Capita Energy Consumption Research Articles

An empirical analysis of the determinants of CO2 emissions in ‎GCC countries

ABSTRACT Sustainable development has recently attracted growing attention on behalf of scientists and policymakers. One of the main pillars to achieve sustainable development goals is decidedly linked to the environment. This paper contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the determinants of environmental degradation in Gulf ‎Cooperation Council countries between 1980 and 2017. More specifically, the effects of per capita ‎GDP, energy consumption, urbanization, international trade and foreign direct investments on CO2 ‎emissions are investigated. Using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, ‎and Technology (STIRPAT) model and the PMG-ARDL approach, findings suggest the validity of ‎the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in GCC countries. Moreover, the income threshold ‎level is equal to US$56,350.928. It has been also revealed that energy consumption and foreign ‎direct investments led to more environmental degradation in the long run, while urbanization has a ‎positive impact on the environment. In the short-run, results show the validity of the Pollution Halo ‎Hypothesis, since more foreign direct investments flows have been associated with less ‎environmental pollution. Finally, while the estimation of country-specific error correction models ‎reveals the heterogeneity of results, the most important factor affecting the environment in the short-run is energy ‎consumption. The impact of international trade and foreign direct investment is mixed, while ‎urbanization has no significant impact. In the light of these findings, some policy recommendations ‎are designed.

Soft computing based techniques for comparative analysis of wind speed and power prediction

Currently industrial, agricultural, residential and economical development of any country mostly depends on energy availability and per capita energy consumption by its peoples. Today power demand in various sectors are increasing with increasing population, so it is very challenging task for power generating company to maintain proper balance of demand & supply . Currently most of the countries of the world uses fossil fuel as a main source for power generation, so pollution / Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels has become a very serious concern all around the world, to counter this problem there is strongly need of such types of energy sources that are capable to generate adequate amount of power with lowest possible pollution, cost and highly reliable to insure the balance between supply and demand. Additional power requirement and integration of renewable energy sources into smart grid, forced the power generating companies to divert their attention towards power generation from renewable sources along with conventional sources, as power generation from the conventional sources faces many challenges such as pollution, adequate availability, storage and security, to mitigate the above problems renewable energy sources may be better alternative. So, many countries are expensing major portion of their energy fund into the development of renewable setup for power generation. In India currently major sources of renewable power are wind and solar out of which wind power contribution is slightly more as compare to solar power, but power generation from wind puts many barriers in term of intermittent nature, frequency instability and availability with certain speed range that is capable for power generation from wind mills. Although above challenge cannot eliminate completely, but it can be minimize with the help of forecasting technique / method that have accuracy / error up to certain level which will be acceptable / reliable for power generation. In this regard I have used the different soft computing based techniques such as NARX, SVM tuned NARX, GA-NFIS, PSO-NFIS, for comparative analysis of wind speed and power forecasting and their results are compare with benchmark method like Persistence method.

Impressions of remote area electrification on social and economic indicators

The development of any country depends on the electrification of rural regions as most of the population is residing in rural areas. Development is counted in terms of per capita energy consumption as well as even distribution of electricity. This paper presents an investigation of the impact of rural electrification on lighting, studying, energy expenditure, and income. Data has been collected from southern region rural villages. Some villages are connected and some are non-connected with the grid. To estimate the decision probability of getting connected from households, electrified and non-electrified villages are evaluated. These observations are used to determine the impact of electrification of rural areas on resultant indicators. The authors observed a minor positive effect on home study and income, whereas a major effect on lighting usage. Finally, the potential improvements in the socio-economical status of rural people by improved lighting are highlighted.

Climate Justice and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Economic development is not possible without increased per capita energy consumption, yet energy consumption has inherently negative impacts on the environment. This creates a problem in sub-Saharan Africa which is experiencing rapid population growth and long-term poverty. Because of this rapid population growth, even maintaining current standards of living will require increased total energy consumption, and alleviating poverty will require further energy consumption. At present, most of the world’s energy supply is met by fossil fuels and fossil fuels have been the means of development for nearly every nation that has ever reached middle-income status. However, if the nations of sub-Saharan Africa attempt to alleviate their poverty via economic growth and use fossil energy to fuel this economic growth, the world is unlikely to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit climate change to less than 1.5 or 2°C. If the earth warms by more than 2°C the effects are likely to be especially dire in sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that this conflict in sub-Saharan Africa between alleviating poverty and addressing climate change is unjust, as African nations and their people have caused little of the carbon pollution that is already warming the planet, and have not benefited from this energy use. Therefore, we argue that the nations of sub-Saharan Africa, and developing nations more generally, are owed some compensation for their lost ability to use fossil fuels and that it is unjust for developed nations to simply encourage low-carbon development in Africa without such compensation.

Typical Correlation Score between Economic Development Speed and Employment Rate

In order to discuss the relationship between the employment rate and the economic development speed, the typical correlation analysis between the development speed and the employment rate is made in the past 20 years. Three indicators of development speed are considered: per capita energy consumption, per capita GDP, fixed asset investment price index, and two indicators of employment rate are considered: number of graduates and number of employees. The results show that economic development has a great impact on the number of employment, and that economic development can increase the quantity of employment.

Relationship Among Per Capita Income, Energy Consumption and Air Pollution in China in the Past 30 Years

世界科学出版社（World Science Publishing-WSP）立足国际，积极配合中国“走出去”出版战略，大力推进版权输出与引进，并不断拓展国际间的交流与合作，取得显著成绩。WSP国际图书出版项目力倡中国科研人员出版英文图书，出版社具有丰富的国际传播资源与雄厚的编辑、翻译、出版力量，拥有一批著名的中外翻译专家、出版专家，及一支精通国际出版的编辑、翻译和国际营销队伍。探索“科学进步”与“社会进步”是人类永恒主题，WSP推崇以科学信仰引领学术方向，遵循各国法律和地方法规，能够协助您优质、快捷、低

Urbanisasi, Konsumsi Energi, dan Emisi CO2 : Adakah Perbedaan Korelasinya di Kawasan Barat Indonesia (KBI) dan Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI)?

Indonesia’s rapid urbanization has become one of the indicators of development that also continues to increase. It is undeniable, improving stage of development is often have an impact on environmental degradation such as excessive fossil energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, not all regions in Indonesia are at the same stage of development. There are high economic and socio-demographic inequalities and differences between western Indonesia (KBI) and eastern Indonesia (KTI). This study aims to provide empirical evidence and analyze impact of urbanization on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the country that has different stage of developments across the region. Taking regional heterogeneity in Indonesia, panel data estimation method was applied at the provincial level during the 2011-2015 period. The results of the study show that urbanization in KBI and KTI has different effects on per capita fossil energy consumption. Urbanization in KBI has a positive relationship to per capita energy consumption, whereas urbanization in the KTI has a negative correlation. Urbanization in KBI has a negative correlation with CO2 emissions. However, there was no difference effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in both of region because the estimation results in KTI showed values that were not statistically significant. These findings not only help advance the existing literature, but also add insight to policy makers in the urban and regional planning.

The The Potential of Sustainable Energy Resources in Eritrea: Solar Energy - An Overview

Energy is the prerequisite and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human beings. Everything in this world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Sustainable resources of energies are those that do not deplete the Earth’s natural resources and are as environmentally benign as possible. These sources are sustainable in that they can be managed to ensure they can be used indefinitely without degrading the environment (Renewable Energy Association, 2009). The energy resources available can be divided into three types. These are primary energy sources (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium) which provide a net supply of energy, secondary energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy etc.) which provide no net energy, and supplementary energy sources (geothermal and tidal) whose net energy yield is zero. Energy is an important input in all sectors of any country’s economy. The standard of living of any given country can be directly related to per capita energy consumption. Energy crisis is due to the rapid growth of world population and the improved standard of living of human beings. The per capita energy consumption is a measure of the per capita income or it is a measure of the prosperity of the nation. As the world population is growing at a faster rate, so the conventional sources of energy are depleting on the one hand and its uses are adversely affecting the environment on the other hand. If it will be continued with the same pace, it may be exhausted by the beginning of the next century. Nuclear energy requires skilled technicians and poses the safety as regards to radioactive waste disposal. Therefore, solar energy and other non-conventional energy sources are the sources; those which are to be utilized in the future. In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the Potentials of sustainable energy resources in Eritrea with special reference to solar energy. The present study will also explore the intensity of global solar radiation reaching on a horizontal surface over Eritrea. This will be purely done by assessing the degree of solar energy penetration on Eritrea. The paper aims at discussing the cheaper and cleaner use of which is vital to the Eritrean economy and the environment as well.

Sustainable Energy Planning for Nepal in the Federal Structure

This paper examined the energy planning in each province, sustainable technology policy interventions in the energy demand and social cost benefit analysis in energy sector for Nepal in the federal structure over the period 2017-2050 using LEAP-IBC modeling framework. Four scenarios were developed, reference, Low economy, accelerated economy and sustainable scenario, former three are based on socioeconomic assumption and later is technology intervention case. In reference scenario, energy consumption will increase by 3 folds from 544 PJ to 1645 PJ during 2017-2050, whereas in sustainable scenario the value expected to increase to 866 PJ by 2050. In the base year 2017, emission is 69 million metrictons of Co2 equivalents whereas per capita emission is 2.36 metric tons. In the reference scenario the carbon emission increases to 178 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2050 whereas per capita carbon emission increases to the 4.06metric ton in the year 2050. In sustainable scenario the carbon emission increases to 21.95 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2030 whereas per capita carbon emission reduces to the 0.64 metric ton in the year 2030 due to the technological policy intervention. The calculated NPV shows that SED scenario is most economically viable with NPV value 7899 million NRS. In sustainable policy scenario efficient as well as new and improved technologies has been considered as a result of which substantial amount of reduction in energy intensities and per capita final energy consumption is achieved. In reference scenario per capita energy consumption 18GJ is increase to 40 GJ and in sustainable scenario is expected to 19GJ by 2050.

Sustainable Feasibility of Carbon Trading Policy on Heterogenetic Economic and Industrial Development

A carbon emission trading system (ETS) is an effective market mechanism for promoting the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainable development between the economy and the environment. To analyze the emissions reduction effect and economic effect of China’s ETS and further discuss the mechanisms of economic development differences and industrial development differences on the final effect of the policy, this study adopts the propensity score matching-difference in differences method and triple difference method. The empirical results show the following: (1) The ETS can simultaneously achieve both the emissions reduction effect and economic effect when key control variables are included. (2) The population, carbon emissions intensity and per capita GDP have significant positive impacts on carbon emissions; the environmental pollution control intensity, research structure, and research intensity have negative impacts on carbon emissions; and the capita stock, employment, and energy consumption have significant positive economic effects. (3) The ETS has a stronger inhibitory effect on the provinces with higher levels of economic and service development compared to the provinces with lower levels of economic and service development. In contrast, the policy has a weaker inhibitory effect on provinces with higher levels of industrial and construction development compared with the lower level provinces.

The Relationship between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from Central Asia

This article aims to explore the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions of five Central Asian countries between 1998 and 2017. We found that per capita energy consumption has a positive relationship with per capita GDP, while per capita CO2 emissions negatively affect per capita GDP in Central Asia. Further, per capita GDP has a negative impact on per capita energy consumption in the region. Results reflect that the economic growth of Central Asian countries still heavily depends upon energy consumption. However, CO2 emissions in this region should be reduced because it has been defined as a determinant leading to a decrease in economic growth. In the short run, we also found that there is a directional relationship running from per capita GDP to per capita energy consumption and per capita CO2 emissions; and from per capita energy consumption to per capita GDP. Results show that there is a co-integration among variables in the long run. Finally, policies are recommended to enhance economic growth and achieve sustainable development in Central Asia.

Research on the correlation between regional energy consumption and urbanization rate in China

By the end of 2018, China’s urbanization rate was close to 60%, and the proportion of energy consumed by cities to the total national energy consumption exceeded 80%. Cities, like huge machines that never stop running, consume a lot of coal, oil and gas, electricity day and night, and maintain the food, clothing, shelter and transportation of urban residents, as well as thousands of lights. Study of the relationship between urbanization rate and energy consumption provides important technical support for regional energy supply and demand research and forecasting. The results show that the process of urbanization development will inevitably lead to a large consumption of energy resources and an increase in per capita energy consumption.

Formation of energy policy in Europe, taking into account trends in the global market

The article highlights the main trends in the development of world energy. The method of forecasting energy consumption is presented, taking into account the level and dynamics of energy consumption in general, as well as the use of individual energy resources with differentiation by countries and regions. In the present study, when forming the energy forecast, the key indicators determining the global energy demand are the dynamics of the energy intensity of GDP and per capita energy consumption. It is shown that in the total volume of world consumption of primary energy resources, oil will continue to occupy a leading position. Among fossil fuels, the demand for natural gas will increase most intensively. The share of coal in the structure of consumption of primary energy carriers will decrease, which is associated with the replacement of coal with natural gas in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The greatest growth rates of demand among non-fossil fuels will be observed in renewable energy sources. The main growth in atomic energy consumption will be in the developing countries of the Asia-Pacific Region.

Optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of grid-connected nanogrid for tropical climates of the Savannah

Reliability and costs are mainly considered in performance analysis of renewable energy-based distributed grids. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Renewables was used in techno-economic analysis of renewable energy systems involving photovoltaics, wind, diesel and storage in tropical regions of Amazon, Central Asia and Mediterranean. In a study for a Guinea Savannah region, 70% of renewable energy fraction was achieved. However, levelized cost of energy of 0.689 $/kWh was higher than tariff rate of 0.6 $/kWh. This paper considers Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Renewables to achieve lower levelized cost of energy and net present costs of a nanogrid for increased reliability and low per capita energy consumption of 150 kWh in a Sudan Savannah region of Nigeria. The proposed grid connected nanogrid aims to serve daily residential demand of 355 kWh. A range of 0.0110 $/kWh to 0.0095 $/kWh and $366,210 to $288,680 as negative values of levelized cost of energy and net present cost respectively were realized, implying potentials for a large grid export. The renewable energy fraction of up to 98% was also achieved in addition to low greenhouse gas emission of 2,328 tons/year. The results may further be consolidated with strategies for power dispatch and load scheduling.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Ecological Total-Factor Energy Efficiency and Their Drivers in China at the Prefecture Level.

Improvement of ecological total-factor energy efficiency (ETFEE) is crucial for transformation of China’s economic growth pattern, energy conservation and emissions abatement. Here we combined the epsilon-based measure (EBM) and the Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) productivity index to evaluate ETFEE and ecological total-factor energy productivity (ETFEP) and its decompositions for 283 prefecture-level cities in China between 2003 and 2013. A spatial econometric model is used to investigate factors influencing ETFEE and ETFEP. Results indicated that ETFEE, ETFEP and corresponding trends differ significantly depending on whether environmental constraints are considered. No convergence trend was found in ETFEE between prefecture-level cities. Technical progress plays the largest role in increasing ETFEP growth. Pure efficiency change and scale efficiency change, however, are the main hindering factors. Boosting cumulative technological progress, cumulative scale efficiency growth rate and cumulative pure efficiency growth rate are important means of increasing ETFEP. I also found that areas with high levels of economic development do not completely overlap with areas of high ETFEE. Surprisingly, the fiscal expenditure on scientific undertakings and technological spillover effects from foreign direct investment (FDI) have not substantially increased ETFEE. Whereas increased industrialization hinders the improvement of ETFEE. Furthermore, reducing per capita energy consumption help boost ETFEE. In addition, endowment advantages of factors of production have a positive overall effect on improving ETFEE. Lastly, important policy implications are inferred.

The 21st Century Coal Question: China, India, Development, and Climate Change

China and India are not only the two most populous nations on Earth, they are also two of the most rapidly growing economies. Historically, economic and social development have been subsidized by cheap and abundant fossil-fuels. Climate change from fossil-fuel emissions has resulted in the need to reduce fossil-fuel emissions in order to avoid catastrophic warming. If climate goals are achieved, China and India will have been the first major economies to develop via renewable energy sources. In this article, we examine the factors of projected population growth, available fossil-fuel reserves, and renewable energy installations required to develop scenarios in which both China and India may increase per capita energy consumption while remaining on trach to meet ambitious climate goals. Here, we show that China and India will have to expand their renewable energy infrastructure at unprecedented rates in order to support both population growth and development goals. In the larger scope of the literature, we recommend community-based approaches to microgrid and cookstove development in both China and India.

Per capita income, trade openness, urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: an empirical study on the SAARC Region.

The developing world in general is facing so many crucial problems including global warming in recent years. Global warming has multiple consequences on each segment of the society and therefore, its root causes are important to identify. The present study examines the impact of per capita income, trade openness, urbanization, and energy consumption on CO2 emissions. Countries located in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are considered in the study. The selection of the SAARC region is motivated by the diverse nature of its members and further lack of available empirical literature on the same relationship. Annual data from 1980 to 2016 are analyzed using appropriate panel data techniques. The results revealed the presence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the SAARC region. Further, the introduction of cubic function into the model indicated that the shape of the EKC is N shaped. Besides, trade openness has negative while urbanization and energy consumption have impacted CO2 emissions positively. Moreover, the causality exercise explored a bidirectional causality between urbanization, energy consumption, per capita income, and CO2 emissions. Similarly, energy consumption, per capita GDP, and urbanization are also bidirectionally related. Further, a unidirectional causality running from CO2 emissions, urbanization, and energy consumption to trade openness is detected. Lastly, a unidirectional causality is witnessed from per capita income to energy consumption.

Analysis on the variation rule and influencing factors of energy consumption carbon emission intensity in China's urbanization construction

Abstract On the basis of literature review and current situation analysis, models were established to carryout scientific measurement for carbon emissions and its intensity in China in this paper. With full consideration to the actual situation of energy consumption growth and carbon emission intensity controlling of energy consumption in new-type urbanization construction, the Kaya model was revised. With population intensity of GDP production, urbanization rate, employment rate of urban population, per capita energy consumption of urban employed population and carbon emission density of energy consumption selected as independent variables, test models of multivariate linear correlation were established for new-type urbanization construction, energy consumption growth and carbon emission intensity controlling of energy consumption, and the empirical equilibrium equation and error correction equation were determined through stability test, lag order test and co-integration test. The results are shown as follows: the urban employment rate (UER) has the greatest impact on carbon emission intensity, the per capita urban employment energy consumption (PEC) has the least impact on carbon emission intensity, and the degree of other factors in proper order is: urbanization rate (UR), population intensity of GDP production (PG) and carbon emission density (CD).

Determinants of energy consumption and exposure to energy price risk: a\xa0UK study

In this study, we examine the drivers of household energy consumption with a view towards gauging which households are particularly vulnerable to energy price risk. We specifically investigate the relative importance of household socio-economic characteristics versus dwelling characteristics in explaining per capita gas consumption for space heating. The study draws upon a large random sample of households from the English Housing Survey (EHS) to understand the importance of, and interaction between, household and building characteristics. A multivariate OLS regression is used to identify the relative effects of various consumption drivers on gas used for space heating. The use of standardised coefficients allows for a discussion of the marginal contributions of each factor to energy consumption. The results show that variation in gas usage is largely determined by household socio-economic characteristics rather than physical dwelling characteristics. This includes the significant influence of household characteristics such as composition (or type), size, employment status, and income. The main contribution of the study is to underline the relative importance of household socio-economic characteristics over dwelling characteristics in explaining per capita energy consumption. The reported findings challenge the prevailing policy practice, which focusses mostly on dwelling characteristics.

Empirical study on influencing factors of biogas technology adoption in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Climate change caused by global warming, and the growing scarcity of nonrenewable energy sources, have driven Pakistan to shift from a traditional energy consumption pattern to a renewable-energy-use pattern. The per capita energy consumption in rural Pakistan is very low, especially in rural areas heavily relying on traditional energy sources. This paper presents the extent of biogas technology adoption by Pakistani rural households and the factors affecting their decision to adopt the technology in three selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The data were collected by interviewing 480 respondents by using a pretested and designed questionnaire. The results show that the household adoption rate of biogas technologies is low. The factors affecting the adoption decision of households included household income, access to credit, cultivated land area, the number of cattle in the household, education, and family size. The study also found fundamental barriers to the household adoption of biogas technologies, such as a lack of proper technical services by implementing organizations and insufficient governmental support. The authors make recommendations based on the findings to increase the adoption rate of biogas technologies in rural Pakistan.