Capillary Technique Research Articles

Micro-extraction, pre-concentration, and microfluidic-based separation of organophosphate insecticides followed by the miniaturized electrochemical detection system

Introduction: A new analytical method based on the coupling of microextraction and microfluidics was developed and investigated for the pre-concentration, separation, and electrochemical detection of fenitrothion (FT) and parathion (PA) at the sub-ppm concentrations. Method: In the first step, the microchip capillary electrophoresis technique was used to serve as a separation and detection system. Analytes were injected into the 40 mm long microchannel with 10 mm sidearms. Then, they were separated by applying a direct electrical field (+1800V) between buffer and detection reservoirs. 2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer (20 mM, pH 5) was used as the running buffer. The electrochemical detection was performed using three Pt microelectrodes with the width of working, counter, and reference electrodes (50, 250, and 250 µm, respectively) in the out channel approach. Results: The system was devised to have the optimum detection potential equal to -1.2 V vs. Pseudo Ref. electrode. The dimensions of the SU-8 channel have 20 µm depth and 50 µm width. In the second step, an air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction technique was used for the extraction and preconcentration of analytes from human blood plasma. Then, 1, 2 di-bromoethan was used as extractant solvent, the analytes were preconcentrated, and the sedimented solvent (50 µL) was evaporated in a 60 ˚C water bath followed by substitution of running buffer containing 10% ethanol. The optimum extraction cycles were found 8 with adding 1% NaCl to the aqueous phase. Analyzing time of the mentioned analytes was less than 100s, and the precision range was 3.3 – 8.2 with the linear range of 0.8 – 100 ppm and 1.2 - 100 ppm for FT and PA, respectively. The extraction recoveries were about 91% and 87% for FT and PA, respectively. The detection limits for FT and PA were 240 and 360 ppb, respectively. Finally, the reliability of the method was investigated by GC-FID. Conclusion: The proposed method and device were validated and can be used as in situ and portable detection system for detecting fenitrothion and parathion insecticides.

Chemical analysis of selected meads produced in Poland

The aim of this study was the analysis of 25 commercially available meads obtained from three leading producers in Poland. In the course of the analyses, the concentration of nine organic acids was determined using the capillary isotachophoresis technique, and the total polyphenol content (58–699 mg/L GAE) and the antioxidant activity were expressed as FRAP (234–6422 µmol/L Fe2+) using spectrophotometric methods. We were able to indicate the acids whose main source was honey—gluconic acid (561–2287 mg/L) and formic acid (35–176 mg/L), the one that was formed during alcoholic fermentation—succinic acid (280–845 mg/L), and also those originating from the additives in the form of fruit juices, or as a result of acidification—tartaric acid (< LOD–159 mg/L), malic acid (135–1611 mg/L) or citric acid (125–4576 mg/L). Our results provide a further contribution to the general knowledge of the chemical composition of meads, and, in particular, these are the first results of this kind for meads commercially available in Poland. The analysis of principal components showed the correlation structure of the examined parameters and the existence of two clusters containing specific meads.

Hydrogels Based on Polyacrylamide and Calcium Alginate: Thermodynamic Compatibility of Interpenetrating Networks, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties.

The synthesis and physicochemical properties of hydrogels with interpenetrated physical and chemical networks were considered in relation to their prospective application as biomimetic materials in biomedicine and bioengineering. The study was focused on combined hydrogels based on natural polysaccharide-calcium alginate (CaAlg) and a synthetic polymer-polyacrylamide (PAAm). The series of hydrogels with varying proportions among alginate and polyacrylamide have been synthesized, and their water uptake has been characterized depending on their composition. The equilibrium swelling and re-swelling in water after drying were considered. The compatibility of alginate and polyacrylamide in the combined blend was studied by the thermodynamic approach. It showed a controversial combination of negative enthalpy of mixing among PAAm and CaAlg with positive Gibbs energy of mixing. Mechanical and electrical properties of the combined gels with double networking were studied as relevant for their prospective use as scaffolds for tissue regeneration and working bodies in actuators. The storage modulus and the loss modulus were determined in the oscillatory compression mode as a function of proportions among natural and synthetic polymers. Both moduli substantially increased with the content of CaAlg and PAAm. The electrical (Donnan) potential of hydrogels was measured using the capillary electrode technique. The Donnan potential was negative at all compositions of hydrogels, and its absolute values increased with the content of CaAlg and PAAm.

Immobilized acetylcholinesterase in magnetic nanoparticles for in-line inhibition studies using a capillary electrophoresis system

Enzyme assays can be performed with the capillary electrophoresis technique (CE) in many approaches, such as the immobilized enzyme micro-reactor. Acetylcholinesterase is a promising enzyme to be used when pursuing such a method, as it has already been explored in the proposal of similar methods of miniaturizing enzyme assays. The present work proposes a novel enzyme micro-reactor, based on the anchorage of the enzyme on magnetic nanoparticles of MnFe2O4, with chitosan and glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker in the capillary by means of an arrange of neodymium magnets. The calculated Km of the enzyme evaluated by this method was 1.12 mmol L−1, comparable to other studies in the literature that utilizes immobilized enzymes. Also, IC50 for neostigmine was assessed in 3 different micro-reactors, with an average of 29.42 ± 3.88 μmol L−1. In terms of the micro-reactor stability, it was possible to perform at least 25 experiments with assembled micro-reactor. The method was applied to hydroalcoholic extracts of 7 plant species. Plinia cauliflora had the best result, with 42.31 ± 6.81% of enzyme inhibition in a concentration of 100 mg L−1.

Capillary Rise: A Simple Tool for Simultaneous Determination of Porosity and Thickness of Thin Silica Coatings

Coating porosity is an important property that supports solid-gas and solid-liquid exchange that can either enhance various science and technological applications or promote damage if not properly controlled. However, non-destructive instrumental techniques for the measurement of porosity on coated walls or surfaces can be quite challenging. Here, a seamless capillary rise technique has been used to determine both the thickness and porosity of a thin silica coating. Uniform coatings were prepared from 5 wt% hydrophobic fumed silica in absolute ethanol and spin-coated at 500–8000 rpm on glass slides. Capillary imbibition of squalane was then controlled into known areas of the resulted hydrophobic nano-porous coatings. The mass of the solid (silica) and the infiltrated oil (squalane) were gravimetrically measured. The porosity of the material was calculated as the percentage fraction of the pore volume while the film thickness was determined as the ratio of the total volume to the area of coverage. Mean values of the porosity and coating thickness calculated from capillary impregnation technique were 86 ± 2% and 3.7 ± 0.2 μm, respectively. The coating thickness obtained was comparable with those revealed by SEM and Dektak profiler measurements. This study highlights the effectiveness of capillary rise as a simple and cost-effective non-destructive technique for assessment of coating thickness and porosity.

Clinical Validation of a Capillary Blood Home-Based Self-Sampling Technique for Monitoring of Infliximab, Vedolizumab, and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Therapeutic drug monitoring provides important guidance for treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and could help to early identify treatment failure. This study aimed to validate a finger prick-based capillary blood sampling technique to measure biological trough levels and C-reactive protein (CRP) and evaluate patient performance and -support. In this prospective cohort study, patients with IBD receiving infliximab (IFX) or vedolizumab (VEDO) therapy performed finger prick-based capillary blood sampling at home. Additionally, blood was collected through routinely performed in-hospital venepuncture prior to biological infusion. IFX, VEDO, and CRP concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concordance between methods was statistically evaluated and a survey was conducted to assess practicality and patient support. In total, 81 patients (46 IFX, 35 VEDO) were enrolled. Mean differences between both methods were 0.42 (95% confidence interval, -1.74 to 2.58) μg/mL for IFX and 0.72 (95% confidence interval, -5.50 to 6.94) μg/mL for VEDO. Passing-Bablok regressions demonstrated no evidence for systematic or proportional biases. Venous and capillary IFX (ρ = 0.96, P < .001) and VEDO (ρ = 0.97, P < .001) levels strongly correlated and showed high intermethod agreement (Cohen's kappa: IFX = 0.82; VEDO = 0.94). Similarly, venous and capillary CRP levels were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.99, P < .001). Most patients (>95%) were able to successfully perform the self-sampling at home without prior instructions. This study clinically validated a finger prick-based capillary blood self-sampling technique allowing concomitant home monitoring of biological levels and CRP for patients with IBD, who reported substantial support, tolerability, and practicality.

Overview of chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the determination of branched-chain amino acids.

The significance of branched-chain amino acids in diseases was clearly shown over the years. This review aims to describe the available techniques for their analytical determination. The article provides examples of the use of various analytical methods. The methods are divided into two categories: derivatization and non-derivatization approaches. Separation is achieved through different chromatography or capillary electrophoresis techniques and can be combined with different detectors such as flame ionization, ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. It compares the application of various derivatization reagents or detection as such for different detectors.

Fractionation of bacteria by electrophoresis as pre-separation method before MALDI-MS detection.

The present study attempted to apply the capillary electrophoresis technique for the fractionation and separation of S. Staphylococcus hominis and Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from urine samples and the detection of migrated fraction with spectrometric method. This involved the selection of suitable conditions for separation as well as the identification of pathogens. The result of the research was the separation of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as their subsequent identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using two different approaches (culture of fractions on an agar plate and direct analysis of the collected fractions). The preliminary results provide a solid basis for further research on the use of electromigration techniques with LDI detection to identify pathogens such as bacteria and viruses in biological samples.

Dynamics of liquid flow through fabric porous media: Experimental, analytical, and numerical investigation

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant increase in the use of paper-based microfluidic devices in various fields, including environmental monitoring, food safety analysis, and medical diagnostics. As a result, flow through paper-based substrates has gained much attention in the research community. Liquid flows through a paper substrate due to the inherent capillary suction pressure. In order to predict the flow through a paper substrate, we used macro- and microscopic methodologies to construct an analytical and numerical model. We have considered the effect of different factors, e.g., roughness, swelling, dynamic contact angle, and evaporation simultaneously to predict liquid wicking. A modified capillary radius technique is used to incorporate the effects of roughness and swelling into the numerical model, while a sink factor in Darcy's equation is used to model the evaporation. Experiments are performed to validate the developed models, and it is found that both models are in good agreement with the experiments, with a maximum error of 5%. The proposed analytical and numerical models can be used to forecast the capillary rise in a paper-based substrate, which has implications for paper-based microfluidic devices.

Determination of carbamazepine and its main metabolite in human hair by capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography techniques, both coupled with mass spectrometry

The aim of the research was to determine carbamazepine (CBZ) and its main metabolite 10,11-epoxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine (CBZ-E) in human hair using the capillary electrophoresis (CE) system coupled with mass spectrometry detection (MS) and to compare the obtained results with the liquid chromatography (LC) technique, also coupled with the MS detector. Hair samples were prepared using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) at 60 °C for 10 min in an alkaline solution (pH = 10) with ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent. In the frame of this study, the procedure for the separation of CBZ and CBZ-E using the CE-MS technique was developed. The best results were achieved using 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH=6.8) as the background electrolyte (BGE), after filling the capillary with 1% highly sulfonated β-cyclodextrin (HSβCD) in 10 mM ammonium acetate. Then, the validation parameters of the MAE/CE-MS and MAE/LC-MS methods such as: limit of detection (for CBZ are: 0.36 and 0.22 ng/mg, respectively; for CBZ-E 0.38 and 0.17 ng/mg, respectively), limit of quantification (for CBZ are: 0.86 and 0.72 ng/mg, respectively; for CBZ-E 0.94 and 0.56 ng/mg, respectively), precision (6.91–14.5% and 2.16–15.6%, respectively), recovery (87.7–102.7% and 88.9–105.5%, respectively), and matrix effect (99.5–111.0% and 98.9–115.1%, respectively) were defined and compared. Finally, the validated methods were applied to identify and quantify carbamazepine and its metabolite in hair in patients who received CBZ for medical reasons.

Operation characteristics of a disk-type rotating detonation engine

In the present work, operation characteristics of a disk-type rotating detonation engine (DRDE) with a constant chamber area were experimentally studied for various total mass flow rates and a wide variety of equivalence ratios of hydrogen–air mixtures. From the direct visualizations, the rotating detonation wave was found to propagate near the outer wall of the combustion chamber, regardless of the wave mode. For the present test conditions, single- and double-wave modes are observed, depending on the equivalence ratio of the mixture. The pressure gain was evaluated based on a one-dimensional flow model together with the chamber static pressure measured with the capillary tube average pressure technique. Although the present DRDE configuration provided a negative pressure gain for all the test conditions, it was found that the single-wave mode was superior to the double-wave mode in terms of the pressure gain.

Biological Activities and Analytical Methods for Detecting Aucubin and Catalpol Iridoid Glycosides in Plantago Species: A Review Study

Background: Plantago species contain aucubin and catalpol iridoid glycosides used in traditional medicine for many purposes. Objectives: To accelerate the utilization of aucubin and catalpol in Plantago species, research should be focused on introducing advanced purification and detection methods. In this regard, the therapeutic activities of aucubin and catalpol compounds are mentioned to confirm their effectiveness in medicinal uses. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the keywords “Aucubin and Catalpol + Plantago” in the public domains of Google scholar. Results: The iridoid patterns exhibited a significant correlation with morphological and other chemical specifications of the representatives of the genus Plantago. Commonly, iridoid glycosides are detected with gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and capillary electrophoresis techniques. The most common methods are HPLC and HPTLC. Aucubin and catalpol are active compounds possessing biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, osteoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Conclusion: This review article comprehensively summarizes cytotoxic activities and detection methods of aucubin and catalpol in Plantago species. The results suggest that Plantago species and their metabolites may benefit human health beyond their traditional uses.

Homeostatic effect of silicon waters

Introduction. There are considered drinking and mineral waters in terms of homeostatic action (hormesis) of water-soluble silicon and the trends of its biological activity and possible negative effects on the human body.&#x0D; Materials and methods. In studied waters the concentration of the systemic homeostatic regulator – peroxide anion-radical was measured by the kinetic chemiluminescent method. The water biological activity was assessed by the extrasubstrate synthesis of adenosine triphosphate by the ATP synthase of microorganisms E.Coli K12 TG1(pF1) with built-in genes for the complete CDABE lux operon of the bacteria V. fischeri 6E luminescent system. The parametrization of the water structural-energy state was carried out according to the cryophysical capillary technique. The study object were low-mineralized drinking water packed in 9-liter polymer containers with an initial silicon content of 12 mg/dm3.&#x0D; Results. The hormetic effect of silicon waters due to self-induction of peroxide anion radicals in water manifests itself in the form of mitochondrial activity and enzyme complexes stimulation, accompanied by activation of the central nervous system, maintenance of nonspecific immunity, and the reproductive system functioning. The degree of silicon water beneficial effect due to the electron-donor and regulatory action of peroxide anion-radicals associates, depends on activation processes during the production and drinking water storage.&#x0D; Limitations. Recommendations for maintaining the biological activity of silica waters do not go beyond the limits established by existing regulatory documents on the safety of drinking waters.&#x0D; Conclusion. The levels of radical anion peroxide production (2.6–5.2 μg/dm3), obtained in the course of this study, correspond to the maximum changes in the biological activity of water activation in the range of 1.4–3.0 (relative to the control – distilled water) in the mode of implementing the conditions of non-local activation. With long-term storage in a polymer container, the ability to activate is lost – such water becomes biologically inert.

Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomics and peptidomics (mid-2018-2022).

This review gives a wide overview of recent advances and applications of capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis methods in the fields of proteomics and peptidomics in the period from mid-2018 up to the end of 2022. The methodological topics covering sample preparation and concentration techniques, hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis methods with mass spectrometry, and multidimensional separations by on-line or off-line coupled different capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography techniques are described and new developments in both bottom-up and top-down approaches in proteomics are presented. In addition, various applications of capillary electrophoresis methods in proteomic and peptidomic studies are demonstrated. They include monitoring of protein posttranslational modifications and applications in biological and biochemical research, clinical peptidomics and proteomics, and food analysis.

Advances and strategies for capillary electrophoresis in the characterization of traditional Chinese medicine: A review of the past decade (2011–2021)

While traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is considered a valuable resource for drug discovery and form a potential basis for drug development, they also carry substantial safety risks due to adverse drug reactions and a lack of understanding of their mechanisms of action. However, due to their highly complex composition, valid analytical methodologies for analyzing TCMs must be developed and promoted. An extensive search of published research and review of scientific papers implies that the increased efficiency and sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis (CE) has attracted much research attention. This review provides an in-depth assessment of CE applications for TCM analysis published in the open literature in the last decade (2011–2021). Our survey findings showed that capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ultraviolet (UV) detection is a capillary electromigration technique frequently utilized for the efficient separation, identification, and quantitation of various active components in highly complex matrices. Different extraction methods, modifiers to the background electrolyte, preconcentration techniques, and mass spectrometry (MS) detectors are used to enhance CE separation selectivity and TCM sensitivity.

Modern Herbal Technology

People are growing more interested in herbal medicines today because of their numerous advantages. Herbal formulations are now widely recognised as successful therapies for a variety of diseases. More than 80% of people throughout the world utilise herbal items and drugs to maintain a healthy lifestyle, even though the majority of these applications are unusual. A number of product abuses and adulterations have also been brought on by the rising use of herbal products, disappointing consumers and manufacturers and, in some cases, having disastrous outcomes. The development of trustworthy analytical methods that can quantitatively analyse marker/bioactive compounds, other essential elements, and accurately profile the phytochemical composition is extremely challenging for scientists. Standardization is a key step in creating a uniform biological activity, consistent chemical profile, or even merely a quality assurance programme for the production and manufacturing of herbal medicines. The current review article describes various conventional methods as well as more recent developments. In fields including DNA fingerprinting, metabolomics, differential pulse polarography, chemometrics, X-ray diffraction, and others, recent advancements have been noticed. The standardisation of herbal remedies benefits from chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis techniques are also described. Objective: 1. Recognize the origin of herbal drugs in their raw materials, from their cultivation to their finished products. 2. Be familiar with the WHO and ICH guidelines for evaluating herbal medications. 3. Understand natural sweeteners, nutraceuticals, and herbal cosmetics 4. Value GMP and the patenting of herbal remedies

Review on Advance Herbal Technology

Recently peoples are becoming attracted towards seasoning medicines thanks to several blessings. seasoning formulations have Reached in depth acceptableness as therapeutic agents for many diseases. Although, most of those applications area unit Unorthodox, it's but a better-known undeniable fact that over eightieth of the globe population depends on seasoning medicines and merchandise For healthy living. This rise within the use of seasoning product has additionally given rise to varied sorts of abuse and adulteration of The product resulting in consumers’ and manufacturers’ disappointment and in some instances fatal consequences. the event of authentic analytical ways which may dependably profile the phytochemical composition, together with Quantitative analyses of marker/bioactive compounds and different major constituents, could be a major challenge to scientists. Standardization is a very important step for the institution of an identical biological activity, an identical chemical profile, or just a high quality assurance program for production and producing of seasoning medication. In gift critical review numerous Convectional ways moreover as newer advances area unit represented. Recent advancements includes desoxyribonucleic acid process, Metabolomics technique, differential pulse chemical analysis, chemometric, X-ray diffraction…etc. area unit discovered. Capillary action and action techniques contributions towards standardization of seasoning medication is additionally reported.

Developed and Validated Capillary Isotachophoresis Method for the Rapid Determining Organic Acids in Children's Saliva.

One of the current challenges facing researchers is the search for alternative biological material, as opposed to routinely and invasively collected (such as blood), as the analysis of the former would provide information about the state of human health, allowing for the diagnosis of diseases in their early stages. With the search for disease biomarkers in alternative materials, the development of newer analytical solutions has been observed. This study aims to develop a reliable analytical method using the capillary isotachophoresis technique for the determination of organic acids in children's saliva, the presence/elevation of which can be used in the future for diagnostic purposes. Organic acids such as formic, lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid, were determined in the saliva of healthy children without carious lesions. The limit of quantification determined in the validation process was found to vary from 0.05 to 1.56 mg/L, the recoveries at the two levels were determined to vary between 90% and 110% for level I, while for level II the corresponding values of 75% and 106% were found; the presentation, expressed as relative standard deviation values (RSD), did not exceed 5%. The parameters determined while validating the results method indicated that the obtained are reliable. The Red-Green-Blue (RGB) additive color model was used for the evaluation of the method. This comparative analysis allowed us to define the color of the method, which expresses whether it meets the given assumptions and requirements. According to the RGB model, the isotachophoresis method developed requires less reagent input, shorter sample preparation times, and results with lower energy consumption. Thus, the subject procedure may provide an alternative, routine tool for determining organic acids in human saliva, to be applied in the diagnosing of diseases of various etiological origins.

Evaluation of reinforcement effect of capillary condensation technique in teeth with simulated internal resorption cavity: An in vitro study

Aim: To evaluate the reinforcement effect of capillary condensation technique in teeth with simulated internal resorption cavity. Materials and Methods: G*Power software (effect size d = 0.59) was used to calculate the sample size. Thirty-six mandibular premolars with a single canal were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction to standardize 12 mm length of the root. Biomechanical preparation was done with ProTaper Universal rotary up to F4. #08 size round bur was used to prepare an internal resorption cavity of uniform diameter in the middle third of the root. Random sample allocation was done into experimental and control groups: Group I, positive control Group – noninstrumented teeth; Group II, negative control Group – teeth with biomechanical preparation but without obturation; Group III, teeth with a bioceramic sealer (EndoSequence BC Sealer, Brasseler, USA) application with conventional technique and hybrid technique of obturation; and Group IV, capillary condensation technique of bioceramic sealer along with master cone gutta-percha. The samples were subjected to evaluation of fracture resistance using a universal testing machine (Instron-3369). Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis of the data was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests with P < 0.05. Results: The positive control group demonstrated the highest fracture resistance with a mean of 574.44 Newton (N), whereas the negative control group demonstrated fracture resistance with a mean of 162.22 N. The capillary condensation technique group demonstrated fracture resistance with a mean of 202.22 N, followed by the hybrid technique group with a mean of 172.22 N. Conclusion: The results were statistically similar between hybrid technique and capillary condensation technique. However, capillary condensation technique showed higher values compared to hybrid technique.

Пищевая аллергия у детей с атопическим дерматитом (возможности лабораторной диагностики)

Objective - determination of the frequency of manifestation of allergic reactions of reaginic and cellular types in vitro to food allergens in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). Materials and methods. We examined 284 children aged 0 to 14 years: 200 children with AD in 4 age groups and 84 control children. Investigated total IgE, histamine and serotonin in the blood. A semi-quantitative method in ELISA identified specific IgE antibodies to 67 food allergens, and in leukocyte migration capillary tube technique (LMCT) the presence of delayed-type sensitization to 42 food allergens. Results. The levels of total Ig E, histamine and serotonin in children with AD were significantly higher than the control. The average value of positive results for the presence of specific IgE antibodies to any food allergens was 46.2±4.57%. Banana, goat's milk, tomatoes, egg protein and cow's milk casein topped the ranking. According to the results of LMCT, delayed sensitization of the cell type was determined on average in 40.38±4.81% of tests. The leaders were allergens of hake, black coffee, glucose, peas, rye flour, orange, corn flour and peanuts. Conclusions.AD develops in children already at an early age (up to 3 years), with an excess of control values of total serum IgE by 4.8 times (p&lt;0.01), histamine - by 1.3 times (p&lt;0.01), serotonin - 1.2 times (р&lt;0.001). Reaginic and cellular reactions are involved in the occurrence of food sensitization. Methods of laboratory diagnosis of food allergy are preferable to skin tests and allow young children to simultaneously determine sensitization to a large number of allergens.