Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

The Trade-off Between Income Inequality and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

We investigate the theoretically ambiguous link between income inequality and per capita carbon dioxide emissions using a panel data set that is substantially larger (in both regional and temporal coverage) than those used in the existing literature. Using an arguably superior group fixed effects estimator, we find that the relationship between income inequality and per capita emissions depends on the level of income. We show that for low and middle-income economies, higher income inequality is associated with lower carbon emissions while in upper middle-income and high-income economies, higher income inequality increases per capita emissions. The result is robust to the inclusion of plausible transmission variables.

Are renewable energy policies upsetting carbon dioxide emissions? The case of Latin America countries.

The impact of renewable energy policies in carbon dioxide emissions was analysed for a panel of ten Latin American countries, for the period from 1991 to 2012. Panel autoregressive distributed lag methodology was used to decompose the total effect of renewable energy policies on carbon dioxide emissions in its short- and long-run components. There is evidence for the presence of cross-sectional dependence, confirming that Latin American countries share spatial patterns. Heteroskedasticity, contemporaneous correlation, and first-order autocorrelation cross-sectional dependence are also present. To cope with these phenomena, the robust dynamic Driscoll-Kraay estimator, with fixed effects, was used. It was confirmed that the primary energy consumption per capita, in both the short- and long-run, contributes to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, and also that renewable energy policies in the long-run, and renewable electricity generation per capita both in the short- and long-run, help to mitigate per capita carbon dioxide emissions.

Modeling the emissions–income relationship using long-run growth rates

AbstractThe authors adopt a new approach to modeling the relationship between emissions and income using long-run per capita growth rates. This approach allows them to test multiple hypotheses about the drivers of per capita emissions in a single framework and avoid several of the econometric issues that have plagued the environmental Kuznets curve literature. They estimate models for carbon and sulfur dioxide emissions. They can reject restricted models that omit either growth or beta convergence effects. Although the term representing the environmental Kuznets effect is statistically significant for per capita carbon and sulfur dioxide emissions, the estimated income per capita turning points are out of the sample for the full data set.

Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions: implications and meta-analysis

ABSTRACTThere is a rich empirical literature testing whether per capita carbon dioxide emissions tend to converge over time and across countries. This article provides a meta-analysis of the results from this research, and discusses how carbon emissions convergence may be understood in, for instance, the presence of international knowledge spillovers and policy convergence. The results display evidence of either divergence or persistent gaps at the global level, but convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions between richer industrialized countries. However, the results appear sensitive to the choice of data sample and choice of convergence concept, e.g. stochastic convergence versus β-convergence. Moreover, peer-reviewed studies have a higher likelihood of reporting convergence in carbon dioxide emissions compared to non-refereed work.POLICY RELEVANCEThe empirical basis for an egalitarian rule of equal emissions per capita in the design of global climate agreements is not solid; this supports the need to move beyond single allocation rules, and increase knowledge about the impacts of combined scenarios. However, even in the context of the 2015 Paris Agreement with its emphasis on voluntary contributions and ‘national circumstances’, different equity-based principles could serve as useful points of reference for how the remaining carbon budget should be allocated.

A state-of-the-art review of the sustainability and energy efficiency of buildings in Saudi Arabia

Sustainable buildings have an important role in achieving sustainable development by improving energy utilization and environmental performance. Buildings are considered as the biggest single contributor to world energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In Saudi Arabia, the significance of the building sector can be described on the basis of per capita electricity consumption, per capita carbon dioxide emissions, and the increasing number of buildings because of economic and population growth. Therefore, the country should consider establishing energy-efficient buildings to promote sustainable development. Efforts in developing energy-efficient technologies should increase for the national energy policy. This article comprehensively describes the current challenges and opportunities of energy consumption and various energy conservation options that are viable for the Saudi building sector. Current policy efforts for improving energy efficiency in Saudi buildings have been analyzed to enhance the sustainable development in the country. The study reveals that the energy conservation policy of the country has fairly improved in the past decades. However, the country has to focus on this area and perform urgent measures to adopt energy-efficient technologies in the building sector.

Cointegration between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and GDP in India

This article examines the cointegration relationship among the per capita gross domestic product (GDP), per capita energy consumption, and per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the effect of energy consumption and per capita GDP on CO2 emissions for India covering the period 1980–2014. All the data variables are non-stationary in level form but are integrated of order one. Johansen’s rank procedure and Engle–Granger vector autoregressive (VAR) is used to determine the cointegration relation and direction of causality among the variables (Murthy, 2011). Vector error correction mechanism is used to study the short-run behavior of the variables; impulse responses to the shocks of variables are also studied in order to identify the variance decomposition of variables energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic activity. VAR model is used for short-term forecasting of CO2 emissions. Results have identified that the data variables energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and GDP are cointegrated and VAR is proved to be good tool for short-term forecasting of CO2 emissions.

Per capita carbon dioxide emissions across U.S. states by sector and fossil fuel source: Evidence from club convergence tests

This study extends the literature on the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions by examining the 50 U.S. states including the District of Columbia in the aggregate, by sector, and by fossil fuel source using the Phillips-Sul club convergence approach for the period 1980 to 2013. The results indicate multiple convergence clubs in the aggregate, by sector (residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and electric power), and for two of the three fossil fuel sources (natural gas and coal) with full panel club convergence in the case of petroleum. The presence of multiple equilibria suggests that environmental policies should recognize the distinctive convergence paths associated with each cluster of states.

How Do Regional Interactions in Space Affect China's Mitigation Targets and Economic Development?

China is faced with the big challenge of maintaining a remarkable economic growth in an environmental friendly manner; that is why forecasting the turning point is of necessity. Traditional econometric approaches do not consider the spatial dependence that inevitably exists in the economic units, which probably risks misspecification and generating a biased estimation result. This paper firstly constructs Theil index to measure the intra- and inter-regional inequality of CO2 emissions, we find that difference in emissions between regions is narrowed but gap within the Western China is sharply expanding. Then the Spatial Durbin model is employed to shape the relationship between mitigation and economic growth using the panel data of 29 provinces ranging from 1995 to 2011. Results show that the peak of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in China would be seen when GDP per capita reaches between $USD 21594 to 24737 (at 2000 constant price), much smaller when compared with the estimations of models which ignore the spatial dependence. This implies that territorial policy and industry transfer, on one hand would favor those underdeveloped regions with investment, technology and labors transfer; on the other hand enables developed regions more potential to mitigation, thus, chances are that China achieves the emissions peak of carbon dioxide earlier than conventional wisdom.

Predictors of national CO2 emissions: do international commitments matter?

Carbon dioxide emissions are the main cause of anthropogenic climate change and play a central role in discussions on climate change mitigation. Previous research has demonstrated that national carbon dioxide emissions are driven mainly by population size and wealth. However, the variation in per capita emissions of nations with similar standards of living and similar population is huge. In this paper we investigate the drivers of national per capita carbon dioxide emissions over and above already known factors. In particular, we extend previous research by taking into account countries’ shares of imports and exports, indicators of political interventions such as energy prices, and the use of renewable energy sources. Moreover, we also examine whether international commitments, such as the ones made by many nations at climate summits of the United Nations, matter. We use country-level data from 1980 to 2014 and estimate fixed effects panel regression models. In accordance with former research we find no environmental Kuznets curve with respect to carbon dioxide per capita emission levels. However, higher energy prices and the availability of alternative energy sources both reduce emissions. Furthermore, voluntary international environmental commitments also motivate countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Convergence in carbon dioxide emissions and the role of growth and institutions: a parametric and non-parametric analysis

This paper examines convergence of per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emission for a panel of 124 countries taking into account the impact of economic growth and the quality of government institutions. The analysis builds on both parametric and non-parametric panel data techniques, and we examine the β-convergence hypothesis in a neoclassical growth model setting with institutional quality as one of the independent variables influencing both emissions and output growth. The results reveal evidence in support of β-convergence of per capita CO2 emissions for the global sample, and for the sub-samples comprising OECD versus non-OECD countries and high- versus low-income countries, respectively. There is, however, heterogeneity in β-convergence and it tends to vary with the level of the initial per capita CO2 emissions. We also report evidence of a negative direct effect of institutional quality on growth in per capita CO2 emissions, especially for the global and high-income samples. However, institutional quality also promotes economic growth, thus generating a positive indirect effect on emissions growth. Overall the empirical results suggest a positive net effect of institutional quality on growth in per capita CO2 emissions in the global sample. Finally, the non-parametric approach reveals some evidence of bias in the parametric approach, in particular in the case of the estimates for the convergence parameter at either end of the distribution.

Renewable energy consumption and agriculture: evidence for cointegration and Granger causality for Tunisian economy

ABSTRACTThis paper uses the vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality tests to investigate short and long-run relationships between per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, trade openness ratio and agricultural value added (AVA) in Tunisia spanning the period 1980–2011. The Johansen-Juselius test shows that all our considered variables are cointegrated. Short-run Granger causality tests reveal the existence of bidirectional causalities between AVA and CO2 emissions, and between AVA and trade. There are short-run unidirectional causalities running from non-renewable energy and GDP to AVA and to renewable energy, and running from CO2 emissions to renewable energy. Interestingly, there are long-run bidirectional causalities between all considered variables. Our long-run parameters estimates show that non-renewable energy, trade and AVA increase CO2 emissions, whereas renewable energy reduces CO2 emissions. In addition, the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported. Our policy recommendations are to increase international economic exchanges because this gives new opportunities to the agricultural sector to develop and to benefit from renewable energy technology transfer. Subsidizing renewable energy use in the agricultural sector enables it to become more competitive on the international markets while polluting less and contributing to combat global warming.

Carbon footprint of global passenger cars: Scenarios through 2050

Individual ownership of passenger cars has raised significant environmental concern due to carbon dioxide emissions from their usage. In this study, by establishing a bottom-up accounting framework with country-level resolution, a set of scenarios reflecting the possible trajectories of carbon dioxide emissions from global passenger cars through 2050 are presented. The analysis indicates that carbon dioxide emissions from global passenger cars were 2810 megatons in 2013, accounting for about 8.7% of global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. Under Business-As-Usual scenario, global car sales will more than double by 2050. It is expected that total carbon dioxide emissions will peak in 2020 at 2923 Mt and then decrease to 2297 Mt by 2050. Carbon dioxide emissions from more developed countries will decrease significantly over time. Meanwhile, less developed countries will show great growth. The gap of per capita carbon dioxide emissions between more developed countries and less developed countries will likely shrink rapidly. The Business-As-Usual scenario does not comply with the Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 scenario, which is used as a benchmark of sustainability. Only when major mitigation measures are implemented to their full potentials can the sustainability goals be met. It is recommended that policy instruments should be further strengthened with a focus on less developed countries.

Convergence of carbon dioxide emissions in Chinese cities: A continuous dynamic distribution approach

This paper investigates the spatial dynamics of per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China. The analyses are conducted by employing a continuous dynamic distribution approach and panel data of 286 cities at the prefecture and above-prefecture level. The results show that per capita CO2 emissions tend to converge during the sample period of 2002–2011. However, multimodality is found in the ergodic distribution of the full sample. It is also found that there is more persistence in cities with low per capita CO2 emissions, and more mobility in cities with high per capita CO2 emissions. The analyses also show that the dynamics of per capita CO2 emissions are significantly different among various geographical, income and environmental policy groups. The conditional distribution analyses indicate that multimodality cannot be explained independently by any one of the two factors, namely geographical location or income level. The findings in this study may have important policy implications for CO2 abatement in China.

Predictors of National CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions: Do International Commitments Matter?

Carbon dioxide emissions are the main cause of anthropogenic climate change and play a central role in discussions on climate change mitigation. Previous research has demonstrated that national carbon dioxide emissions are driven mainly by population size and wealth. However, the variation in per capita emissions of nations with similar standards of living and similar population is huge. In this paper we investigate the drivers of national per capita carbon dioxide emissions over and above already known factors. In particular, we extend previous research by taking into account countries’ shares of imports and exports, indicators of political interventions such as energy prices, and the use of renewable energy sources. Moreover, we also examine whether international commitments, such as the ones made by many nations at climate summits of the United Nations, matter. We use country-level data from 1980 to 2014 and estimate fixed effects panel regression models. In accordance with former research we find no environmental Kuznets curve with respect to carbon dioxide per capita emission levels. However, higher energy prices and the availability of alternative energy sources both reduce emissions. Furthermore, voluntary international environmental commitments also motivate countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Study on factors affecting energy-related per capita carbon dioxide emission by multi-sectoral of cities: a case study of Tianjin

This paper analyzed dual perspectives of production and resident, and quantified factors affecting the energy-related per capita carbon emission from cities. Tianjin is the largest coastal city in northern China with rapid economic development and urbanization. Analysis of the CO2 emission generated by driving forces in Tianjin can provide guidance for policy decisions on the CO2 emission mitigation in global metropolises. Using LMDI and Kaya extension methods, this study built a decomposition model of economic output, economic structure, energy intensity of the production sectors, energy mix of the production sectors, population structure of urban and rural distribution, energy consumption per capita and energy mix of the household sectors to analyze the per capita carbon emission factors. The empirical study of Tianjin from 2005 to 2011 showed: Economic output played a positive role in the per capita carbon emission increasing, while economic structure, energy intensity of the production sectors and energy mix of the production sectors played a negative role; population structure of urban and rural distribution and energy consumption per capita promoted in the per capita carbon emission increasing, while energy mix of the household sectors inhibited the per capita carbon emission increasing.

区域旅游交通碳排放测度模型及实证分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 区域旅游交通碳排放测度模型及实证分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201312273041 作者: 作者单位: 南京大学,南京大学,南京大学国土资源与旅游学系,南京大学国土资源与旅游学系,南京大学国土资源与旅游学系 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41271161,40971301) Estimation model of carbon dioxide emissions by regional tourism transportation and empirical analysis of Nanjing and Huangshan cities, China Author: Affiliation: Department of Land Resources and Tourism Sciences,Research Center of Human Geography,Nanjing University,Department of Land Resources and Tourism Sciences,Research Center of Human Geography,Nanjing University,Department of Land Resources and Tourism Sciences,Research Center of Human Geography,Nanjing University,Department of Land Resources and Tourism Sciences,Research Center of Human Geography,Nanjing University,Department of Land Resources and Tourism Sciences,Research Center of Human Geography,Nanjing University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:交通是旅游业发展的基础,旅游交通的碳排放是旅游业碳排放的主体部分。合理配置区域旅游交通是旅游业可持续发展的重要保障。从区域的角度出发,构建区域旅游交通碳排放测算模型,并以南京市和黄山市为例进行分析。研究发现:(1)区域经济和旅游发展水平是影响旅游交通碳排放的重要因素,且经济发展水平和旅游发展水平对旅游交通碳排放"贡献"的大小和方向不同;(2)区域旅游交通碳排放主要在区外,区内比例较小。2008至2012年,南京市旅游交通碳排放中区外部分所占比例平均达到89.13%,黄山市平均达到90.21%,两城市区外与区内部分之比均约为9 : 1;(3)区域旅游交通碳排放结构中,民航所占比重最大,其次是公路和铁路,区域交通结构的优化有利于旅游交通碳排放的减少;(4)区域各类交通方式中,外部交通的碳排放中旅游业的贡献较大,而城市内部交通的碳排放中旅游业的贡献较小。 Abstract:Transportation is the foundation of the tourism industry; yet, transportation accounts for a significant amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by the tourism industry. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide is the main contributor to global warming. Implementing environmentally friendly regional transportation is essential to promote the sustainability of tourism. Scientific designed, low-carbon emission and green transportation represent great opportunities and challenges to tourism. Thus, the analysis of carbon dioxide emissions by tourism transportation presents an urgent theoretical and practical problem. Carbon dioxide emissions by regional tourism transportation include two components: a tourism part and a non-tourism part. The key and difficult step of this research is how to separate the tourism emission part from the total carbon dioxide emissions of regional tourism transportation. From a top-down perspective, this study constructed a model to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions of regional tourism transportation, and made an empirical comparison between Nanjing and Huangshan cities, with the former city containing more economic and tourism development than the latter. It was found that regional economic and tourist development levels represent important factors that influence the carbon dioxide emissions of tourism transportation. The sizes and orientations of the contribution of regional economic and tourist development levels differed. The carbon dioxide emissions from tourism transportation in Nanjing were 9.72×105t and 1.33×105t in Huangshan during 2012. In parallel, regional economic and tourism influenced carbon dioxide emissions from tourism transportation, which were related to the regional development level. The elasticity coefficient of the economy to carbon dioxide emissions from regional tourism transportation in Nanjing was greater than that of tourism. In contrast, the opposite trend was documented in Huangshan, with an elasticity coefficient of more than 1. The average per capita carbon dioxide emissions of tourism transportation in Nanjing and Huangshan were 10.09 kg and 3.31 kg from 2009 to 2012. It was also found that the carbon dioxide emissions of regional tourism transportation had a significant effect on the inter-region, where most carbon dioxide emissions occurred. From 2008 to 2012, an annual average of 89.13% and 90.21% carbon dioxide emissions by tourism transportation occurred in the inter-region of Nanjing and Huangshan, respectively. In the structure of tourist carbon dioxide emissions by different types of regional transport modes, the civil aviation, highway, and railway had the greatest quantity of emissions, while tourism carbon dioxide emissions by different types of regional transport modes increased to differing degrees. To optimize the structure of regional tourism transportation, it is better to cut down carbon dioxide emissions from regional tourism transportation. Statistical analysis showed that the diversity index of tourism carbon dioxide emissions from regional types of transport modes were higher in Nanjing compared to Huangshan. Yet, the composite carbon emissions indexes were the opposite. In all types of regional transport modes, external transportation contributed more to tourism than internal transportation. When taking the railway and civil aviation as examples, these two transport modes contributed 30% and 40%, respectively, in Nanjing and over 60% and 80%, respectively, in Huangshan. However, there were also differences among regions and periods. The government should take policy effectively to adjust and improve the allocation of city transportation to reduce tourism carbon dioxide emissions of transportation. The society, economy, and tourism would be much more sustainable by implementing special planning for city transportation and designing special tour lines for urban traffic. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Carbon Dioxide Emissions among African Countries: An Application of the Sequential Panel Selection Method

This paper investigates the existence of stochastic convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions for a panel of 15 African countries using the Sequential Panel Selection Method (SPSM) for the time period running from 1971 through 2011. This paper adopts the SPSM because it has the ability to separate the series in the panel into stationary and nonstationary groups. The results provide evidence in support of convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions for the panel as a whole. However, for the individual countries in the panel, the results suggest that the relative per capita carbon dioxide emissions for Niger, Mauritius, Nigeria, Swaziland, Madagascar, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Tanzania, Algeria and Zimbabwe have converged to the sample average emissions. For Congo, Zambia, Egypt and Botswana, the results show that their relative per capita carbon dioxide emissions have diverged from the sample average emissions. The findings of this study have implications for both national and international environmental policies.

Multi-model comparison of the economic and energy implications for China and India in an international climate regime.

This paper presents a modeling comparison on how stabilization of global climate change at about 2 °C above the pre-industrial level could affect economic and energy systems development in China and India. Seven General Equilibrium (CGE) and energy system models on either the global or national scale are soft-linked and harmonized with respect to population and economic assumptions. We simulate a climate regime, based on long-term convergence of per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, starting from the emission pledges presented in the Copenhagen Accord to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and allowing full emissions trading between countries. Under the climate regime, Indian emission allowances are allowed to grow more than the Chinese allowances, due to the per capita convergence rule and the higher population growth in India. Economic and energy implications not only differ among the two countries, but also across model types. Decreased energy intensity is the most important abatement approach in the CGE models, while decreased carbon intensity is most important in the energy system models. The reduction in carbon intensity is mostly achieved through deployment of carbon capture and storage, renewable energy sources and nuclear energy. The economic impacts are generally higher in China than in India, due to higher 2010–2050 cumulative abatement in China and the fact that India can offset more of its abatement cost though international emission trading.

Saudi Building Industry's Views on Sustainability in Buildings: Questionnaire Survey

Sustainable buildings have an important role to play in achieving sustainable development through their improved energy and environmental performance. In Saudi Arabia, the significance of the building sector can be realised from the fact that the per capita carbon dioxide emissions), p er capita electricity consumption, and number of buildings are on a steep rise due to the economic and population growth. It is therefore vital for the country to consider energy-efficient buildings in order to promote sustainable development. This article investigates the prospects of sustainable buildings in Saudi Arabia by reflecting upon the findings of a questionnaire survey conducted with pertinent professionals. The analysis in this work is based upon 122 responses received from architects, engineers), p roject managers, construction contractors, developer and investors. The findings of the survey indicate that the Saudi building industry has yet to realise the importance of sustainability. It is found that the level of formal education and work experience tend to have a positive influence on the appreciation of sustainable buildings.

Convergence of carbon dioxide emissions in different sectors in China

In this paper, we analyze differences in per capita carbon dioxide emissions from 1996 to 2010 in six sectors across 28 provinces in China and examine the σ-convergence, stochastic convergence and β-convergence of these emissions. We also investigate the factors that impact the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in each sector. The results show that per capita carbon dioxide emissions in all sectors converged across provinces from 1996 to 2010. Factors that impact the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in each sector vary: GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, industrialization process and population density impact convergence in the Industry sector, while GDP per capita and population density impact convergence in the Transportation, Storage, Postal, and Telecommunications Services sector. Aside from GDP per capita and population density, trade openness also impacts convergence in the Wholesale, Retail, Trade, and Catering Service sector. Population density is the only factor that impacts convergence in the Residential Consumption sector.