Capita Demand Research Articles

Integrated Water Management Under Different Water Rights Institutions and Population Patterns: Methodology and Application

AbstractWhile numerous studies have investigated demand management policies as a means of mitigating the impacts of climate change and population growth, little attention has been given to the interaction of spatial population patterns and water institutions that affect water shortages. In this article, we develop a methodology to evaluate how population location under alternative water institutions and climate scenarios impacts water demands, shortages, and derived economic values. We apply this methodology to the South Platte River Basin (SPRB) in Northeastern Colorado under three scenarios with ∼1,800 simulations. Results suggest that while water rights institutions have a negligible impact on total volumetric shortages relative to climate change, they have substantial distributional and economic implications. Results also suggest that continuous population growth in upstream cities yields the lowest water shortages if per capita use decreases with urbanization. However, if we assume that per capita demands do not decrease with population density, an equal distribution of population to upstream and downstream regions yields the lowest water shortage and highest economic value. These findings indicate the need that planning efforts must account for return flows and development patterns throughout a watershed in order to reduce water shortages and promote economic prosperity.

Transformation of Plantation Forestry Productivity for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation.

The protection of natural forests as the major land-based biotic sink of carbon is regarded as a priority for climate action, and zero deforestation is an accepted global imperative. Sustainable intensification of plantation forestry will be essential to meet escalating, shifting, and diversifying demand for forest products if logging pressure on natural forests is to be decreased. Substitution strategies involves enhanced offtake from plantation forestry into long life-cycle products, opening up new options for medium- to long-term carbon drawdown, downstream decarbonization, and fossil fuel displacement in the construction and chemicals sectors. However, under current plantation productivity levels, it has been projected that by 2050, supply could provide as little as 35% of demand. This could be further exacerbated by climate change. To mitigate this shortfall, to avoid ensuing catastrophic logging pressure on natural forests, and to ensure that downstream decarbonization and fossil fuel substitution strategies are feasible, a dramatic step change in plantation productivity is required. This is particularly necessary in developing countries where increases in per capita demand and pressure on natural forests will be the most acute.

Transfer of embodied carbon emissions from provincial transportation industry in China

This study employs a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to measure these emissions and examines the growth and transfer patterns of embodied carbon in the transportation sector across different regions of China. Then we utilize Structure Decomposition Analysis (SDA) to identify the driving factors behind the observed emissions patterns. The findings of the study indicate that the transfer of inter-provincial transportation embodied carbon emissions follows a general trend of shifting from economically developed areas to underdeveloped areas along the industrial chain. The study also highlights that the per capita demand structure plays a crucial role in driving the increase in transportation embodied carbon emissions. On the other hand, the study identifies the direct carbon emission coefficient as a key factor that inhibits the rise in transportation embodied carbon emissions.

Water footprint assessment and its importance in Indian context: a meta-review

Abstract With the increasing population and per capita demand for freshwater, the burden of natural resources has increased many folds. Indian agriculture is still largely dependent on conventional methods of crop production that are mainly inefficient. Water security is essential for social and economic development, having an indispensable role in enhancing health, well-being, and economic progress, particularly in a developing country like India. Water footprint (WF) is an important indicator that helps ascertain the direct and indirect use of water in any process. WF modeling in agriculture enables us to pinpoint the impacts and limitations of the current crop production system. Assessing vulnerabilities across various regions and time helps us prepare actions to improve water productivity and promote sustainable water use. There is considerable spatial variability in blue, green, and gray WF among the different states of India due to their varied climate, soil, and topographic characteristics. WF assessment is critical for developing water allocation strategies, planning water trade, making policies, and implementing remedial measures. This paper describes the significance of WF and its proper management for sustainable crop production in India.

Changes in global food consumption increase GHG emissions despite efficiency gains along global supply chains.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to food consumption complement production-based or territorial accounts by capturing carbon leaked through trade. Here we evaluate global consumption-based food emissions between 2000 and 2019 and underlying drivers using a physical trade flow approach and structural decomposition analysis. In 2019, emissions throughout global food supply chains reached 30 ±9% of anthropogenic GHG emissions, largely triggered by beef and dairy consumption in rapidly developing countries-while per capita emissions in developed countries with a high percentage of animal-based food declined. Emissions outsourced through international food trade dominated by beef and oil crops increased by ~1 Gt CO2 equivalent, mainly driven by increased imports by developing countries. Population growth and per capita demand increase were key drivers to the global emissions increase (+30% and +19%, respectively) while decreasing emissions intensity from land-use activities was the major factor to offset emissions growth (-39%). Climate change mitigation may depend on incentivizing consumer and producer choices to reduce emissions-intensive food products.

Impact of the Medicare Benefits Schedule Rebate (MBSR) freeze on General Practice (GP) use: multivariable regression analysis

BackgroundIn 2015, the Australian government froze the Medicare Benefits Schedule Rebate (MBSR) for General Practitioner (GP) service use. This paper aimed to explore the impact of the MBSR freeze on the demand for GP services in Victoria, Australia, for three years, from 2014 to 2016.MethodAnnual data on GP service utilisation by the Victorian State Statistical Area Level 3 (SA3) were analysed using 2015 as the reference year (MBSR freeze year). We compared annual per-person GP service use before and after the MBSR freeze for each SA3. Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) scores and regions of Victoria (Greater Melbourne and the Rest of Victoria) were used to identify the most disadvantaged SA3s in Victoria. We conducted a multivariable regression analysis for the number of GP services per patient by SA3, controlling for regions of Victoria, the number of GP services, the proportion of bulk-billed visits, age group, gender and year.FindingsAfter adjusting for age group, gender, region, SEIFA, the number of GPs and the proportion of bulk-billed GP visits, mean GP services per person per year declined steadily between 2014 and 2016, with a 3% or 0.11 visit (-0.114, 95%CI: -0.134; -0.094, P = < 0.001) reduction in mean utilisation in 2016 compared to 2014. In disadvantaged SA3s, there was a fall in the number of GP services that were bulk-billed during and after the MBSR freeze compared to 2014, and this fall was large in LOW SEIFA SA3s, with a reduction in 17% of mean bulk-billed GP services.ConclusionThe MBSR freeze for GP consultations in 2015 resulted in a reduction in the annual per capita demand for GP visits, with the impact of reduced demand more significant in lower socioeconomic and regional/rural areas. The GP funding policies must consider the demand differences by social-economic status and location.

Dharan Water Supply System - Alarming Issues and Future

This study examines the critical issue of water scarcity in the Dharan Sub-metropolitan city, analyzing the various factors that are driving factors driving water demand and proposing strategies and ensuring water security. This study finds that factors replace with the rapid expansion of residential areas, increasing population, steeper slopes, changing lifestyles, natural hazards, technical and management leakage are major contributors to the growing water shortages in the area, leading to a situation of water instability. However, the study also identifies that factor such as precipitation, geology, soil types, potential water sources in the area offer opportunities for stabilizing the water supply in Dharan Sub-metropolitan. This study highlights the combined effect of these various active factors that led to an increase in per capita demand of water from 71 to 100 lpcd. This increasing water demand and shrinking of surface water led to Interrupted Water pumping and overexploitation. Additionally, the study indicates that due to high level of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) up-to 40%, certain parts of the city’s residents are facing major difficulties in accessing clean drinking water. The study also finds that positive changes in precipitation, supportive soil types and geology in the city of Dharan increases the potential for water recharge and harvesting. In order to achieve a sustainable and climate-resilient water supply, the study recommends implementing Water management tools likewise protective measures for critical water zones, stabilizing stream banks and gullies for surface water source improvement, artificial recharge of the city through Climate Adaptive Recharge Pits (CARP) and slope interception methods, as well as community-based water harvesting for groundwater source improvement. Furthermore, the study suggests establishing R&amp;D unit involving national and local level experts and stakeholders for better planning and management.

Selecting correct functional form in consumption function: Analysis of energy demand at household level.

In the estimation of demand functions for energy resources, parametric econometric models of energy demand are commonly used to predict future energy needs. The functional forms commonly assumed in parametric energy demand models include linear functional forms, log-linear forms, trans-log models, and an almost ideal demand system. It is frequently debated which is the "best" functional form to employ in order to accurately represent the underlying relationships between the demand for various energy resources and explanatory variables such as energy prices, income, and other demographic factors. The study has focused on developing proper non-nested tests to compare the two demand systems, the double log model and the LA-AIDS model. C-test is used to test the validity of using the two parametric functional forms in models of residential energy demand. Cross-sectional household-level data of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) 2013-14 and Asian Development Bank (ADB) Asia and Pacific 2018 are used. Results indicate that the LA-AIDS model is better than the double log model. The estimated elasticity of own prices, cross-prices, and income in terms of spending, family size, and equipment are particularly important to producers and policymakers in making investment and incentive choices. A significant part of the budget for families is for electricity, natural gas, firewood, and other fuels; smaller budget shares are set down to other items such as kerosene oil, cylinder gas, and diesel. Household per capita demand for energy resources will rise over the next decade; therefore, the government needs to make progress on developing energy-saving strategies. If not addressed the issue properly, we may face energy shortages and high energy import bills.

Transfer patterns and driving factors of China’s energy use in trade: Evidence from multiregional input–output analysis and structural decomposition analysis

China consumes a large amount of fossil fuels to support its economic development, making it the world’s largest carbon emitter. To provide a solid basis for relevant policies and measures for energy conservation and emissions reduction, the evolution patterns of China’s energy use in trade were detailed analyzed in this article. The results showed that the ratio of net embodied energy flows to total energy consumption declined during the investigated period. The highly developed areas (such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong) imported embodied energy, while the least developed provinces (e.g., Guizhou and Yunnan) and areas with heavy industries (Hebei, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi) exported embodied energy. In terms of decomposition results, energy coefficients and per capita demand played dominant roles in determining energy consumption changes. Only the changes in the production trade structure represented obvious and continued negative spillover effects on energy decreases. The highly and least developed regions showed a reverse changing process in determining embodied energy flows, which was mainly due to structural factor changes. Moreover, per capita demand continued to boost the net embodied energy outflows of the provinces, with the economic structure relying highly on heavy industries. Finally, we proposed some effective policy suggestions by considering regional heterogeneity. The novelty of this paper is integrating the multi-regional input–output analysis and additive structural decomposition analysis to investigate the trajectory and drivers of China’s energy consumption footprint, respectively. Furthermore, driving factors behind embodied energy transfers were also analyzed.

The global rice agriculture towards 2050: An inter-continental perspective

The growth in rice consumption has either slowed down or become negative in all the continents although additional per capita demand for rice exists in Africa. The future additional rice demand will mainly come from the population growth in Africa and Asia. The production growth during the past led by growth in yield has helped in meeting rice demand around the globe. However, Africa continues to lag far behind other continents in achieving the desired level of yield. Additional research efforts are needed in all continents for the production of varieties with higher yield potential and desired grain quality with more emphasis on the African continent. The global demand for rice will be about 584 million tons or less towards 2050. With positive technological developments in the rice research arena, the shape of rice agriculture will change towards 2050. Asia may lose about 5 million ha and Africa gain about 10 million ha of rice land by 2050.

Assessing landcover and water uses effects on water quality in a rapidly developing semi-urban coastal area of Bangladesh

We have studied the urbanization effect on water resources of a developing semi-urban area on the southeast side of Chattogram (Chittagong) city, enduring industrialization and subsequent urbanization. The landcover comprising water bodies, vegetation, and agricultural lands were 9.36%, 40.55%, and ∼37%, respectively. Domestic water demand was estimated by interviewing households, while water samples were collected using the grab sampling method from rivers, canals, ponds, and groundwater for laboratory analysis. Daily average water consumption increases with growing family size and income. 52.14 million liters per day (MLD) water is needed for households in the study area, with a per capita demand of 123.80 L per day. The daily maximum water demand range of households was 78.20 MLD – 104.27 MLD, with the peak hourly demand being 5.87 MLD. However, available aquifer recharge is estimated as low as 11 million m3 per year. Except for some points, the average pH, TDS, and Cl− values were acceptable, though EC, SS, and COD values were exceeding the water quality standards with a small amount of HCO3− and no CO3− values in the water samples, making the water of the study area less compatible for domestic purposes. The primary causes were waste disposals, saltwater intrusion, and a few instances of industrial discharge. The settlement landcover directly influences water quality parameters pH, TDS, and conductivity in compositional analysis. We believe that expanding the build-up area to the vegetated area will eventually induce water quality degradation, mainly saline water intrusion.

Mitigating the detrimental effects of heat stress in poultry through thermal conditioning and nutritional manipulation

The poultry industry faces several obstacles and challenges, including the changes in global temperature, increase in the per capita demand for meat and eggs, and the emergence and spread of various diseases. Among these, environmental challenges are one of the most severe hurdles impacting the growth and productivity of poultry. In particular, the increasing frequency and severity of heat waves over the past few years represent a major challenge, and this is expected to worsen in the coming decades. Chickens are highly susceptible to high ambient temperatures (thermal stress), which negatively affect their growth and productivity, leading to enormous economic losses. In the light of global warming, these losses are expected to increase in the near future. Specifically, the worsening of climate change and the rise in global temperatures have augmented the adverse effects of heat on poultry production worldwide. At present, the world population is approximately 7.9 billion, and it has been predicted to reach 9.3 billion by 2050 and approximately 11 billion by 2100, implying a great demand for protein supply; therefore, strategies to mitigate future poultry challenges must be urgently devised. To date, several mitigation measures have been adopted to minimize the negative effects of heat stress in poultry. Of these, thermal acclimation at the postnatal stage or throughout the embryonic stages has been explored as a promising approach; however, for large-scale application, this approach warrants further investigation to determine the suitable temperature and poultry age. Moreover, molecular mechanisms governing thermal conditioning are poorly understood. To this end, we sought to expand our knowledge of thermal conditioning in poultry, which may serve as a valuable reference to improve the thermotolerance of chickens via nutritional management and vitagene regulation. Vitagenes regulate the responses of poultry to diverse stresses. In recent years, nutritionists have paid close attention to bioactive compounds such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin administered alone or in combination. These compounds activate vitagenes and other regulators of the antioxidant defense system, such as nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2. Overall, thermal conditioning may be an effective strategy to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress. In this context, the present review synthesizes information on the adverse impacts of thermal stress, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying thermal conditioning and its effects on the acquisition of tolerance to acute heat stress in later life. Finally, the role of some polyphenolic compounds, such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin, in attenuating heat stress through the activation of the antioxidant defense system in poultry are discussed.

The Consumption‐Based Carbon Emissions in the Jing‐Jin‐Ji Urban Agglomeration Over China's Economic Transition

AbstractSince the 2008 financial crisis, China has been undergoing an economic transition consisting of prioritizing green economic and sustainable development instead of rapid growth driven by large‐scale investment. However, there is still a lack of fine print on how subregional effort can contribute to national or full supply chain mitigation plans, especially downscaling to the city level. To bridge this knowledge gap, we selected Jing‐Jin‐Ji urban agglomeration, one of the economic centers but also featured by intensive emission for decades, to analyze the emission variance and driving forces from 2012 to 2015 as a case study. Based on the consumption accounting framework, the carbon emissions of Jing‐Jin‐Ji have decreased by 11.7 Mt CO2 in total over the study period, and most cities showed the similar descending trend. The driving forces show that the emission intensity and production structure have largely reduced Jing‐Jin‐Ji's total due to measurements of economic transition. For instance, Beijing has decreased by 28.7 Mt of emission reduction which led by declined emission intensity. By contrast, per capita demands and growth of its population were the primary forces to increase emissions. To conclude, although the mitigation achievement is undeniable, we should also note that the economic transition has not changed the uneven pattern of selected urban agglomeration so far.

Past and future trends of Egypt\u2019s water consumption and its sources

For millennia the Nile supplied Egypt with more water than needed. As the population grew and the economy expanded, demand on water increased accordingly. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis to reconstruct how total demand on water outstripped supply of the Nile water in the late 1970s, starting from a surplus of about 20 km3 per year in the 1960s leading to a deficit of about 40 km3 per year by the late 2010s. The gap is satisfied by import of virtual water. The role of economic growth in driving per capita demand on water is quantified based on detailed analysis of water use by agriculture and other sectors. We develop and test an empirical model of water demand in Egypt that relates demand on water to growth rates in the economy and population. Looking forward, we project that within this decade of the 2020 s, under nominal scenarios of population and economic growth, Egypt is likely to import more virtual water than the water supplied by the Nile, bringing into question the historical characterization of Egypt as “the gift of the Nile”.

A novel integrated wastewater recovery, clean water production and air-conditioning system

Ensuring water and energy security for the growing global population is a challenge that aggravates several folds if in water-scarce regions, accustomed to prevailing hot climates and coupled with the increasing per capita demand of these resources. Furthermore, in hot and arid regions, the largest portion of energy is consumed by air-conditioning in buildings. Similarly, fulfilling the water needs in water-scarce regions also consumes a large amount of energy. The consequence of this high energy and water demand are significant greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants. In this context, this study presents an integrated solution to support water security by reclaiming wastewater, and energy security by shifting the air-conditioning load from electricity to low-grade thermal energy. Although the proposed system is globally applicable, it is specifically valuable in hot and arid climates. The system harnesses solar energy using Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETCs) and produces clean water and conditioned air. Besides ETCs, the system is composed of an absorption cooling system, air humidification unit, three pumps and a blower. The unique features of the proposed system include the production of conditioned air at constant temperature and humidity irrespective of the ambient environmental conditions and flexibility of 24 h operations through the TES integration, which decouples the system’s operational energy demand from the available energy’s supply. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis is conducted, which includes the application of mass balance equations and 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. In addition, the effects of ambient environmental conditions and the available energy on the system’s performance are studied and found that the system can operate stably and continuously. At design conditions, with a solar field area of 1,000 m2, the system recycles approximately 900 L/day of wastewater and produces 1,418 L/day of clean water. Moreover, considering 24 h of operations, the system provides 8.7 refr. tons of air-conditioning. The system’s overall energy and exergy efficiencies are 14.4% and 0.7%, respectively. Furthermore, in the context of the social perceptions regarding wastewater reuse, a hydrogen cycle-based solution is also presented, which can produce approximately 560 L/day of socially acceptable water.

An Econometric Model for Nigeria’s Rice Market

A dynamic econometric model of Nigeria’s rice market was designed to serve as a base for future policy analyses. Using time-series data spanning 38 years, the model contains four structural equations representing paddy area harvested, paddy yield, per capita demand, and producer price variables. Estimates for these equations were obtained using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach. Results of the paddy production and yield sub-models showed that paddy area harvested, and paddy yield was price inelastic. Furthermore, the paddy area harvested responded favourably to technological advancement. For the demand sub-model, estimated own price and cross-price elasticities showed that rice has an inelastic demand response, with wheat being a substitute. A series of validation tests strengthened the reliability of the model for use as an empirical framework for forecasting and analysing the effects of changes in policies such as rice import tariff reforms on production, consumption, retail price, and imports.

Supply Chain Analysis of Raw and Value-added Products of Tomatoes in Telangana

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops and the second-largest cultivated vegetable crop in the world after potato. Tomato is one of the most important protective foods because of its special nutritive value. Tomatoes grown in the country are consumed fresh in raw or cooked form or processed into tomato paste, juice, sauce, ketchup, soup and, pickles. Less than one percent of India’s tomato production is processed. On the other hand, the demand in India for processed tomato products has been growing at an annual rate of about 30 per cent over the last few years. India is the World's largest producer of many fruits and vegetables but there still exists a huge gap between per capita demand and supply due to enormous wastage during post-harvest storage, handling, and the absence of an optimum supply chain. The price fluctuations in tomatoes are very high and often farmers are forced to sell at prices that will not cover even the labor cost of picking the tomatoes. A well-developed tomato processing industry will reduce wastages as well as secure better prices for tomatoes. The present study entitled “Supply chain analysis of raw and value-added products of tomatoes in Telangana” was intended to assess supply chain analysis for raw and processed tomato products along with the constraints faced by each stake holder in the supply chain. Vikarabad district was purposively selected for the study, two mandals four villages each were selected from each village, data was collected from 10 farmers. Hence the total data was collected from 80 farmers. The data was also collected from commission agents, wholesalers/ traders, and retailers. From the tomato processing firms operating in around Hyderabad, three firms were selected to collect data regarding their products and marketing supply chain. The collected data was analyzed.&#x0D; The results of the study identified three channels of raw tomato marketing, namely: channel-I Farmer- Commission Agent-Trader-Retailer-consumer, Channel-II Famer – Commission agent - Retailer-consumer and Channel-III Farmer- Retailer-consumer. Two channels of processed tomato products were identified, namely: Channel-I, Manufacturing unit- wholesalers-consumers and Channel-II, Manufacturing unit- consumers.&#x0D; The producer share in the consumer rupee was highest in the Channel -III because of lesser number intermediaries. The marketing efficiency is highest for the channel – III fallowed by channel – II and channel -I. In case of processed industries are mostly preferring channel -II. The major constraints to the farmers identified were high price fluctuations, high cost of fertilizers and pesticides. The major constraints to the intermediaries identified were high price fluctuations and transportation costs and problems. The major problems identified were lack of quality raw materials suitable for processing, and price fluctuations of raw materials for the processing units, while the major problems faced by wholesalers identified were timely availability and quality related issues.

A novel solution towards zero waste in dairy farms: A thermodynamic study of an integrated polygeneration approach

The rising global human population and per capita demands of needed resources in terms of water, energy and food is an increasingly challenging dilemma, which increases in complexity when conceptualised in the context of global climate change. Dairy products are essential foods that are nutritional and contribute towards overall food security. However, ongoing practices in dairy production, and more specifically dairy waste management, are environmentally challenging and hence need to be replaced by more sustainable solutions. From an environmental perspective, the waste output from dairy farms (methane, manure and wastewater) and the demands of energy and clean water are amongst the most substantial. In this regard, a novel approach is presented to address this issue, in which the focus is to utilise maximum wastes to fulfil (or at least reduce) the demands of a dairy farm. Unique to this study, is a proposed polygeneration system that utilises the very low concentration of methane in the barns, and utilises all the dairy farm wastes in an integrated manner. In addition, the system is equipped with a hydrogen cycle which addresses social concerns regarding wastewater reuse for drinking purposes. The proposed system is mainly composed of a combustion chamber, Rankine cycles, NH3-H2O Absorption Cooling System, wastewater evaporator, water electrolyser and a fuel cell. A detailed thermodynamic analysis reveals that the system produces 17 MW of electricity, 1350 m3/day of clean water, 15.62 kg/s of chilled water and cooling capacity of 9,256 tons. In addition, the system utilises 864 tons/day of manure, 87.62 tons/day of methane (saving ~1950 tons of CO2 equivalent daily) and recycles 793.2 m3/day of wastewater. The computed overall energy efficiency of the system is 35.2%, while the overall exergy efficiency is 19.2%. Moreover, the parametric analysis not only demonstrates that the system can perform stably in varying environmental conditions, contrary to other systems, it demonstrates that the system favours harsher hot and humid environments. Ultimately, these results demonstrate that dairy farms in such climates can be operated in a decentralised manner with near zero-emissions and zero-wastes output.

Water Demand Investigation and Irrigation Requirement Analysis for Major Crops: A Case Study of Somodo Sub-watershed

The social and economic transformations associated with growing urbanization, as well as the widespread implementation of irrigation to address climate change limits, have radically altered the pattern of water usage. The determination of water demands is the beginning point for water resource planning and management. As a result, this study was initiated with the objective of determining the various water demands in the Somodo watershed. The data employed in this investigation was secondary data. The data was population and livestock statistics gathered by the central statistical agency. Domestic water demand was calculated by multiplying the projected population number by the appropriate per capita demand, and from this, 10% of domestic water demand was adopted for industrial water demand. Water demand for livestock was estimated by multiplying the livestock population by the tropical livestock unit and the unit water requirement for each livestock. From the available water resources, 10% of the total available flow was left for the satisfaction of the environmental flow requirements. The total water demand for irrigation was estimated by multiplying the total area under irrigation with the irrigation water requirement for each cropping pattern. The total water demand for domestic and industrial water was 0.242 million cubic meters per year, according to the results. The demand for livestock water was 0.015 million cubic meters of water. The yearly environmental flow requirement was 5.6 million cubic meters (MCM), or 10% of total annual water flow. Irrigation requires a total of 0.107 million cubic meters of water.

Determinants of urban residential water demand in Libya

This paper analyses the effect of several economic, environmental and social determinants for the per capita demand for water in Libya. In this study, the econometric model based on E-views method, instrumental and ARDL model are applied. The cointegration analysis has shown a significant positive effect of temperature on water demand over the short and long term. Also, there is a positive relationship between rainfall and water demand in the long term and its less impact in the short term. There is a significant positive relationship between urban population and water demand. On the other hand, there is a significant negative effect of income on water demand. Therefore, water demand is inflexible to changes in income. The study demonstrated that there is a negative effect on water price in relation to water demand. The estimated long-term variable of water value is 220.98.