CAPD Patients Research Articles

The influence factors of blood pressure circadian rhythm in peritoneal dialysis patients and its relationship with residual renal function and cardiac function

Objective Observed the characteristics and influence factors of blood pressure circadian rhythm in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. To investigate the effect of residual renal function and cardiac function. Methods Prospectively collected 120 cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis from June 2016 to March 2017 in Tangshan renal medicine dialysis centers, who combined with hypertension were treated with peritoneal dialysis for more than 3 months. According to the dynamic monitoring blood pressure circadian rhythm of blood pressure, 120 cases were divided into the normal rhythm of blood pressure and the abnormal blood pressure rhythm group. Collected medical history; Tested related test index respectively; Cardiac ultrasound. According to the formula to calculate residual renal function, left ventricular mass index, Eingabe/Ausgabe, Ejection Fraction. Univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of residual renal function and cardiac function. Results CAPD patients with normal blood pressure rhythm in 14 cases(11.7%), abnormal blood pressure rhythm in 106 cases (88.3%) , Among them, non dipper blood pressure accounted for 75 cases(62.5%). Single factor and multiple factors unconditioned logistic regression analysis revealed that after the comparison of gender and age, Risk factors for abnormal circadian rhythm of blood pressure were: UA(OR=1.197, 95%CI: 1.099-1.441), CRP(OR=1.170, 95%CI: 1.061-1.331), RRF(OR=1.389, 95%CI: 1.160-1.779). Using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis of dangerous factors affecting residual renal function and cardiac function, we found: Residual renal function negatively correlated with left ventricular myocardial mass index, systolic blood pressure drops at night rate, and ultrafiltration volume; LVMI (cardiac function) Positively correlated with 24 h average systolic blood pressure, and negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure drop ratio and residual renal function at night. Abnormal circadian rhythm of blood pressure may lead to the decline of residual renal function and cardiac function. Conclusions UA, CRP and RRF may affect the CAPD patients blood pressure circadian rhythm. At the same time, abnormal circadian rhythm of blood pressure may lead to the decline of residual renal function and cardiac function. Therefore, pay attention to the monitoring and control of ABPM, can better protect the residual renal function and improve cardiac function, so as to prolong and improve the survival time and quality of life of patients with CAPD. Key words: Peritoneal dialysis; Blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory; CKD; Blood pressure circadian rhythm

Assessment of Malnutrition of Dialysis Patients and Comparison of Nutritional Parameters of CAPD and Hemodialysis Patients

Assessment of Malnutrition of Dialysis Patients and Comparison of Nutritional Parameters of CAPD and Hemodialysis Patients

Phosphate equilibration rate and daily clearance in patients on CAPD, CCPD and APD.

Criteria for how to assess removal rate of inorganic phosphorous (iP) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and whether iP removal differs between different PD modalities are debated. In a cross-sectional study, 73 prevalent patients on continuous ambulatory PD (n = 16), continuous cyclic PD (n = 8) or automated PD (n = 49) with mean age 54 (range, 18-87) years, 46 males, underwent standard peritoneal equilibration test (PET) and 24-hour collection of dialysate with measurements of iP, urea and creatinine in all samples and bags. There were 11 slow, 53 average, and 9 fast transporters. D/P ratios for iP and creatinine at 4 h of PET were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.86, p<0.0001). Allocation of patients into slow, average and fast transporters according to D/P ratios for iP and creatinine was essentially similar. Whereas the weekly peritoneal clearance of iP (30.8 ± 16.6 L/wk) was lower than that of creatinine (38.4 ± 14.9 L/wk), clearances were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.89, p<0.0001). The correlation between peritoneal weekly clearance of iP and urea KT/V was however weak (ρ = 0.56, p<0.0001. CAPD patients had higher iP clearance than APD patients, 43.2 ± 14.9 versus 24.7 ± 13.4 L/wk (p<0.05); however, serum iP concentrations did not differ. Creatinine is a good surrogate marker for phosphate removal, both as assessed by PET and by 24 hours' clearance, in different PD modalities. Therefore, a separate PET scale for phosphate may not be needed. iP removal was greater with CAPD than APD but serum phosphate levels did not differ.

Impact of Volume Management on Volume Overload and Rehospitalization in CAPD Patients.

Heart failure due to volume overload is a major reason for rehospitalization in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Strict volume control provides better cardiac functions and blood pressure in this population. Volume management, which is a volume control strategy, may decrease volume overload and related complications. Using a quasi-experimental design, 66 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group ( n = 34) and control group ( n = 32). The patients were followed up for 6 months with scheduled clinic and/or telephone visits; the intervention group adopted volume management strategy, while the control group adopted conventional care. Volume overload and cardiac function were compared between the two groups at the baseline and at 6 months. At Month 6, the intervention group resulted in significant improvement in volume overloaded status, cardiac function, and volume-overload-related rehospitalization. Volume management strategy allows for better control of volume overload and is associated with fewer volume-related readmissions.

Conformity Scores Differentiate Older Hemodialyzed Patients and Patients with Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis.

BackgroundConformity is a psychological variable related to the propensity of an individual to match his or her behavior and opinion to the perceived social and cultural norm, even if these do not represent the true beliefs of the person. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the psychological variable of conformity is different in two distinct modes of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Material/MethodsA total of 56 hemodialyzed patients (HD group), 45 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients (CAPD group) and 62 healthy volunteers (CONTR group) were enrolled in the study. The Social Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) was employed, and chart review was performed to collect clinical data.ResultsWhen age was not a factor, the conformity measure was significantly higher in the HD group compared with the CAPD and CONTR groups. The lowest conformity was found in healthy participants who were asked to imagine an acute medical problem. The highest conformity was found in older HD and CAPD patients.ConclusionsBeing chronically ill and having adaptable views may be more favorable traits for coping with ESRD in dialyzed patients, especially in elderly HD patients. On the other hand, conformity can be deleterious if CAPD patients decide to overlook certain facts or not confront the medical aspects of their condition.

Fasudil inhibits tissue factor and plasminogen activator Inhibitor-1 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CAPD patients

Disturbances in hemostasis are common complications of kidney diseases and correlate well with cardiovascular mortality. Little is known about the effects of fasudil on tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in CAPD patients. PBMCs were isolated from 13 individuals with CAPD and 13 healthy subjects. After 4 h of incubation with or without LPS (10 ng/mL), TF and PAI-1 mRNA of PBMCs were detected by RT-PCR. The levels of TF and PAI-1 in culture supernatants of PBMCs were determined by ELISA. Compared with healthy controls, CAPD patients had increased TF, PAI-1 protein and mRNA expression by PBMCs at baseline and after stimulated by LPS (10 ng/mL) [p < 0.001]. The fasudil treatment resulted in a significant effect in decreasing TF and PAI-1 [p < 0.05] synthesis in PBMCs. TF and PAI-1 mRNA expression and activities in PBMCs were increased in CAPD patients. Fasudil reduced LPS-mediated TF and PAI-1 expression and activity in PBMCs. These effects may partially be relevant to the clinical benefits of fasudil in the treatment of CAPD patients.

Role of predictors and rapid diagnosis of fungal peritonitis in CAPD patients

Background: Fungal peritonitis represents one of the most serious complications in patients on CAPD therapy. In the present study we analyze PD patients who developed fungal peritonitis. Methods: In between January 2000 to August 2015, we retrospectively identified fungal PD peritonitis episodes, examined the demographic features, incidence, predictors, causative fungi and outcome. Results: We analyzed 65 episodes of PD associated fungal peritonitis which includes 89.3% Candida species, 1.5% yeast and 9.2% dimorphic fungi. Association between predictors and pathogens was found significant at 0.05 levels. Catheter removal (47.1%) and loss of life (20.6%) was significantly more frequent in patients with diabetes, glomerulonephritis required maximum hospitalization while cure rate (55.6%) was more significant in patients with hypertension. Data were significant at p value of 0.05. Conclusions: Our results suggest that prompt identification of predictors may force us for early intervention to reduce mortality and technique failure in PD associated fungal peritonitis. Early availability of direct microscopy of dialysate pellet became useful for the rapid, aggressive and judicious management of the fungal peritonitis and was the reason of high cure (27.7%) and low mortality (15.7%) in our case series.

Impact of Type D Personality on Quality of Life in CAPD Patients

Impact of Type D Personality on Quality of Life in CAPD Patients

Relationship Among BMI, BP Control and Cardiovascular Mortality in Incident CAPD Patients

Relationship Among BMI, BP Control and Cardiovascular Mortality in Incident CAPD Patients

Ferritin, High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Mortality in Incident CAPD Patients

Ferritin, High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Mortality in Incident CAPD Patients

Is It Beneficial to Convert to a Neutral-pH Bicarbonate/Lactate-Buffered PD Solution in Long-Term CAPD Patients? A Single-Center Prospective Study.

Is It Beneficial to Convert to a Neutral-pH Bicarbonate/Lactate-Buffered PD Solution in Long-Term CAPD Patients? A Single-Center Prospective Study.

Comparison of the Impact of “Fast Decline” in Residual Renal Function and “Initial Anuria” on Long-Term Outcomes in Capd Patients

Residual renal function (RRF) is pivotal to long-term outcomes, while rapid RRF decline (RRFD) is associated with mortality risk for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. This study was conducted to compare the impact of "initial anuria" and rapid RRFD on the long-term prognosis of CAPD patients. According to the timing of anuria and the slope of RRFD, a total of 255 incident CAPD patients were divided into 3 groups. For the "anuria" group, anuria was detected from CAPD initiation and persisted for > 6 months (n = 27). Based on the median of the RRFD slope, the other 228 non-anuric patients were divided into a "slow decliner" group (n = 114), and a "rapid decliner" group (n = 114). The maximal observation period was 120 months. Logistic regression tests indicated that the "anuria" group was associated with previous hemodialysis > 3 months (odds ratio [OR]: 8.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.12 - 23.28), and female (OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09 - 0.90), while the "fast decliner" group with higher Davies co-morbidity scores (DCS) (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.08 - 2.14), body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.21), and male (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.21). After adjusting for DCS, the "fast decliner" group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.17 - 0.80) showed a better outcome than that of the "anuria" group (reference = 1). Both baseline RRF (β = -0.24; p < 0.001) and DCS (β = -3.76; p < 0.001) showed inverse linear correlations to the slope of RRFD. From the Cox proportional analyses, higher baseline RRF (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88 -.97) and higher slope of RRFD (slower decline in RRF) (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85 - 0.96) were independent factors for less mortality risk in patients with DCS = 0. However, only a higher slope of RRFD (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94 - 0.99) was significant for better survival in CAPD patients with DCS > 0. Compared to the baseline RRF, CAPD patients with co-morbidities that rapidly deteriorate RRFD are more crucially associated with long-term mortality risk.

Comparison of Outcomes and Quality of Life between Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in Indian ESRD Population.

Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are important renal replacement treatments in end stage renal disease (ESRD). There is paucity of data comparing outcomes and quality of life (QOL) between the two modalities in Indian scenario. We followed 60 End stage renal disease patients (30 CAPD and 30 Maintenance hemodialysis) for a period of one year. Patients were analysed and compared for complications, physical quality of life and psychological well being with a two part self reported questionnaire at baseline and subsequently at six and twelve months. For the physical component appropriate sections of the McMaster Health Index Questionnaire (MHIQ) and for psychological component Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWB) developed by Dupey was applied. The number of males and females in both groups were comparable (p-value > 0.05).The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, obesity and ischaemic heart disease was comparable in both groups (p-value>0.05). Significantly higher mortality was observed in patients undergoing HD (20% vs 0 %, p-value <0.05) at the end of study. At the end of study, 16.6% of patients undergoing HD were found to be anti HCV positive as compared to 3.33% in CAPD. Six episodes of CAPD peritonitis were observed (0.2 episodes per catheter year). Significantly higher number of CAPD patients had negative responses between 2-4 at baseline and subsequently on follow ups in Part A of QOL questionnaire(86.7 vs 23.3 % at baseline, 80 vs 26.7% at 6 months, 80 vs16.7 % at 12 months; p <0.05 ). Mean score in Part B of questionnaire was significantly higher in CAPD patients at baseline and at all follow ups (66.7±11 vs 50.1±17 at baseline, 66.7±12.1 vs 53.32±16.3 at 6 months, 65.3±9.5 vs 48.8±16.7 at 12 months , p <0.05) . CAPD patients have significantly better quality of life in physical as well as psychological aspects and have significantly lower mortality when compared with hemodialysis patients.

Potential causes of black-stained peritoneal dialysis tubing: an analysis from nurse practitioner's prospect.

BackgroundContinuous Ambulatory Peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has been promoted to be the main method of treatment for Thai End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients; however, a national survey of dialysis centers reported an annual incidence of black-stained particle of 57.6 per 1,000 CAPD cases. The objective of this study was to identify potential causes of the stain in the nurse practitioners’ prospect.FindingsThis study applied three-round Delphi technique. In the first round, the questionnaire was sent to 127 nurses in all dialysis centers. Their responses were analyzed to come up with an anonymous summary, which was presented in the second and third round of the survey among 80 and 200 nurses. The response rates of the three rounds of Delphi were 57.5%, 81.3%, and 75.0%, respectively. Nurses consistently believed that the contamination was caused by spilled-out povidone-iodine solution during transfer set change. Other potential causes were previous peritonitis, inadequate dialysis, low serum albumin, transfer set soaking with antiseptics, patient history of diabetes, dressing technique, and existence of dry abdomen period.ConclusionsBlack-stained particle is a common contamination of dialysis tube in CAPD patients. This study proposed some potential determinants, most of which were relevant to care process.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in Limpopo province, South Africa: predictors of patient and technique survival.

♦ Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is not a frequently used modality of dialysis in many parts of Africa due to several socio-economic factors. Available studies from Africa have shown a strong association between outcome and socio-demographic variables. We sought to assess the outcome of patients treated with CAPD in Limpopo, South Africa. ♦ This was a retrospective study of 152 patients treated with CAPD at the Polokwane Kidney and Dialysis Centre (PKDC) from 2007 to 2012. We collected relevant demographic and biochemical data for all patients included in the study. A composite outcome of death while still on peritoneal dialysis (PD) or CAPD technique failure from any cause requiring a change of modality to hemodialysis (HD) was selected. The peritonitis rate and causes of peritonitis were assessed from 2008 when all related data could be obtained. ♦ There were 52% males in the study and the average age of the patients was 36.8 ± 11.4 years. Unemployment rate was high (71.1%), 41.1% had tap water at home, the average distance travelled to the dialysis center was 122.9 ± 78.2 kilometres and half the patients had a total income less than USD ($)180 per month. Level of education, having electricity at home, having tap water at home, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin and hemoglobin were significantly different between those reaching the composite outcome and those not reaching it (p < 0.05). The overall peritonitis rate was 0.82/year with 1-year, 2-year and 5-year survival found to be 86.7%, 78.7% and 65.3% (patient survival) and 83.3%, 71.7% and 62.1% (technique survival). Predictors of the composite outcome were BMI (p = 0.011), serum albumin (p = 0.030), hemoglobin (p = 0.002) and more than 1 episode of peritonitis (p = 0.038). ♦ Treatment of anemia and malnutrition as well as training and re-training of CAPD patients and staff to prevent recurrence of peritonitis can have positive impacts on CAPD outcomes in this population.

Plasma Free Metanephrine and Normetanephrine Levels are Increased in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with impaired renal function, particularly those on dialysis, frequently exhibit high blood pressure and hemodynamic instability, which often lead to pheochromocytoma assessment. Our objective was to assess plasma free metanephrine (MN) and normetanephrine (NMN) in chronic kidney disease patients (CKD) with or without dialysis. In this prospective observational study we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to evaluate plasma free MN and NMN in 48 CKD patients (15 with stage 3-5 CKD without dialysis, 26 on hemodialysis [HD], and 7 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [CAPD]), 30 patients with histologically proven pheochromocytoma, and 43 hypertensive patients. Adrenal masses were ruled out by abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans in all CKD and control hypertensive patients. All 3 CKD groups (HD, CAPD, and CKD without dialysis) had significantly higher plasma free MN and NMN levels than the control hypertensive group (P<.0055). HD and CAPD patients had significantly lower plasma free NMN (P<.0055), but free MN levels were not significantly different than those observed in pheochromocytoma patients. In patients with HD, CAPD, and CKD without dialysis, plasma free MN and NMN were higher than manufacturer's upper limits of normal in 57.7% and 28.5%, 13.3% and 61.5%, and 85.7% and 26.6%, respectively. Regression models showed that the number of dialysis years was significantly correlated with plasma free MN (r = 0.615, P<.001) but not free NMN. Plasma free MN and NMN levels are frequently elevated in CKD patients, particularly in those on dialysis. Plasma free MN levels significantly overlap with the range in pheochromocytoma patients and correlate with the number of years on dialysis.

The perception of the Illness with Subsequent Outcome Measure in More Favorable in Continuos Peritoneal Dialysis vs Hemodialysis in the Framework of Appraisal Model of Stress

The aim of the study was to use the appraisal model of stress to compare hemodialysis (HD) and continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with special focus on the perception of end-stage renal disease and subsequent emotional profile and health related quality of life (HQoL) in. We hypothesize that different circumstances related to both modes of therapies will result in dissimilar perception of chronic illness with subsequent changes in emotional profile and heath related quality of life. The total of 88 patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) enrolled in hemodialysis (n=52; HD) or continuous peritoneal dialysis (n=36; CAPD) were given a battery of psychological tests: The Profile of Mood States, The Nottingham Health Profile, The Stress Situation Assessment Questionnaire, The Social Appreciation Questionnaire and The Situation and Trait and Anxiety Inventory. All patients perceived ESRD in terms of a loss and a threat. Moreover, CAPD patients evaluated ESRD as a challenge. Despite different perception of ESRD no significant difference in the level of fear, anxiety or emotional profile was found. Both HD and CAPD patient were reported more fatigue/inertia and confusion/bewilderment than control groups. The main health related complaints were similar in both ESRD patients with major complaints of sleeping disturbances, motor limitations and lack of energy. From the psychological point of view, CAPD treatment seems more like challenge to the enrolled patient which is positive outcome. Despite different appraisal of stress mood and health related complaints were similar in both groups. This may be a result of optimal regulation of cognitive perception of the stress depending on the circumstances of therapy.

Body Composition Analysis of Patients on Waiting List for Cadaveric Renal Transplantation: A Comparison of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

BackgroundBioelectrical impedance analysis is a simple, noninvasive method of assessing body composition. Dialysis modality and selection of buffer type may have an impact on body composition. The aim of our study was to compare body compositions of patients from the waiting list for cadaveric renal transplantation according to the dialysis modality. MethodsWe examined a total of 152 (110 hemodialysis [HD] and 42 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [CAPD]) patients. Demographic data were collected from patient charts. The last 6 months routine laboratory evaluations including hemoglobin, serum creatinine, intact parathyroid hormone, albumin, C reactive protein, calcium, phosphorus were collected. Body compositions were measured using the Tanita BC-420MA Body Composition Analyzer (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan). We made a subanalysis of the CAPD group according to buffer choices as follows: lactate-buffered (n = 16) and bicarbonate/lactate–buffered (n = 26) solution users. ResultsThe body weight (P = .022), body mass index (BMI; 25.8 ± 4.7 vs 23.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2, P = .009), muscle mass (P = .01), fat-free mass (P = .013), and visceral fat ratio (9.5 ± 5.4 vs 7.3 ± 4.1 %, P = .022) were significantly higher in the CAPD group. Total body water of CAPD patients were also higher (P = .003), but total body water ratios of HD and CAPD groups were similar. Fat and fat-free mass ratios of patient groups were also similar. Comparing CAPD subgroups we observed that patients using bicarbonate/lactate–buffered solutions had higher body weights (P = .038), BMI (27.1 ± 5 vs 23.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2, P = .018) values, and visceral fat ratios (8.0 ± 5.2 vs 4.6 ± 2.5 %, P = .023). These patients also tend to have higher fat mass without statistical significance (P = .074). Fat, muscle, and fat-free mass total body water ratios of peritoneal dialysis subgroups were similar. ConclusionWe believe that body composition analysis should be used as a complementary method for assessing nutritional status of PD and CAPD patients as body weight or BMI measurements do not reflect fat, muscle masses, and visceral fat ratios in these patients. Stable, well nourished CAPD patients should be closely observed and be encouraged to increase daily exercise and/or decrease calorie intake from other sources to decrease risks associated with abdominal obesity.

The Need for Antibiotic Prophylaxis in CAPD Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy: A Retrospective Multicenter Study

Purpose: In the current guidelines of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) and the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the risk of peritonitis in PD patients is not mentioned. No advice is given about antibiotic prophylaxis prior to colonoscopy in PD patients with increased risk of peritonitis. we investigated the frequency and risk factors of peritonitis, and evaluated the effect of prophylactic antibiotics in CAPD patients undergoing colonoscopy.Table: Table. Characteristics of patients with and without peritonitisMethods: All medical records were searched for CAPD patients undergoing colonoscopy in 7 catholic medical centers from 2003-2012. Results: Total 236 CAPD patients undergoing colonoscopy were enrolled in this study. The overall frequency of CAPD peritonitis after colonoscopy was 3.8% (9 cases). All peritonitis were developed in patients without antibiotics before CFS. Procedures such as polypectomy was the most important risk factor of CAPD peritonitis after CFS (P<0.01) but colonic biopsy did not increase the risk of peritonitis. Conclusion: Prophylactic antibiotics administration should be considered for CAPD patients undergoing colonoscopy, especially with polypectomy.

Correlation between iron stores and QTc dispersion in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

Aim: We aimed to investigate the QT dispersion and corrected QT (QTc) dispersion which are suggested as the signals of ventricular arrhythmias, in patients on maintenance CAPD and to evaluate the correlation between iron stores and these electrocardiographic parameters. Materials and method: Fifty-eight patients on maintenance CAPD and 19 healthy age- and sex-matched adults without cardiac disease were included. The PD patients were divided into two groups according to whether their computerized measurements of QTc dispersion were longer than 65 ms. Results: Although QT interval was statistically significantly shorter in control group (34 ± 28 vs. 43 ± 34 ms; p < 0.05), there was no significant difference in regards to the QTc, QT dispersion and QTc dispersion between two groups. PD patients with QTc dispersion longer than 65 ms had higher levels of serum ferritin (p = 0.038) and transferrin saturation (TSAT; p = 0.022) than the others. QTc dispersion were positively correlated with ferritin (r = 0.469, p < 0.01) and TSAT (r = 0.430, p < 0.01) in CAPD patients. Conclusion: Although prolonged QTc, QT dispersion and QTc dispersion were suggested as the markers of ventricular arrhythmias we did not find any significant difference in regards to these parameters between control patients and CAPD patients. But the high body iron stores in these patients increase the risk of increased QT dispersion. The concern over iron overload in dialysis patients is not only because of its oxidative toxicity, but also its precipitation of arrhythmias, which may be measured by the surrogate marker of QTc dispersion.