regions, resulting in unequal exchange. Existing research has rarely discussed this issue at a refined scale, hindering targeted inequity alleviation policies. We conducted a mixed-methods study, focusing on the most polluted metropolitan area in the world, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China, and developed an integrated modelling framework to downscale the analysis of the trade-driven unequal transfer of PM2·5- related premature deaths, value added, and job opportunities to the city scale within Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. The study couples a nested Multi-Regional Input-Output model table containing data from 13 Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities and 28 outer provinces in 2017 with a bottom-up emission inventory, value added and employment statistical data, the Weather Research and Forecasting-Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions, the Global Exposure Mortality Model, and human capital methods. We also constructed two indices measuring unequal exchanges between PM2·5-related deaths and economic and employment gains embodied in trades between cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and trades with outside regions. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as a single entity shifted 14 985 (95% CI 12 800-16 948) net deaths to regions outside the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei through trade, most of which occurred in the central region of China. The industrial-based peripheral Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities suffered the most serious inequities when trading with other Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities and outside regions. While gaining equivalent local jobs, these industrial-based peripheral cities had 250% higher PM2·5-related deaths (10·2 PM2·5-related deaths for obtaining 1000 local jobs) than core cities (2·9 PM2·5-related deaths for obtaining 1000 local jobs) and 57·7% higher PM2·5-related deaths than agricultural-based peripheral cities (6·5 PM2·5-related deaths for obtaining 1000 local jobs). While gaining equivalent value added, industrial-based peripheral cities had 50·6% higher PM2·5-related deaths (¥13·9 of reduced human capital due to PM2·5-related premature deaths to obtain ¥1000 local value added) than core cities (¥9·2 of reduced human capital due to PM2·5-related premature deaths to obtain ¥1000 local value added) and 67·4% higher PM2·5-related deaths than agricultural-based peripheral cities (¥8·3 of reduced human capital due to PM2·5-related premature deaths to obtain ¥1000 local value added). Treating metropolitan areas as a single entity obscured internal heterogeneity, potentially misleading policy makers into imposing strict regulations on the whole metropolitan area to alleviate the inequities it posed on outside regions. However, several peripheral Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities were disadvantaged in their trade with core Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities and outside regions. Therefore, policies should be tailored for particular cities within metropolitan areas. Future targeted policies should include, but not be limited to, making ecological compensations and incorporating the environment and health costs into the price of pollution-intensive goods and services. National Key Research and Devlopment Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation.

Efficiency Analysis of Tramways in the Metropolitan Areas in South Korea: Focusing on the Daejeon Metropolitan Area

This study aims to present the meaningful implications of introducing a tramway as a new mode of transportation in the Daejeon Metropolitan Area, a major metropolitan area in South Korea. An efficiency comparison by data envelopment analysis (DEA) was carried out, using variables selected from the 2021 Public Transportation Investigation by the Korea Transportation Safety Authority (KTSA) (2021), and the ‘Guidelines for selecting new transportation means’ announced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport in 2021. As a result, the efficiency of public transportation in major metropolitan areas outside of the capital region was higher than in the capital metropolitan area. In particular, the Daejeon Metropolitan Area ranked high in efficiency compared to other major metropolitan areas with similar conditions. In the V-super efficiency results of the efficiency model based on the input of operational costs for each new mode of transportation, considering variable returns to scale (VRS), the bus rapid transit (BRT) ranked first, the tramway second, and the bimodal tram third. Regarding construction cost input, the tramway ranked first, the bimodal tram second, and BRT third.

대학생의 휴학 횟수 및 기간, 목표달성 수준에 따른 대학생활 적응과 진로결정 자기효능감의 차이 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify the difference between university life adaptation and career deci-sion self-efficacy according to the number and period of leave of absence and the level of goal achievement of university students.
 Methods The subjects of this study were 140 university students who had taken a leave of absence from S University in the capital area. Using SPSS 25.0, the tendency (M, SD) and normality (skewness, kurtosis) of study variables were analyzed, and reliability was presented as Cronbach's alpha. The difference verification according to the number and period of leave of absence and the level of goal achievement was examined by ANOVA analysis (Scheffé post-test).
 Results The main findings are as follows. First, there was no statistically significant difference in university life adaptation and sub-area (academic adaptation, social adaptation, personal and emotional adaptation) depending on the number and period of leave of absence, while there was a statistically significant difference between uni-versity life adaptation and sub-area, social adaptation according to the level of goal achievement. As a result of Scheffé post-test, there was statistically significant group difference between university life adaptation and the sub-area, social adaptation in the level of goal achievement during the leave of absence. Second, while there was no statistically significant difference between career decision self-efficacy and the whole sub-area (self-evalua-tion, information collection, goal setting, career plan, and problem-solving) depending on the number and the pe-riod of leave of absence, there was statistically significant difference between career decision self-efficacy and the sub-areas, self-evaluation, information collection, goal setting, career plan, and problem-solving depending on the level of goal achievement. As a result of Scheffé's post-test, there was statistically significant group differ-ence between career decision self-efficacy and the sub-areas, self-evaluation, information collection, goal set-ting, career plan, and problem-solving depending on the level of goal achievement.
 Conclusions The results of this study are meaningful in that it provided an opportunity to reconsider the meaning of leave of absence system in university in terms of student development. Therefore, I would like to present a sys-tem and a way to prevent the university dropout.

Closest family in the household or in the community? The role of family in residential satisfaction among intended stayers in Iceland

AbstractThe salience of family in residential satisfaction and staying in rural communities has been well established. However, the relative importance family in the households and wider networks of family ties remains unclear, as well as the extent to which such associations can be found across the urban–rural continuum. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the role of family in residential satisfaction and residential decision‐making processes by distinguishing between satisfied, ambivalent, and dissatisfied stayers in metropolitan and non‐metropolitan areas. Drawing on several large‐scale surveys conducted in Iceland, we use binomial and multinomial logistic regression models to show that both having family in the household and having the closest family in the community predict intentions to stay, net of residential satisfaction. The odds of being a stayer are significantly higher if living with a spouse, with or without children in the household. Interestingly, this effect is found in all non‐metropolitan types of communities but not in the metropolitan Reykjavík capital area. Familial factors relate differently to the odds of being a satisfied, ambivalent, or dissatisfied stayer and vary significantly between urban, exurban, micro‐urban, and farming communities. Living with a spouse and children in the household increases the odds of being a stayer, regardless of residential satisfaction. Living in a household as a couple without the presence of children is only associated with higher odds of being a dissatisfied stayer. Beyond the household, respondents are significantly more likely to be stayers if most or all closest family live in the community, regardless of being a satisfied, ambivalent, or dissatisfied stayer. This is true for all types of communities. These results contribute to the cross‐cultural evidence base and suggest several possible avenues for future research relevant to policy and practice in the field of regional development.

Customs transformation: an analysis of the application of artificial intelligence in Bogotá's customs offices

The constant evolution of the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in different sectors represents a crucial milestone in the modernization and efficiency of customs processes. This article offers an exhaustive review of the updated literature, providing a detailed view of the advances, applications and challenges surrounding this technological transformation in the specific customs area of ​​the Colombian capital. In the global context of the growing complexity of international trade, the Customs are facing increasing pressure to streamline processes, ensure the security and accuracy of transactions, and provide a more efficient experience for importing and exporting businesses. AI emerges as a key tool to address these challenges, and its application in Bogotá is presented as a relevant case study. The review addresses the theoretical foundations of AI, from machine learning algorithms to neural networks, providing a comprehensive framework to understand how these technologies have been integrated into customs operations. Success stories and challenges found in other regions of the world are highlighted to contextualize the implementation of AI in Bogotá. The analysis of the results focuses on customs operations and decision-making. Efficiency in merchandise classification and verification, identifying patterns for fraud detection, and optimizing processing times are key areas where AI has demonstrated its positive impact. In addition, improvements in the transparency and traceability of operations are explored, contributing to a more reliable customs environment. On the other hand, it also addresses the methodology used in this review, including the selection of relevant studies, the sampling strategy and the inclusion criteria. The target population, which encompasses customs entities, importing and exporting companies, and government actors, underlines the breadth and importance of the sample in representing the different sectors involved.

Fire in Hansŏng: Conflagrations and Arson in Fifteenth-Century Korea

The use of fire and its associated risks are universal across all cultures. In pre-industrial times, it was common for people to use open flames daily. Nonetheless, while fire brought many valuable aspects to their everyday lives, it could quickly get out of control and become a significant threat to human settlements and lives. The capital city of Chosŏn Kingdom 朝鮮 (1392–1897), Hansŏng 漢城, was no exception when it came to its susceptibility to conflagrations. Regardless of their origin, repeated fire incidents played a significant role in the formative processes of the city. While many English-language publications have been written on the fire history of various countries, the history of fire prevention and protection in pre-indus- trial Korea remains relatively unexplored and unknown to anglophone audiences. This paper aims to shed light on this lesser-known aspect of Korean history by addressing the topic of urban fires and arson in fifteenth-century Chosŏn, focusing on the capital city area and its struggles with anthropogenic fires. By examining some of the extant early Chosŏn administrative records, the paper explores how the administration of the capital city reacted to and coped with repeated incidences of fire. The paper shows that religious and practical approaches toward fire disasters coexisted alongside each other without being mutually exclusive, and introduces two major conflagrations that significantly influenced government policy towards fire incidents—the great fire of Hansŏng in 1426 and the Ch’angdŏk palace fire in 1467.

Developing a mapping procedure for urban forests using online map services and Sentinel-2A images

Accurate area statistics at the local government level are important for the scientific management of urban forests. A more consistent and robust mapping of urban forests can enable a comparison of the size and quality management guidelines at major cities in Asia. However, few administrative statistics have employed these scientific techniques. Therefore, a cover map of urban forests focusing on their types is needed for the quantitative and qualitative estimation and evaluation of urban forests. This study presents an approach for mapping urban forest cover for 2021 using Sentinel remote sensing images and aerial photographs from commercial maps. Cover maps of urban forests at a city scale were developed for three pilot study areas in Korea’s capital area. Labeling was performed for deciduous forests, coniferous forests, grasslands, wetlands, bare land, croplands, urban areas, and water bodies. The land cover classification was performed using machine learning models, including random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM), and gradient tree boost classifier (GBT), and a comparison was made among them. All three methods performed well in the three study areas; the RF model was simple to use, and the SVM was better at detecting forest connections. The proposed mapping method, which focuses on forest types in cities, can be used to compare the area and connection of urban forests in cities.

Transportation and urban spatial structure: Evidence from Paris

This paper analyses the role of railroad development in employment subcentre formation in the Paris metropolitan area between 1968 and 2018. Over half a century, approximately 1.5 million new jobs were created; however, their spatial distribution across the Île-de-France region was uneven. Paris intramuros has lost 123,000 jobs for the 50-year period, while the Grande Couronne (outer periphery) accounted for 2/3 of employment growth. These dramatic changes in the geography of employment in the Paris metropolitan region were coupled with cardinal alterations in railroad transportation, whose network has expanded and whose branches have been intertwined in order to improve population mobility and, to some extent, decentralise the capital area in favour of the development of peripheral territories. The construction of the Réseau Express Régional (RER) on the basis of 19th century railroads together with formation of the Transilien network were stepping stones towards today’s efficient rapid transit system. Our investigation, using McMillen (2001) method to identify subcentres as well as the IV approach to determine the role of railway transport development in local employment growth and the evolution of urban spatial structures, corroborates the decisive role of RER in fostering employment and in the emergence of employment subcentres. Specifically, the proximity to a railway station boosts employment in the commune. For RER stations, this effect is more substantial and heterogeneous across space, being of greater magnitude for municipalities more distant from the CBD. Furthermore, the presence of a railway station in a commune increases its probability of being a (part of) subcentre from 19.3% to 41.3% depending on the period. Moreover, this effect is of greater magnitude for the presence of a RER station in a municipality (53.2%–76.1%). Interestingly, we cannot confirm that the influence of a railway station on subcentre formation spills over the edge of the commune where it is located.

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF COSTS AND APPROPRIATENESS OF USE OF HEMOSTATIC DEVICES AND DRUGS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLEEDING

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF COSTS AND APPROPRIATENESS OF USE OF HEMOSTATIC DEVICES AND DRUGS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLEEDING

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI KOPI DI KABUPATEN TABANAN

This study aims to determine the effect of capital, labor, land area variables on coffee production in Tabanan Regency. This type of research is a quantitative research, namely a study that aims to obtain evidence of a hypothesis. Data collection was carried out by means of interviews and questionnaires as well as direct observation. The sample used was 99 respondents with a simple random sampling technique (simple random sampling). In analyzing used multiple linear regression analysis techniques.The results showed that the partial regression coefficient test (t test) with α = 5% showed that the three variables (capital, labor and land area) had a positive and significant effect on coffee production in Tabanan Regency. The results of the F test with α = 5% show that together the variables of capital, labor and land area have a significant effect on coffee production in Tabanan Regency.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRANSFER OF FUNCTION OF ORANGE LAND TO OIL PALM IN SUMBER BAKTI VILLAGE

This study aims to identify and describe the extent to which the influence of farmer age, citrus farming experience, number of dependents, citrus capital, and total area of ​​citrus land on the conversion of citrus land to oil palm in Sumber Bakti Village, Darul Makmur District, Nagan Raya Regency. This study took 31 samples from a total of 31 populations with consideration of farmers converting citrus land to oil palm. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation and interviews. Data analysis techniques using descriptive analysis, quantitative analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study simultaneously show that the variables of farmer's age, citrus farming experience, number of dependents, citrus capital, and the total area of ​​citrus land influences the farmer's decision to change land functions. Although partially only the variables of farmer's age, citrus capital, and total area of ​​citrus land that influence farmers' decisions to convert citrus land to oil palm.

Preliminary result of dominant frequency and seismic amplification in Penajam Paser Utara and its surrounding regions using the HVSR method

East Kalimantan has been designated as the new capital city of Indonesia, precisely in Penajam Paser Utara and Kutai Kartanegara Regency. According to the historical records of seismic activity, there were several destructive earthquakes in East Kalimantan. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the local site to assess the seismic hazard potential in the new capital city area and its surroundings. In this research, the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method was applied by utilizing microtremor data from 21 seismometers installed in the research area. The results of the HVSR analysis obtained the dominant frequency (f0) and amplification factor (A0) from the H/V curve. Based on the H/V calculation, the highest f0 is 13.04 Hz and the lowest value is 0.58 Hz. Meanwhile, the highest value for A0 is 6.41, and the lowest value is 1.41. The results of the study show that the research area has a low to medium level of seismic hazard.