Capacity Of Vessels Research Articles

Balance efficient shuttle routing and fast order execution on a vehicle compound

Vehicle compounds, especially at large seaports, are essential hubs for finished vehicle logistics. They serve as a link between different traffic carriers, i.e. vessels, trains and lorries. At the same time, they offer large storage areas, which act as a buffer for the inbound and outbound logistics. The increasing capacity of vessels and a decreasing number of lay days challenges the compounds to implement an efficient inter-terminal logistic to keep up with the resulting time restrictions. As vehicles have to be loaded/unloaded by drivers (roll-on/roll-off) and shuttles are used to transfer drivers to these vehicles, an efficient shuttle routing is crucial for picking up and dropping off drivers in appropriate time. A high productivity has to be ensured by proceeding many vehicles. While we formulate the assignment of vehicles to drivers as orders and optional usage of shuttles in an assignment problem, we separate the routing problem for the shuttles to attenuate the computational effort. While this separation allows for flexibility to choose different routing algorithms, they affect the overall performance, i.e. the number of completed orders. We implement a FIFO and a Branch and Bound routing algorithm. For the latter, we introduce penalty parameters to weight a fast execution of orders against an efficient shuttle routing. The parameters are explored in a full-factorial sampling to evaluate the performance.

Revenue management in liner shipping: Addressing the vessel capacity challenge

An empty slot on a container vessel can be impossible to fill due to complex seaworthiness and port requirements. This vessel capacity challenge is well known in the industry, but it is hard to address in practice. For that reason, revenue management (RM) methods in liner shipping rely on simple capacity models based on maximum volume, weight, and number of refrigerated containers. In this article, we challenge this status quo by introducing the standard capacity model (SCM). The SCM is a linear programming feasible set that includes all major capacity reducing aspects of container vessel and port operations such as naval design, stability, stress forces, lashing forces, trim, draft, restows, and quay crane work time. We apply the SCM to a state-of-the-art RM method and optimize yield over a 90 days period of Maersk’s Asia-Europe services in 2018 with 296 port calls. The model solves to optimality in less than 25 min and shows that the simple capacity model used in RM today can overestimate yield by more than 20% compared to the SCM. This is substantial in an industry, where profit margins of a few percent are the norm.

Regional cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive performance among people with risk of cognitive decline

AbstractBackgroundCerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is an indicator of the compensatory dilatory capacity of blood vessel in the brain in response to vasoactive stimuli. BOLD MRI‐measured CVR showed that CVR is correlated with cognition. However, BOLD signal is a complex combination of multiple parameters such as cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume, and oxygen metabolism. In this study, we directly measured CBF using dynamic arterial spin labeling (ASL) during a hypercapnia challenge and tested if regional CVR or CBF is related to cognitive performance among people with risk of cognitive decline.MethodSeventy‐eight subjects (age: 69±7.18 years, M/F: 22/56; BMI: 27.29±5.12; years of education: 15.6 ±2.45; 12 Type 2 diabetes with 6 under treatment; 38 hypertension; 23 under treatment or 14 both; MMSE score: 28.41±1.43) enrolled in the Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC) Clinical Core cohort underwent Pseudo‐continuous ASL during a 2‐minute baseline and a 2‐minute hypercapnic period with a RespirAct computer‐controlled gas blender, targeting 10mmHg higher end‐tidal CO2 level than the baseline while end‐tidal O2 level is maintained. Partial volume corrected voxel‐wise CVR was calculated (Figure 1). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between CBF or CVR and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in each ROI with adjustment for covariates: age, sex, race, BMI, years of education, hypertension/diabetic status, hypertension/diabetic medication status, and regional volume.ResultMultivariable linear regression analysis of CVR in the whole brain gray and white matter were positively associated with MMSE score (gray matter: =0.662, p=0.003, white matter: =0.474, p=0.027) (Figure 2‐a and b). Lower MMSE scores were significantly associated with lower CVR (corrected p<0.05) in 26 regions out of 122 gray matter ROIs (Figure 2‐c and 3). There was no significant relationship between regional white matter CVR and MMSE and between baseline CBF and MMSE score.ConclusionLower CVR in the whole brain gray and white matter and in the regional gray matter was related to lower MMSE score, while resting CBF showed no significant relationship with cognitive performance. Therefore, impaired CVR in the reported gray matter regions may be imaging biomarkers that predict cognitive performance.

Machine learning methods for predicting marine port accidents: a case study in container terminal

ABSTRACT Rapid changes in voyage orders and increased container throughput could lead to undesirable situations such as incidents or accidents in maritime ports. As the demand for maritime transport grows, historical accident reports and data-driven approaches could help to achieve safer and quicker door-to-door transportation. In this scope, the cargo operation data retrieved from the terminal operating system and accident reports are analysed using machine learning classification methods for two sample maritime container terminals located in Turkey. The calculation of accident prediction is studied with features such as vessel capacity, weather information, and cargo handling time. As a validation process, the second container terminal data is used for predicting operation-related accidents. The findings show that XGBoost, LightGBM, and KNN algorithms performed accident prediction with precision metrics of 0.98 for Terminal B and over 0.99–1 for Terminal A amongst the other machine learning classification methods for one-day intervals.

Floating marine debris mitigation by vessel routing modeling and optimization considering carbon emission and travel time

Macro-marine debris becomes a global thorny issue to human beings and people are keeping trying every means to mitigate the risk of it. In this paper, we propose to use vessel and develop optimal vessel routing network to collect macro-marine debris on the nearshore surface. Due to the integrated force of winds and ocean currents, debris constantly changes floating location in the ocean. Advanced remote sensing technology and General National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME) software are employed to identify debris locations and track the drifting trajectory, respectively. In order to balance collecting efficiency and vessel emission reduction, we propose a bi-objective mixed integer nonlinear programming model for vessel routing to minimize travel time and carbon emission, considering time window at debris location, vessel capacity, low/medium/high vessel speed, and cost including carbon tax. A novel pheromone heuristic adaptive large neighborhood search (PHALNS ) algorithm combined with archived multi-objective simulated annealing (AMOSA) mechanism is developed to solve the proposed model. The Yangtze River Estuary region is taken as a numerical example to verify the proposed model and algorithm. Six criterions are introduced to evaluate the best collection time, and the proposed algorithm is also compared with NSGA II algorithm. The results show that low carbon emission and cost effective could be achieved simultaneously, and vessel speed has larger impact than the route scheme.

Unmanned Navigation Development Prospects Based on Structural Analysis of Automated Vessel Control System

The reduction of vessel crew counts and increased automation have been observed in marine and river vessels for several decades. These processes are based, firstly, on the development of modern technology and, secondly, on the urge to reduce the so-called human factor, which is recognized today as one of the key causes of water transport emergencies. It is expected that unmanned navigation will help reduce operational costs, increase the carrying capacity of vessels, and reduce the impact of the human factor on the safety of navigation. This, in its turn, requires the development of a reliable and safe automated control system for unmanned vessels. This article aims to assess the development prospects of unmanned navigation based on the structural analysis of such systems. In the first part of this article, the authors review the classification of control systems depending on the degree of vessel autonomy and the generalized structure of the unmanned vessel control system. In the second part, the authors review the control system structure for a remote-control unmanned vessel and that for an autonomous unmanned vessel.

Paravasal Connective Tissue Parameters Vs. Morpho-Functional Indicators In The Intraorgan Blood Vessels Of The Younger Men Lungs

Objective — The objective of this research was to identify correlations between the paravasal components connective tissue of the blood vessels of lungs and their morpho-functional parameters. Material and Methods — In order to determine the structure of the paravasal connective tissue, the histotopographic and histological examination of lung preparations of 20 men corpses of the first mature age period was held, to determine the capacity and capacitive characteristics of the vascular bed, the determination of the Kernogan index (IK) and the veno-arterial index (VAI) were carried out. Results — It was ascertained that in the structure of the paravasal connective tissue two layers could be conditionally distinguished – the "central" and "peripheral", differing in the architectonics of the fibrous component, the nature of interaction with nearby anatomical structures. It was also revealed that infrared venous vessels IK was expressed in a greater degree in comparison with arterial. When determining VAI vascular, the channel revealed that the area of venous vessels prevailed over the arterial area. Besides, the clear correlation relationships of the structural elements of the paravasal connective tissues were investigated with arterial and venous vessel capacity values and their capacitive characteristics. Conclusion — The presence of correlation relationships confirmed a clear interaction between structural organization of the paravasal connective tissue and the functional activity of the blood vessels, providing optimal hemodynamic conditions in the organ.

Transluminal compression increases mechanical stability, stiffness and endothelialization capacity of fibrin-based bioartificial blood vessels

Fibrin is used successfully as a biological matrix in various bioengineering approaches. Its unique combination of autologous availability, hemocompatibility and biological activity makes it an almost ideal matrix material for vascular tissue engineering. However, clinical application of fibrin-based bioartificial blood vessels is still limited due to insufficient mechanical stability and stiffness of fibrin matrices. Biomechanical properties of fibrin-based constructs can potentially be modified by adjusting matrix density. Thus, as an attempt to optimize strength and elasticity of fibrin matrices for vascular tissue engineering applications, we developed a simple and reproducible method for transluminal compression of small-diameter fibrin-based vessels: After initial polymerization of high-concentration fibrin matrices in a vascular mold, vessels were compressed using an intraluminal angioplasty balloon. Vessels compacted with different pressures were compared for ultimate strength, elastic and structural properties and cellularization capacity.Transluminal compression increased fibrin network density and facilitated rapid production of homogenous vessels with a length of 10 cm. Compared to non-compressed controls, compacted fibrin vessels showed superior maximal burst pressure (199.8 mmHg vs. 94.0 mmHg), physiological elastic properties similar to the elastic behavior of natural arteries and higher luminal endothelial cell coverage (98.6% vs. 34.6%). Thus, transluminal compaction represents a suitable technique to enhance biomechanical properties of fibrin-based bioartificial vessels while preserving the biological advantages of this promising biomaterial.

Water physical factor analysis using aqua-modis image data to determine the tour ship route in Karimunjawa

Tourism development is closely related to the sustainable development that has been declared by the Government. The development of the tourism sector is in line with national development goals. The tourism development must be based on sustainability criteria, which means that development which was environmentally supported in the long-term as well as economically feasible, ethically fair, and socially fair to society. The condition of sea transportation (accessibility) of the Karimunjawa Islands people toward mainland (Java Island) was very limited, that was an average of 10 trips / week in and out of the Karimunjawa port, until the end of 2012. The Inter-island transportation was using fishing boats. This become an obstacle for economic activity, fulfilled the needs of coastal communities and the limited number of tourist visits. The purpose of this research was to identify the average range of water parameters for the route of the tour ship using aqua-modis and to analyze the average range of the waters suitability for determining the port of tour ship. The results of the study used aqua-modis image data, the range of average water temperature in Karimunjawa was ranged from 27 - 320C, the average depth measurement was ranged from 2 - 3 meters at high and low tide, while the average current was ranged from 0.8 - 1.0 m / s. The results of this study proved that the physical parameters of Karimunjawa water were very suitable for tour routes with the category of long vessel capacity with 12 m dimensions, 10 m width, 2.1 m and with an engine size of 5 GT.

Big Data Insights into Container Vessel Dwell Times

Analysis of automatic identification system (AIS) vessel call records can greatly improve our understanding of container vessel dwell times when coupled with information on port volumes and vessel schedules. Port productivity discussions often use vessel time in port—referred to as dwell time, turnaround time, or berth time—as a primary metric. This emphasis implies a need to understand the factors that determine dwell time, especially in port comparisons. Previous dwell time analyses have been handicapped by limited data. This analysis differs in that it uses a multiyear, multiport database covering all relevant vessel calls at major continental U.S. container ports (Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Houston, Jacksonville, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Miami, Mobile, New Orleans, Northwest Seaport Alliance, New York–New Jersey, Oakland, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, Port Everglades, Savannah, Virginia, and Wilmington, NC), and by including vessel schedules and seasonality. The analysis indicated a much stronger association of dwell time with expected cargo volume at each call than with vessel capacity, and expected cargo volumes helped explain port dwell time differences. The analysis also found that vessel schedules may be the primary determinants of dwell time, and that schedule adherence may thus be equally important as dwell time per se. Seasonality also affected container vessel dwell time, but that influence may be complex as both weather conditions and seasonal cargo peaks probably affect the outcomes. Promising avenues for future research lie in merging AIS vessel call records with other data sets that, unfortunately, may not yet exist or be accessible.

A hybrid algorithm on the vessel routing optimization for marine debris collection

More and more marine debris not only damages the environment, but also endangers human health and marine life. Since the location of marine debris is not fixed, we first apply the GNOME software to predict the trajectory of marine debris and determine its location. Then, the logistics network is used to optimize the collection of marine debris. A mixed integer linear programming model for debris vessel routing is proposed. The objective function is to minimize the total cost, which includes the fuel cost consisting of is a piecewise linear function, labor cost, and fixed cost consisting of rent and insurance relative to the vessels used, taking into account the vessel weight capacity, fuel tank capacity, and time windows constraint at each debris location. We propose a hybrid algorithm of adaptive large-scale neighborhood search, combined with a wolf pack algorithm. This paper takes Yangtze River Estuary to the East China Sea as an example to verify the proposed model and algorithm. The results show that, compared with the worst-case, the most appropriate collection time can save up to 6.38% of the cost, which is about $75,590 per calendar year. The sensitivity analysis of debris weight and vessel capacity is also performed.

Management policy of small-scale tuna fisheries based on island cluster in Maluku

Tuna is one of essential economic fish commodities in Maluku which mostly caught by handline and trolling line small scale fishery with fishing vessel capacity under 5 GT. The fishing vessel numbers and fish production of this fishery are declining recently, and the catching was predominantly by small size. The highest yellowfin tuna production was found in Island Cluster 7 amounted to 9,107 tones or 31% of total yellowfin tuna production in Maluku by 2019. This study was aimed to analyze the condition of yellowfin tuna in Maluku and to propose a management policy for small-scale tuna fishery base on Island Cluster. Result shows that the production between 2013-2019 was stagnant with a declining tendency. The implementation of island cluster approach in small-scale tuna fishery management will increase the efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness on it, especially at the potential island clusters 7, 5, and 4. Of all-island clusters found, island cluster 7 having the highest performance indicator for small-scale tuna fishery.

A data fusion approach to predict shipping efficiency for bulk carriers

Maritime waterways are critical transportation systems that connect economies and manufacturing centers. Growing demand for freight movement, along with industry commitment to minimize its environmental impact, has increased emphasis on port and vessel efficiency. Yet, few objective performance measures exist to inform decision making for system improvements. There is an existing gap in quantifiable and objective metrics for maritime transport systems which motivated this work to investigate waterway performance efficiencies through big data analytics. Availability of big data affords practitioners and researchers the opportunity to develop new performance-based metrics to improve maritime logistics. This study focused on short sea shipping logistics of iron ore in the Great Lakes and makes three fundamental contributions. Principally, we propose a maritime transport efficiency (MTE) metric attained through fusion of data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and navigation lock data that integrates travel time and vessel payload. We present a linear model to predict vessel capacity based on water surface elevation which will enable practitioners to better adapt to seasonal changes and dredging needs specific to the Great Lakes. Additionally, we present travel time statistics for bulk carriers on the waterway observed through historical AIS data which extends the body of knowledge from earlier works and establishes a reference for system performance. Techniques presented here are effective in capturing travel time statistics in a non-linear interconnected system. This data-driven approach offers new insights for logistics planning and optimization with direct applications to short sea shipping and inland waterways systems. These insights to port and fleet performance allow for querying and simulation of cost impact from investment strategies aimed to improve efficiency or maximize value for operational expenses.

A numerical assessment of jetty side support system

Steel sheet piles are amongst the most common kinds of quay walls used in the construction of port and harbor facilities. These are used most often for the birth of small crafts that have limited dimensions and capacity. An increasing number of berths require upgrades because of the growing market in marine traffic around the world, as well as continuously increasing dimensions and vessel capacities. A number of methods can be used to increase the steel sheet pile wall’s load-carrying capacity, including the use of double sheets with intermediate tie rods. This case study aims to evaluate the use of PLAXIS 3D to check system safety and to ensure sufficient capacity to withstand seismic design forces.

Optimization of Marine Debris Collection Routing for Solar and Diesel Hybrid Power Vessels

With the increase of marine debris and the serious destruction of the ecological environment, marine debris collection has become an urgent task facing us. In this paper, the logistics network is used to optimize the routing of marine debris collection vessels. In order to reduce carbon emissions, we choose to use new energy waste collection vessels which have solar and diesel hybrid power. The objection of this paper is to minimize the total cost. The constraints include time window, vessel capacity and carbon emissions, which are solved by large-scale neighborhood search algorithm. Taking the East China Sea as an example, the results show that the total cost and total time can be saved by 20.58% and 17.43% respectively by choosing the best debris collection time. Under different environmental conditions, when the photovoltaic penetration of solar hybrid vessel reaches 75%, the cost can be saved by 22.14%, and the carbon emission can be reduced by 74.7%. Through the analysis of different types of vessels, it is found that 11.85% of the cost can be saved by selecting the best vessel type.

The emergence of very large container vessel (VLCV) in maritime trade: implications on the Malaysian seaport operations

Revolution in containerization has caused an impressive advancement in container shipping and significant developments have been witnessed in this industry, including infrastructure expansions, modern system design, technological advancement, emergence of multimodalism, and introduction of co-modality, as well as improvement in the mechanism of interoperability. Owing to a significant dynamism in maritime logistics, it is projected that the amplification of vessel capacity will continue and achieve up to 24,000 TEUs in coming years and even larger in order to cope with the demand of economies of scale (EOS). The increasing trend of throughput at container terminals to which the very large container vessels (VLCVs) have contributed has challenged seaport decision makers to carry out immense infrastructure improvements and make massive investments in current seaport terminals. Predicated on the previous issues, a question has been raised about the benefits and equality between seaports and liner shipping operators due to the emergence of VLCVs. As a result, this paper has identified, analyzed, and evaluated the impact of VLCVs on Malaysian seaport operations and infrastructures from the sustainability management perspectives. In order to achieve the research objectives, two mathematical methods are employed: the analytical hierarchical process and evidential reasoning. Three major seaports in Malaysia are selected, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas, Northport, and Westport, as case studies in this paper. The result obtained from this paper will assist seaport operators to develop their substantial strategies for adapting to the emergence of VLCVs.

Study on the LNG Distribution to Bali – Nusa Tenggara Power Plants Utilizing Mini LNG Carriers

LNG has proven to be a green enegy source and reliable for environmentally, it’s combustion residue produces much cleaner pollutants than other fossil fuels. The Ministry of MEMR shows that the increasing demand for national electricity reaches 7.5% each year. Mini LNG carrier is an alternative solution for distribution liquid natural gas to archipelago areas with an operational cost effectiveness challenge. Power plants located in Bali and Nusa Tenggara Island are used as a case study. The aim of this study is to calculate LNG distribution using mini LNG carriers, estimate the operational cost in each power plants and risk assessment. The capacity of vessel and power plants set as the constraint, LCT non-conventional as mini LNG carrier carry out 32 ISO Tank 20ft. Hence its is need 26 mini LNG carrier to supply power plant in Bali and Nusa Tenggara as scenario 1, while 7 mini LNG carrier have to provided to supply power plant in Bali and Lombok as scenario 2. Scenario 1 is inefficient because it requires high investment and operational aspects. The final risk assessment based on hazard analysis due to hydrocarbon handling an F-N curve was found to be in ALARP compared to acceptance criteria.

Technical requirements and economic benefit evaluation of interaction between vessel charging and battery swapping stations and power Grid

Electric vessels have developed rapidly with the advancement of transportation electrification in recent years. The power battery capacity of large vessels usually reaches several MWhs, in which case battery change technology is more applicable. A vessel charging and battery swapping station has the dual attributes of power utilization and energy storage and can realize Vessel to Grid through charging and discharging facilities. Aiming at the scenarios of interaction between vessel charging and battery swapping stations and the power grid, this paper studied technical requirements of several participants, established an input-output analysis model and analyzed multiple influencing factors. The results show that revenues cannot be increased effectively with the increase of the number of spare batteries alone; the interactive service can achieve a balance of payments when the battery cost is higher than 1.4 ¥/ Wh, and; benefits may not be gained when the battery life is less than 5 years.

Расчет технических характеристик судов технического флота, задействованных в обеспечении безопасности морских объектов нефтегазового комплекса

Violation of industrial safety rules during the operation of offshore facilities for the production, storage and transportation of the hydrocarbon raw materials leads in the most cases to pollution of the marine environment with oil and its components. The works on localization and elimination of such pollution are carried out with the help of vessels of the technical support fleet and booms. When developing oil spill response plans at such facilities, a calculated determination of the technical characteristics of vessels and booms is required that are sufficient to carry out the planned activities. The basic design principles for determining the towing capacity of the technical fleet vessels involved in the localization and elimination of oil and oil product spills by trawling methods are given in the article. The calculation is based on theoretical studies performed by the authors of the physical processes occurring during the movement of objects of a mobile trawling order in the sea area. The results obtained during the course of theoretical studies were confirmed by the experimental studies carried out by the authors personally using the real pieces of equipment in the actual development of tasks for training spill containment by trawling. As a result, the empirical dependencies were obtained and experimentally confirmed, which can be used to calculate technical characteristics of the ships as part of the mobile orders and anchor systems as part of stationary orders intended for the localization and elimination of oil pollution. These results can be used, among other things, for the calculated substantiation of the technical characteristics of the technical fleet vessels designed to ensure safety of the offshore facilities for production, storage, and transportation of the hydrocarbon raw materials.

Do efficient small-scale fishers stay active in eras of introducing individual transferable quotas? Evidence from Denmark

Theory suggests the use of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) as a solution to overcapacity and to keep efficient fishers active. While the reduction of overcapacity under ITQ implementation is well documented, empirical evidence on the role of capacity utilisation in adjusting the labour force is scarce. This article analyses whether the capacity utilisation of the vessels that fishers own/work on influences their probability of continuing fishing or whether factors such as fishing income and pension are more important. Danish small-scale fisheries with vessels less than 17 m in length, in which ITQs were introduced in 2007, are studied using a multinomial logit regression based on a unique dataset of individual income and socioeconomic characteristics of Danish fishers in the period 2002-2012 as well as individual vessel data. Together with other relevant socioeconomic variables, vessel capacity utilisation is included in the regression. The latter is identified in a productivity analysis of all commercial active vessels using Data Envelopment Analysis. It is found that increasing vessel capacity utilisation both significantly and positively influences the decision to stay in a small-scale fishery. Increasing income from fisheries also significantly influences the probability of staying in the fishery business. The Danish results provide evidence that the most efficient fishers are those who remain active when ITQs are implemented.