Capita Energy Consumption Research Articles

Indonesia’s Vast Off-River Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Potential

Indonesia has vast solar energy potential, far more than needed to meet all its energy requirements without the use of fossil fuels. This remains true after per capita energy consumption rises to match developed countries, and most energy functions are electrified to minimize the use of fossil fuels. Because Indonesia has relatively small energy potential from hydro, wind, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy, it will rely mostly on solar for its sustainable energy needs. Thus, Indonesia will require large amounts of storage for overnight and longer periods. Pumped hydro comprises 99% of global energy storage for the electricity industry. In this paper, we demonstrate that Indonesia has vast practical potential for low-cost off-river pumped hydro energy storage with low environmental and social impact; far more than it needs to balance a solar-dominated energy system.

Testing stationarity of per capita energy consumption across the globe: a better picture using the wavelet framework.

The issue of examining the stationarity of per capita energy consumption (PCEC) series is central in energy literature. Most of the existing studies examine this issue by employing unit root tests based on the time domain only providing a partial picture of the problem at hand due to not including the information related to the frequency domain. In contrast to existing studies, the present study uses a recently projected wavelet-based unit root testing scheme-Fourier wavelet KSS (FWKSS) introduced by Aydin and Pata. Energy 207:118245 (2020) which has several advantages over the existing wavelet unit root tests such as the ones proposed by Fan and Gençay (2010). Specifically, the FWKSS takes care of any possible smooth structural break in the data series under examination. This study re-examines the stationarity of PCEC across the globe covering for the first time a total of 133 countries and including all income groups constituting 49 high-, 76 middle- and 8 low-income countries. The selection of countries is made based on the availability of at least 25years of annual time series data. The empirical results based on latest available data reveal that among 133 chosen countries, 67 countries are found to have non-stationary PCEC including 20 high-, 43 middle- and 4 low-income countries while the remaining 66 countries are found to have stationary PCEC including 29 high-, 33 middle- and 4 low-income countries. PCEC is found to be stationary in 79 of them including 35 high-, 40 middle- and 4 low-income countries. Some relevant policy implications are discussed as well.

A novel grey model with conformable fractional opposite-direction accumulation and its application

To better reflect the principle of new information priority, this paper proposes a new conformable fractional opposite-direction accumulation operator and constructs a new grey prediction model, the CFGNOM (1,1) model. Three cases are used to verify the effectiveness of the CFGNOM (1,1) model, and a grey modeling prediction idea for emergencies is proposed. The CFGNOM (1,1) model is used to predict the per capita primary energy consumption of South and Central America over the next three years. The following conclusions can be drawn. First, the new conformable fractional opposite-direction accumulation method is effective and reasonable and can make full use of the information contained in the latest data to form new sequences. Second, compared with other existing fractional grey models and the BP and SVM models, the CFGNOM (1,1) model has higher prediction accuracy and can make better use of new information for modeling. Third, the application idea of a grey model for emergencies is accurate and can also be applied to the future economic and social prediction affected by the pandemic situation. Fourth, the prediction results show that the per capita energy consumption of South and Central America in 2021 is 49.9–52.7 gigajoules, the per capita energy consumption in 2022 is 48.4–51.8 gigajoules, and the per capita energy consumption in 2023 is 46.8–50.1 gigajoules.

A Global Assessment: Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels by 2050?

Our study evaluated the effectiveness of using eight pathways in combination for a complete to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy by 2050. These pathways included renewable energy development; improving energy efficiency; increasing energy conservation; carbon taxes; more equitable balancing of human wellbeing and per capita energy use; cap and trade systems; carbon capture, utilization, and storage; and nuclear power development. We used the annual ‘British Petroleum statistical review of world energy 2021’ report as our primary database. Globally, fossil fuels, renewable (primarily hydro, wind and solar), nuclear energy accounted for 83%, 12.6%, and 6.3% of the total energy consumption in 2020. To achieve zero fossil fuel use by 2050, we found that renewable energy production will need to be increased by up to 6-fold or 8-fold if energy demand is held constant at, or increased 50% from, the 2020 energy demand level. Constraining 2050 world energy demand to a 25% increase over the 2020 level, improves the probability of achieving independence from fossil fuels. Improvements in energy efficiency need to accelerate beyond the current rate of ~1.5% per year. Aggressive application of energy conservation policies involving land use and taxation could potentially reduce world energy use by 10% or more by 2050. Our meta-analysis shows that the minimum level of per capita energy consumption that would allow 8 billion people to have a ‘Decent Living Standard’ is on average ~70 GJ per capita per year, which is 93% of the 2020 global average. Developed countries in temperate climates with high vehicle-dependency needed ~120 GJ per capita year−1, whereas equatorial countries with low vehicle-dependency needed 30 GJ per capita year−1. Our meta-analyses indicated replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy by 2050 may be possible but will require aggressive application of all eight pathways, major lifestyle changes in developed countries, and close cooperation among all countries.

Investigating Export Determinants: A Time Series Evidence From Canada

Export is an important macroeconomic factor that can elevate a country’s output performance and raise employment opportunities, in any economy. Any country may expand the number of its allies through exports. Foundation trade theories, like absolute advantage and comparative advantage, suggest that a country should export the product with greater absolute or comparative advantage. This sheds light on allocating the optimal resources for producing low-price products and flouting the idea of specialization among the countries of the world. The present study explores the factors that may influence the export performance of a developed economy like Canada from 1979 to 2019. The study findings provide evidence of the absence of multicollinearity and that the data series for the selected functional form of the study is stationary at mixed order. The results of the ARDL bounds test confirm long-run cointegrating relations between exports and its determinants for Canada. The results further reveal that per capita energy consumption and government final consumption expenditures significantly elevate export performance in both the long and short run, while population size significantly elevates exports performance only in the long run in Canada. Moreover, the findings also expose that real effective exchange rate significantly reduces exports in both the long and short run in Canada: This means that by depreciating Canadian currency, Canadian exports will be boosted. The real interest rate reports a negative but insignificant impact on the Canadian export function in both the long and short run. Finally, the CUSUM and CUSUM Square graphs confirm the stability of the estimated coefficients for the Canadian export function for the selected sample of the study.

How the Use of Biomass for Green Energy and Waste Incineration Practice Will Affect GDP Growth in the Less Developed Countries of the EU (A Case Study with Visegrad and Balkan Countries)

Combustible renewable energy can be an effective instrument to confirm sustainable development in reducing CO2 emissions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in developing countries. However, connecting to some developing regions, the main research question is to what extent, in EU post-communist fast-developing countries (Visegrad Countries/Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland), will meeting the climate change preferences affect the use of biomass for energy and waste incineration, and how will this affect GDP growth? In addition, of course, what the Balkan countries can learn from this is also very important. The study investigates the relationship between GDP per capita, CO2 emissions, and Combustible Energy and Waste Consumption (CEWC). According to the Hausman test, the regression model along with random effect is the appropriate method for panel-balanced data as of 2008 to 2020 concerning Balkan countries. The data was divided into three categories: 10 Balkan countries, 4 countries without access to the sea (Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Macedonia), and Visegrad countries. The study discovered a substantial positive influence of CEWC on GDP per capita and a significant negative influence of CO2 emissions. The cointegration test confirms the cointegration of all three variables. This means that all three variables have a long-term relationship concerning the sense of each three forms of the chosen panel. The Granger causality findings shows the variables have a two-way causative relationship. The biomass energy use can dramatically hamper GDP growth in Visegrad and less developed Balkan countries without sea water, due to low energy productivity and a lack of technical innovation. The study recommended that instead of using energy production from simple biomass, these countries can use other circular, platform-based models to prevent unexpected rises in CO2 emissions and achieve Green House Gas (GHG) reductions. Therefore, this should be given more attention when setting climate and renewable energy policy targets, because they can significantly slow down economic growth.

The Nexus between FDI, Per Capita Income, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Panel Data Analysis of ASEAN Plus Six

ASEAN and ASEAN Plus countries’ commitment in following the Paris Agreement requires them to utilize trade and investment to balance economic growth and improve environment quality. Using observational data from eleven ASEAN Plus countries from 1979–2018, this study aims to assess how income, energy consumption, FDI, and trade openness jointly cause CO2 emissions in ASEAN Plus countries using panel data estimates. This research proves the existence of the Inverted-U Environmental Kuznets Curve phenomenon in ASEAN Plus countries. In addition, a significant increase in energy consumption explains the increase in CO2 emissions levels in this region. FDI inflows have been found to have a negative relationship with the level of CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, trade openness has been found to positively influence the level of CO2 emissions. This FDI and trade relationship with CO2 emissions shows the need for a new harmonization of a more environmental-friendly integrated production system in the region.

Economy, Commerce, and Energy: How Do the Factors Influence Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Japan? An Application of ARDL Model

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) traps heat from the sun, and thereby prevents oceans from becoming frozen solid to keep the earth habitable. CO2 emission also stimulates global warming and increases the pace of climate change. For such contradictory influences, researchers across the globe have shown interest in examining the relationship among energy, emission, trade and commerce, focusing on different regions, including the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Investigation from a developed country perspective is understudied. Hence, this research aims at analysing how trade and commerce, urbanisation, energy consumption, and economy affect the volume of CO2 emission in Japan. The World Bank database was used to collect data for 1960–2010. The findings suggest that the inverted U-shaped relationship between economic progress and carbon emissions follows the Environmental Kuznets Curve theorem. However, per capita energy consumption has no significant impact on emission in the long run; the trade volume does not directly affect the emission of CO2 in Japan. Besides, the ratio of the urban population shows a negative impact on carbon emission in the long run.

Energy reform and energy consumption convergence in Mexico: A spatial approach

• β-convergence in energy consumption per capita across Mexican states is studied. • Financial crisis and energy reform pre—and post—periods are examined. • Aftermath periods of both the crisis and reform vanish the convergence patterns. • Both absolute and conditional β-convergence in per capita energy consumption exist. • OLS and spatially dynamic models are used to control for spatial correlation. • Higher catch-up faced by least developed economies is found through spatial models. • There is evidence in favor of a curve of efficient energy development (CEED). This paper examines the convergence of energy consumption per capita (ECPC) in the 32 Mexican states from 2002 to 2017. Regardless of the recent Global Financial Crisis and Mexican Energy Reform, we first find evidence of a positive, increasing, and statistically significant spatial correlation of ECPC across states. Using cross-section and spatial dynamic econometric models, we document absolute and conditional β -convergence in ECPC during the pre-crisis, pre-Energy Reform, post-Energy Reform, and the whole study period. We report stable and larger convergence rates in spatial dynamic models, close to 20%, versus 3% without spatial effects. These figures suggest between-states relationships are crucial in Mexico. We also find an inverted U-shape relationship between ECPC and GDP per capita.

Will China's provincial per capita energy consumption converge to a common level over 1990–2017? Evidence from a club convergence approach

Per capita energy consumption is related to the equity of energy resource allocation, and its wide regional variations probably aggravate the unbalanced regional development. However, whether the gaps in China's provincial per capita energy consumption are reduced over the past decades has not yet been thoroughly investigated, and the convergence of provincial per capita energy consumption is crucial for relevant energy policy making. This study serves to investigate the convergence pattern of per capita aggregate energy consumption across 30 Chinese provinces throughout 1990–2017, with the application of a club convergence approach. Then several energy conservation scenarios, as well as their convergence are discussed. The results indicate that the full sample of 30 provinces cannot converge to a common level in per capita energy consumption, and 7 provinces of which converge to a level, while the rest converge to another level. However, the convergence of full sample in per capita energy could be achieved over 1990–2017 in a scenario of energy consumption reduction for some specific provinces with higher energy consumption per capita. We suggest that Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Shanxi should take more efforts to reduce energy consumption in process of achieving convergence of the full sample.

Biofuels and food security: evidence from Indonesia and Mexico

In this study, we analyze the food security effects of biofuel production using the synthetic control method. This retrospective and graphical analysis focuses on Indonesia and Mexico from 2000 to 2013. Indonesia is a major biodiesel producer, while Mexico specializes in maize and ethanol. Our findings show that biodiesel production positively affects food security through an increase in daily per capita energy consumption and the food production index, whereas we observe the reverse effect for bioethanol. After the adoption of biofuels, the gap between Indonesia and its counterfactual allows us to conclude that biodiesel production does not harm food security. This could be explained by the fact that biodiesel production uses some feedstocks that do not directly compete with food crops; moreover, biodiesel exports generate revenues that can be allocated to food imports. However, the gap between Mexico and its counterfactual suggests that bioethanol production reduces food security because it uses maize, which is the staple food of many Mexicans. Furthermore, Mexican ethanol exports compete with those of the United States. Our results are robust to several falsification tests.

Population aging redefines the economic growth-carbon emissions nexus, energy consumption-carbon emissions nexus - Evidence from 36 OECD countries

This work aims to analyze the impact of population aging on the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions, and the relationship between energy consumption and carbon emissions. To this end, based on the panel data of 36 OECD countries from 1996 to 2016, the panel threshold regression model was developed. In the model, per capita carbon emissions are the explained variables, economic development (per capita GDP) and per capita energy consumption are the core explanatory variables of the two models respectively, population aging is the threshold variable, population size, technological innovation level, the degree of urbanization, industrial structure and energy intensity are control variables. The empirical results show that there is a population aging threshold effect between per capita GDP and per capita carbon emissions, and between per capita energy consumption and per capita carbon emissions. This means that population aging is an important factor that affects the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions, as well as energy consumption and carbon emissions. Although economic growth and carbon emissions, energy consumption and carbon emissions were coupled, the coupling state decline when the population aging crosses the threshold value. This indicates that the population aging contributes to the decoupling of the economic growth and carbon emissions, and the decoupling of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Finally, on the basis of the proposed model, a robust analysis of the variable of trade openness was conducted to prove the validity of this research.

The Causal Relationship of Renewable Energy and Non-renewable Energy Consumption to the Economic Growth of the Philippines

The Philippines has one of the highest electricity prices in Asia. Contributing factors to these are the short supply of domestic coal and oil resources, the high cost of imported coal, and the lack of pursuit of renewable energy. This paper looks into the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the Philippines. It identified if a Granger causality exists between variables GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption per capita and nonrenewable energy consumption per capita. An objective was to identify if shifting to renewable energy is a means to further spur Philippine economic growth. GDP per capita data was taken from the World Bank, while energy consumption per capita of renewable and nonrenewable energy was calculated from Our World in Data ranging from years 1965 to 2019. Granger causality tests were used to determine if said variables Granger caused one another. Results show support to the null hypothesis that renewable energy consumption and nonrenewable energy consumption per capita do not Granger cause GDP per capita. A significant positive relationship was found between nonrenewable energy consumption and GDP. Taken together, these empirical findings provide valuable information for policymakers and future researchers. Results suggest that energy conservation policies may still be implemented in the Philippines without negatively affecting economic growth. Policy recommendations include the usage of renewable energy sources to mitigate environmental degradation and reduce carbon emissions. As renewable energy becomes more appealing as a source of efficient and sustainable electricity, significant support and attention must continually be given to the country's renewable energy industry.

100% renewable energy in Japan

Low-cost solar photovoltaics and wind offer a reliable and affordable pathway to deep decarbonization of energy, which accounts for three quarters of global emissions. However, large-scale deployment of solar photovoltaics and wind requires space and may be challenging for countries with dense population and high per capita energy consumption. This study investigates the future role of renewable energy in Japan as a case study. A 40-year hourly energy balance model is presented of a hypothetical 100% renewable Japanese electricity system using representative demand data and historical meteorological data. Pumped hydro energy storage, high voltage interconnection and dispatchable capacity (existing hydro and biomass and hydrogen energy produced from curtailed electricity) are included to balance variable generation and demand. Differential evolution is used to find the least-cost solution under various constraints. This study shows that Japan has 14 times more solar and offshore wind resources than needed to supply 100% renewable electricity and vast capacity for off-river pumped hydro energy storage. Assuming significant cost reductions of solar photovoltaics and offshore wind towards global norms in the coming decades driven by large-scale deployment locally and global convergence of renewable generation costs, the levelized cost of electricity is found to be US$86/Megawatt-hour for a solar-dominated system, and US$110/Megawatt-hour for a wind-dominated system. These costs can be compared with 2020 average system prices on the spot market in Japan of US$102/Megawatt-hour. Cost of balancing 100% renewable electricity in Japan ranges between US$20–27/Megawatt-hour for a range of scenarios. In summary, Japan can be self-sufficient for electricity supply at competitive costs, provided that the barriers to the mass deployment of solar photovoltaics and offshore wind in Japan are overcome.

Investigating the Influence of Tourism on Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Hainan Island, China

ABSTRACT Tourist-related activities continuously increase the competition for water, food, land, natural resources and the associated energy consumption. The input of per capita energy consumption boosts economic growth which also increases the greenhouse effect and global warming. While extensive research efforts have been devoted to exploring the future growth of tourism-related emissions, little attention has been given to evaluating the dynamic linkages among tourism development, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in a region where tourism is a pillar industry. This exploratory study selects Hainan Island, China, where tourism significantly contributes to the economic growth of the Island as an example. Data were obtained from the official statistics during the period 1986 to 2014. During that period of time period, Hainan has seen a faster growth in foreign and domestic tourism. The study aims at validating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and investigating the relationship between tourism-related economic growth and CO2 emissions by applying a bivariate vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The results of this study showed that there is no direct evidence to support the inverted-U relationship between tourism-related economic growth and CO2 emissions in this Island area. The specific implications for future research are also discussed.

Development of regional load management system based on rural, semi urban and urban loads-a critical analysis

The sharp rise in population during the last half century has created immense pressure on the resources required for generation of energy essential to lead a comfortable and healthy lifestyle. The drive towards 100% electrification in developing countries like India has also contributed to this increase in demand. Till recently, fossil fuel was use to supply the bulk of this power. Now, the world is moving more and more towards renewable energy. This paper presents a model where several regions are combined together based on the demand profile of the regions segregated as urban, semi urban and rural along with the flexibility to schedule loads on the basis of availability of renewable energy sources within the area of the regions. The main focus is on detailed neural-networking based load forecasting and developing a load management system to manage load based on availability of distributed generation capacity and available tariff system. A solution is proposed in this paper based on a new approach to answer load management on the basis of region, population demographics and per capita energy consumption. A considerable amount of improvement to manage demand is intended to be attained and has been demonstrated in this research work.

The Effects of Gross Domestic Product and Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Uganda (1986-2018)

This study examines the effects of energy consumption and per capita gross domestic product on carbon dioxide emission which is a precursor for global warming due to its large scale impact on the environment. The effect of per capita gross domestic product and per capita energy consumption on carbon emission per capita in Uganda is not clearly known. This study fill the empirical gap for Uganda for 1986-2018. The study used Vector Error Correction techniques and the results suggest evidence of a long-run relationship between the variables at a 5% significance level using the Johansen cointegration test. The estimated elasticity of carbon dioxide emission per capita with respect to gross domestic product per capita is 1.856.The results for the existence and direction of Granger causality show a unidirectional causality running from gross domestic product per capita to carbon dioxide emission per capita and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is supported. In addition, there is no causal link between energy consumption per capita and gross domestic product per capita, which supports the growth neutrality hypothesis. The overall results indicate that gross domestic product per capita has a positive effect on carbon dioxide emission in Uganda while energy consumption does not Granger cause carbon dioxide emission.

Testing the Causal Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from a Panel of EAGLE Countries

Economic growth and energy consumption are two main factors that play a vital role in any country's overall development. The researchers built and described different econometric models to evaluate the relationship between the two variables. In this research, we chose 15 emerging economy countries to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. We applied the panel ARDL approach with PMG estimator which one of the best approaches to model long-term and short-term dynamics. Gross domestic product per capita and renewable energy consumption as a percent of total final energy consumption has a positive and significant coefficient when used as an independent variable in the long run. We also checked causality between the variables to test how the causal relationship occurs. We also found a causal relation from economic growth to renewable energy consumption, thus proving the conservation hypothesis. However, our outcome showed that the relationship is not statistically significant between renewable energy and economic growth in the short run. Finally, we pointed out few policy recommendations and future work directions based on our works at the end of this article.

Determinants of environmental degradation: Evidenced-based insights from ASEAN economies

This paper examines the effect of per capita income, trade openness, energy consumption, and financial development on the ASEAN region's environmental degradation. We obtained data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) during the years 2001–2020 to test our research model. For analysis, we applied panel data techniques such as pooled least squares, fixed effects, generalized least squares (GLS), and two stages least squares (2SLS). We also conducted the causality analysis to determine the direction of the relationship among the models' variables. Our models' results show the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in the ASEAN region as per capita income and its square term possess positive and negative coefficients. The results also show the presence of an N-shaped EKC in ASEAN region a deviation from the conventional literature. Moreover, the results illustrate that increasing energy consumption, trade openness, and financial development positively contribute to environmental degradation in ASEAN economies. The causality analysis shows a two-way causality between trade openness and financial development, and environmental degradation and trade openness. We observed oneway causality, running a) from energy consumption and per capita income towards financial development, b) from per capita income towards trade openness, and c) from financial development towards environmental degradation. The study's results contribute to the environmental degradation literature and provide a better understanding of environmental degradation for policymakers in ASEAN economies.

A Materials Science Perspective of Midstream Challenges in the Utilization of Heavy Crude Oil.

An increasing global population and a sharply upward trajectory of per capita energy consumption continue to drive the demand for fossil fuels, which remain integral to energy grids and the global transportation infrastructure. The oil and gas industry is increasingly reliant on unconventional deposits such as heavy crude oil and bitumen for reasons of accessibility, scale, and geopolitics. Unconventional deposits such as the Canadian Oil Sands in Northern Alberta contain more than one-third of the world’s viscous oil reserves and are vital linchpins to meet the energy needs of rapidly industrializing populations. Heavy oil is typically recovered from subsurface deposits using thermal recovery approaches such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). In this perspective article, we discuss several aspects of materials science challenges in the utilization of heavy crude oil with an emphasis on the needs of the Canadian Oil Sands. In particular, we discuss surface modification and materials’ design approaches essential to operations under extreme environments of high temperatures and pressures and the presence of corrosive species. The demanding conditions for materials and surfaces are directly traceable to the high viscosity, low surface tension, and substantial sulfur content of heavy crude oil, which necessitates extensive energy-intensive thermal processes, warrants dilution/emulsification to ease the flow of rheologically challenging fluids, and engenders the need to protect corrodible components. Geopolitical reasons have further led to a considerable geographic separation between extraction sites and advanced refineries capable of processing heavy oils to a diverse slate of products, thus necessitating a massive midstream infrastructure for transportation of these rheologically challenging fluids. Innovations in fluid handling, bitumen processing, and midstream transportation are critical to the economic viability of heavy oil. Here, we discuss foundational principles, recent technological advancements, and unmet needs emphasizing candidate solutions for thermal insulation, membrane-assisted separations, corrosion protection, and midstream bitumen transportation. This perspective seeks to highlight illustrative materials’ technology developments spanning the range from nanocomposite coatings and cement sheaths for thermal insulation to the utilization of orthogonal wettability to engender separation of water–oil emulsions stabilized by endogenous surfactants extracted during SAGD, size-exclusion membranes for fractionation of bitumen, omniphobic coatings for drag reduction in pipelines and to ease oil handling in containers, solid prills obtained from partial bitumen solidification to enable solid-state transport with reduced risk of damage from spills, and nanocomposite coatings incorporating multiple modes of corrosion inhibition. Future outlooks for onsite partial upgradation are also described, which could potentially bypass the use of refineries for some fractions, enable access to a broader cross-section of refineries, and enable a new distributed chemical manufacturing paradigm.