Throughput Capacity Research Articles

Semantic mask-based two-step approach: a general framework for X-ray diffraction peak search in high-throughput molecular sieve synthetic system

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used for characterizing the crystal structure of molecular sieves after synthetic experiments. However, for a high-throughput molecular sieve synthetic system, the huge amount of data derived from large throughput capacity makes it difficult to analyze timely. While the kernel step of XRD analysis is to search peaks, an automatic way for peak search is needed. Thus, we proposed a novel semantic mask-based two-step framework for peak search in XRD patterns: (1) mask generation, we proposed a multi-resolution net (MRN) to classify the data points of XRD patterns into binary masks (peak/background). (2) Peak search, based on the generated masks, the background points are used to fit an n-order polynomial background curve and estimate the random noises in XRD patterns. Then we proposed three rules named mask, shape, and intensity to screening peaks from initial peak candidates generated by maximum search. Besides, a voting strategy is proposed in peak screening to obtain a precise peak search result. Experiments show that the proposed MRN achieves the state-of-the-art performance compared with other semantic segmentation methods and the proposed peak search method performs better than Jade when using f1 score as the evaluation index.

Reformation and optimization of cargo handling operation at Indian air cargo terminals

Air cargo terminals serve as crucial hubs for the efficient movement of goods across domestic and international borders. In India, these terminals come with many challenges, mainly attributed to extensive growth potential, diversity, and infrastructure development. This study discusses the challenges of Indian air cargo terminals and evaluates the factors, aspects, and criteria regarding air cargo problems under different conditions. Analytic Hierarchy Process with multiple criteria and five factors is used to better understand the complex decision process. We analyzed the air cargo utilization based on physical method, throughput capacity, and economic capacity. Results show that the developed methodology accurately forecasts the terminal's demand.

Development of Mechanical Extractor for Utilization of Pineapple Leaf Agro-Waste for Textile Application

ABSTRACT In Indian subcontinent, pineapple (Ananas Comosus) leaves are left unused after fruits are harvested resulting in a waste of natural resources that contain textile-graded fibers. The present study intended to develop a pineapple leaf fiber extractor to chip off the waxy layer of the leaf. The machine comprised feeding conveyor, feed rollers, scratching roller, combing roller, frame and motor as a power source with a transmission unit. The performance was evaluated under different independent variables, i.e. rpm of the scratching roller (100, 150 and 200 rpm), types of secondary roller (combing, serration and without secondary roller) and moisture content of leaf (85 ± 3, 78 ± 3 and 71 ± 2%). Response surface method of optimization was employed to optimize the operational parameters. Best combination of operating parameters was found to be 150 rpm scratching rollers, combing type secondary rollers and moisture content of 85 ± 3%. It was found that the retting duration, processing efficiency, and fiber yield were 4 days, 88.9%, and 2.41% at optimized parameters, respectively. Further, throughput capacity and power requirement were found to be 33 ± 2 kg/hand 1.5 kWh respectively. The developed machine found to be effective in extracting waxy layer on leaves with minimal damage to useable fiber.

Rapid Composting Using a Novel Agricultural Waste Shredder

Agricultural waste causes social and environmental pollution, affecting global health. Converting agricultural waste to organic manure reduces the problems of pollution. Existing machine used in conversion has low efficiency in terms of throughput capacity and size reduction, leading to slow composting. This study focuses on the evaluation of a specially developed waste shredder for fast composting (maize straw). The machine was designed to handle substantial volumes of agricultural waste, operated at different speeds (i.e. 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 rpm) and time (i.e. 0.5, 10, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 hr). The components of the machine included shredding drum equipped with three sets of blades, a feeding tray, sieve, engine seat and an outlet. Performance evaluation carried on the machine includes shredding efficiency and throughput capacity. A standardized Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to maximize efficiency varying the operational speeds and shredding time. Results showed achieved maximum shredding efficiency of 91% and maximum throughput capacity of 585 kg/hr when the machine was operated at 1,500 rpm for 1.5 hr. In addition, the machine is portable, low energy and easy to operate for any agricultural waste.

Development and Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Bio-degradable Kitchen Waste Comminution and Drying Machine

In this study, a kitchen waste comminution machine for converting biodegradable waste was designed, fabricated, and evaluated, using locally sourced standard materials. The machine consists of two unit operations: the comminution unit for grinding/shredding of the biodegradable domestic waste using grinding discs and the drying unit for moisture removal from the ground material using a heating element. The units were integrated and synchronized for continuous operation using a pulley-belt arrangement and powered by a single phase 2 HP electric motor. The drying unit equipped with an auger-like shaft for material stirring and conveying/evacuation was lagged for the prevention of excessive heat loss. The performance of the machine was evaluated using various kitchen wastes of tuber peels, fruit peels, vegetable stalks, and grain chaffs for shredding efficiency, throughput capacity, and dryness. The approximate values of the designed machine were established, as a force of 150 N and heat of 2 kW were required for respective grinding and drying of an average mass of 5.87 kg of the bio-waste. The machine performance analysis revealed comminution/shredding efficiency of 71.08%, drying efficiency of 32.78%, and throughput of 0.05 kg/s at an average moisture removal rate of 0.018 kg/s for bio-waste conversion. The production cost of the machine stood at N 250,000 (Two hundred and fifty thousand naira) only. Thus, the adoption of this innovation is recommended as a veritable option for the quality management of domestic kitchen waste since it reduces littering and promotes hygiene.

Development and performance evaluation of a mini plastic crushing machine

Global plastic production has seen a significant surge owing to its versatile applications resulting in a large volume of plastic waste polluting the environment. However, the high cost and size of plastic crushers have hindered efficient plastic recycling efforts. This research focused on creating a cost-effective, portable plastic crusher tailored for local use. The machine comprises four main units: the feeding, grinding, power, and framework units. A 3D model was crafted using Solid Works software (2017 version 25), and essential components were constructed from mild steel. The feeder has a capacity of 837480 mm3, a 20 mm diameter shaft with a power rating of 2.078 kW, and an outlet volume of 748692 mm3. Performance tests using High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) indicated throughput capacities of 2.83, 2.71, 6.00, and 1.60 kg/h, respectively. The machine has efficiencies of 73.3%, 53.85%, 60%, and 50% for HDPE, LDPE, PVC, and PET, respectively. Notably, the portable plastic grinding machine excels in grinding HDPE, making it highly recommended for small and medium-sized enterprises. This innovation focused on bolstering plastic recycling efforts in localized contexts.

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) in IT Networks: A Leap Beyond Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

The evolution of telecommunications has seen significant milestones, notably the shift from Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) to Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). This transition marks a pivotal advancement in the performance of Information Technology (IT) networks, offering unparalleled improvements in bandwidth, scalability, and efficiency. DWDM technology enables the simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams across a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of light, significantly enhancing data throughput and network capacity. This article delves into the technical foundations of DWDM, compares its performance enhancements over SDH systems, and explores its impact on modern IT network infrastructure.

Performance Evaluation of Diesel Engine Operated Cassava Grating Machine

This research work was carried out to assess the performance of a diesel engine-operated cassava grating machine. The factorial design was used to conduct the experiment and the collected data were analysed using Statistix 8 software. The results of the analysis of variance revealed that the speed, feeding rate, as well as their interaction effect, were significant at the 5% level. The highest throughput capacity of 471.4 kg h-1 was observed at a speed of 1400 r min-1, at a feeding rate of 5 kg min-1, while the lowest throughput capacity was 272.5 kg h-1 observed at a speed of 1100 r min-1, at a feeding rate of 5 kg min-1. The highest grating efficiency of 97.3% was observed at a speed of 1400 r min-1, at a feeding rate of 15 kg min-1, while the lowest grating efficiency was 81.6% observed at a speed of 1100 r min-1, at a feeding rate of 5 kg min-1. The lowest percentage of mechanical loss of 2.45% was observed at a speed of 1400 r min-1, at a feeding rate of 15 kg min-1, while the highest percentage of mechanical loss was 18.4% observed at a speed of 1100 r min-1, at a feeding rate of 5 kg min-1. The fuel consumption of the machine was measured as 1.82 L h-1. Finally, the regression analysis results for throughput capacity showed that 95% of throughput capacity was recorded with both independent variables together, F (2, 33) = 311.17, R = 0.974, p = 0.000. This machine was recommended for cassava grating at an operating drum speed of 1400 r min-1.

Design, development and performance evaluation of a motorized periwinkle meat extraction machine

Efficient cracking and separation of periwinkle shells are essential unit operations in periwinkle meat processing. Mechanization remains the panacea to achieving timely processing of periwinkle meat. This study was carried out to design, develop and evaluate the performance of a viable machine for the extraction of meat from periwinkle. The performance of the machine was dependent on certain processing parameters, such as cracking speed (CS), Agitating speed (AS), feed rate (FR) and heat conditioning time (HCT), while periwinkle cracking efficiency (CE), separating efficiency (SE), Throughput capacity (TP) and periwinkle meat loss (PML) were the responses. The maximum periwinkle meat CE of 84.05 % was obtained at CS of 130 rpm, FR of 0.2 kgs-1 and HCT of 6 min. The result for SE indicated that most efficient periwinkle meat separation of 78.79% can be achieved when HCT, CS, AS and FR set at 6 min,130 rpm,1.11m/s and 0.40 kg/s respectively. Highest TP value of 26.79 kg/h was obtained when the machine was operated at CS of 130 rpm, AS of 1.23 m/s under the HCT of 6 min at FR of 0.40 kg/s. Also, the lowest PML value of 10.71 % was obtained when the machine was operated at CS of 120 rpm, AS of 1.04 m/s under the HCT of 4 min at feed rate of 0.30 kg/s. These machine parameters have significant effects on the periwinkle meat processing. The study has provided a viable option to replace the time-consuming crude manual method of periwinkle meat postharvest processing.

Design and Development of Walnut Dehuller-cum-washer

Traditional manual practices of walnut dehulling and washing are tedious, laborious, and time consuming. Power-operated and manual-operated walnut dehuller-cum-washers were designed, developed, and evaluated in comparison to existing manual methods. The performance parameters evaluated in the present study differed significantly (p<0.05) in all three tested methods. Highest throughput capacity (340 kg.h-1) was observed for power-operated walnut dehuller-cum-washer (M1), followed by 16.25 kg.h-1 by manual-operated walnut dehuller-cum-washer (M2), and12.54 kg.h-1 by manual dehulling and washing (M3). Labour requirement was lowest in M1 (2.94 man.h.t-1), followed by M2 (61.53 man.h.t-1), and M3 (79.74 man.h.t-1). Highest dehulling and washing efficiency was in case of M1 (96.82%), followed by M3 (85.17%), and M2 (82.60%). Furthermore, M1, M2, and M3 yielded fully dehulled walnut percentages of 97.20, 81.20, and 94.56; partially dehulled walnut percentages of 1.87, 7.80, and 4.74%; and un-hulled walnut percentages of 0.9, 9.5, and 0.5%, respectively. Broken walnut percentage was least (0.02%) in case of M1, followed by M3 (0.20%), and M2 (0.50%). Hardness of walnut was highest with M1, and lowest for M3. Peroxide value and free fatty acid content were lowest in case of walnut processed by M1, followed by M2, and M3. Brightness (L*) of un-shelled walnut as well as kernel were highest for M1; whereas redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were minimum in walnut processed by M1. Adoption of the developed prototypes in walnut dehulling and washing can significantly enhance the throughput capacity with drastic reduction of labour requirement, besides improving the quality of whole walnut as well as its kernel.

Evaluation of Field Performance and Energy Consumption of a Medium-sized Combine Harvester for Harvesting Glutinous Rice in Malaysia

A medium-sized combine harvester has been recently deployed to harvest newly introduced high-value glutinous rice in Malaysia. Thus, efficient utilisation of combine harvesters during harvest is essential to minimise operating costs and grain loss. This study evaluated a medium-sized combine harvester’s performance and energy consumption for harvesting glutinous rice. The experiment was carried out on a one-hectare paddy field with three sub-plots using a central composite design (CCD). A time-motion study was conducted during the harvesting operation to determine the combine harvester’s performance parameters, which included field operating speed (FS), field efficiency (FE), theoretical field capacity (TFC), effective field capacity (EFC), grain throughput capacity (GTC), fuel consumption (FC) and field machine index (MI). The energy expended during the operation, which included machinery energy (ME), fuel energy (FCE), human energy (HE), and total energy (TE) input, were also computed. The average FS, FE, TFC, EFC, FC, and MI values were 2.42 km/h, 59.78%, 0.56 ha/h, 0.33 ha/h, 14.89 l/ha, and 0.30, respectively. The mean values of ME, FCE, HE, and TE were 305.35, 711.69, 3.62, and 1020.66 MJ/ha, respectively. The combine harvester achieved an average grain throughput capacity (GTC) of 1796.91 kg/h, demonstrating its effectiveness in handling glutinous rice harvesting. The average time distribution for the harvesting operation, such as effective harvesting time, turning/reversing time, and unloading time, was 1.85 h/ha, 0.38 h/ha, and 1.05 h/ha, respectively. Based on the results, it is concluded that the medium-sized combine harvester is technically and economically suitable for harvesting glutinous rice.

The throughput capacity of the main gas pipeline when transporting gas-hydrogen mixtures

To determine the effect of hydrogen concentration in the gas-hydrogen mixture on the throughput capacity of the main gas pipeline and the volume of energy transported by it. The range of molar concentrations of hydrogen in the gas-hydrogen mixture up to and including 20%, which does not require significant technical modernisation of the system, was investigated.Performing theoretical studies and applying mathematical modelling methods to establish the regularities of thermo hydrodynamic processes in a gas pipeline, gas turbine and centrifugal blowers while transporting gas-hydrogen mixtures.In the example of a gas turbine unit widely used in the gas transmission system of Ukraine, it was found out that the molar content of hydrogen, if it does not exceed 20%, has a negligible effect on its rated power and other energy parameters. Adding hydrogen to natural gas with the above molar content will lead to a slight decrease in the pipeline system's capacity (up to 5%) and a significant reduction in the volume of energy transportation (up to 18%).The next stage of the study is to determine the impact of gas-hydrogen mixture properties on the pipeline capacity, taking into account changes in seasonal factors and the degree of system load.A method and software have been developed to predict the pipeline capacity and energy transfer volume for the transportation of gas-hydrogen mixtures, taking into account the influence of seasonal factors, gas-dynamic characteristics of blowers, and combinations of gas-pumping units at compressor stations.Modern international standards are used to calculate gas-hydrogen mixtures' physicochemical and thermodynamic properties under standard and operating conditions. The originality of the approach lies in the fact that the compressor station and the linear section of the gas pipeline are considered as a SLE gas-dynamic system.

Modification and Performance Evaluation of an Existing Prototype Mechanical Rice De-stoner

An existing mechanical rice de-stoner was modified for the purpose of improving its efficiency. Some challenges were discovered with the performance of the existing machine that did not make it to perform effectively. The spring, cushion rubber, coil, capacitor, cable and plug were incorporated to modify the existing mechanical rice de-stoner. After modification of the machine, performance evaluation was carried out. A total of 6 kg of threshed rice sample was mixed with stones sized 2.36mm and was divided into three parts of 1.5kg, 2.0kg and 2.5kg and labelled A, B and C respectively. Each part was fed at different times into the rice de-stoner and de-stoned. Also, 200g of the threshed rice were taken for hand-picked which served as the control for separating and other foreign materials from the rice. This was used to compare the result of the efficiency of the machine. The efficiency of the handpicked method was determined to be 80% while that of the modified de-stoner was determined to be 66.7%, 60% and 64% respectively. Thus the performance evaluation of the mechanical rice de-stoner was rated above average but not as effective as the hand-picked method. Also, the machine`s throughput capacity was 13.60 kg/hr, 15.38 kg/hr and 15.38 kg/hr for the feed rates of 1.5kg, 2.0kg and 2.5kg respectively.. Thus, the modified mechanical rice de-stoner machine was to be used as a template for other new rice de-stoner to be constructed.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE SIMULATION CAPABILITIES FOR OPTIMIZING THE OPERATION OF THE SEAPORT IN THE ANYLOGIC ENVIRONMENT

Globalization and containerization have significantly increased the volume of shipping in international trade. A seaport is a critical component in maritime transportation. Currently, the main focus for the effective functioning of commercial ports is focused on the use of the latest information technologies. Information support of the port operation is a difficult task for a variety of reasons, the main of which is the external influence on the internal operations of the port and its overall efficiency. Simulation modeling is the most suitable tool for analyzing such a complex interaction. The article defines the characteristic features describing the specifics of the seaport operation in the AnyLogic simulation program. Various possibilities of using the established simulation model are shown to determine the limitations in the size of the throughput and processing capacity of the seaport, substantiate the need to create a “dry” port and select its main parameters.

Development and Optimization of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) Peeling Machine

The conventional cassava peeling methods are inefficient, time-consuming, and labor-intensive This study aimed to create an enhanced cassava peeling machine with minimal flesh loss. The machine design includes components like a hopper, shafts, bearings, an electric motor, and a v belt connected to a pulley that drives the brush-equipped shaft. This locally sourced and fabricated machine, designed for 50kg of cassava tubers, was tested at operational speeds of 380, 420, and 460 rpm and retention times of 4, 6, and 8 minutes, optimizing the effects of machine speeds and peeling times on peeling efficiency using I-optimal Response Surface Experimental Design with a mean separation at P<0.05. Results pertaining to tuber properties, such as angle of repose, peel thickness, moisture content, peel penetration force, bulk density, and coefficient of friction, were utilized in the machine's design. The machine achieved maximum peeling efficiency of 74% at a speed of 380m/s when operated for 6 minutes. At this optimal efficiency, the machine reached an optimal throughput capacity of 171.4kg/h, with a 21% flesh loss, a peeling weight proportion of 25.8%, and minimal tuber damage (3.3%). The desirability, which signifies the extent to which these optimal values align with the optimization goal, was 0.83 (83%). In essence, this machine significantly advances cassava peeling mechanization.

Abstract 6169: High throughput in-situ spatial sequencing of proteins and RNA in FFPE tissue

Abstract We have developed an high throughput high resolution in situ multi-omic platform to enable studies in the rapidly evolving landscape of oncology and immunology research. Despite the potential of existing tools, the speed and throughput of current methodologies pose significant limitations. Here, we introduce a novel spatial sequencing platform employing a rapid 4-color SBS chemistry with sub-micron resolution imaging and an ultra-high throughput capacity. The platform simultaneously profiles RNA transcripts and proteins within formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. With up to 40 cm^2 of tissue area imaging within a 24-hour timeframe, the platform can power extensive, multi-omic studies in cancer research. To evaluate the performance of the platform, we prepared 5 um serial sections from healthy and tumor kidney FFPE block and used a novel tool to precisely position multiple tissue sections on a slide. Following probe binding and amplification, we used SBS readout to profile 105 transcripts and 6 proteins (via DNA-conjugated antibodies). Images were analyzed using a custom pipeline for feature detection and decoding, and cell segmentation using Cellpose. Results showed strong correlation to single-cell transcription profiles and cell type signatures defined by scRNA-Seq. Additionally, we see good agreement between single cell transcript and protein profiles. Existing spatial biology platforms are known to struggle with degraded and challenging clinical sample types (e.g. decalcified bone marrow), due to RNA fragmentation. We successfully profiled immune cells in FFPE-embedded bone marrow biopsies, measuring 143 transcript targets and 8 proteins. We believe this represents a significant step forward for in-situ analysis of bone marrow samples, and could be valuable for studying the pathology and response to treatment in blood cancers such as AML and CML. In-situ sequencing of antibody genes and T-cell receptors provides a deeper view of cellular immune response. As a step towards this goal, we demonstrated in-situ sequencing of antibody heavy and light chains within a B cell line, resulting in accurate readout of 28 bases within the CDR3 regions. In conclusion, we present an SBS-based approach for in-situ detection of targeted gene transcripts and proteins at an unprecedented throughput, and its application to the analysis of human kidney and bone marrow FFPE tissue samples. The capability to deeply profile tissues at high throughput could enable larger translational studies, and assembly of 3D maps of gene and protein expression at sub-cellular resolution. Citation Format: Michael Lawson, Yuji Ishitsuka, Andrew Pawlowski, Zhenmin Hong, Jake Koh, Kenneth Gouin, Nathan Ing, Richard Que, Yeoan Youn, Sara Ding, Tony Facchini, Ryan Costello, Katelyn Nelson, Jamie Stover, Howon Lee, Sarthak Duggal, Taylor Plaziak, Kaitlin Cameron, Mimi Abdu, Daan Witters, Martin Fabani, Eli Glezer. High throughput in-situ spatial sequencing of proteins and RNA in FFPE tissue [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6169.

Evaluating Reception Center Models for Radiation Response Screening Capacity and Throughput Predictions.

Introduction: The current fleet of nuclear reactors in the United States is mandated to provide evidence that surrounding jurisdictions can screen their populations should an incident occur. Capacity can be measured as throughput in reception centers used for screening. Due to the significant staffing and resources required to exercise screening capacity, most jurisdictions typically perform smaller exercises and use models to estimate their overall throughput. Objective: To evaluate the applicability and realism of current throughput models and practices. Methods: Throughput capacity for radiation screening is estimated with a mathematical model derived by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a discrete event simulation model as a tool, SimPLER, to evaluate capacity and make throughput predictions. Model estimates will be compared and evaluated using timing data collected at a large-scale exercise. Results: The FEMA model estimated a throughput 41.2% higher than the actual radiation screening throughput, while the SimPLER model provided identical values. The FEMA and SimPLER models' predicted throughputs were 50% and 3.8%, respectively, higher than total exercise throughput. Applying each model to the throughput projections for a 12-hour shift, the FEMA model estimates ranged from 665 to 6,646 people and the SimPLER model yielded an estimated throughput of 1,809 people with a standard deviation of 74.6. Conclusion: Discrete event simulation models, such as SimPLER, may provide more realistic and accurate predictions of radiation screening and throughput capacity of reception centers than mathematical models such as the FEMA model.

Model of formation of a typical message for evaluating the performance of the information-measuring system functioning

Currently, one of the topical issues arising in the functioning of information and measurement systems (AIS) for various purposes is the issue of evaluating its effectiveness. For AIS of various classes, a significant complication of the background-target situation, based primarily on an increase in the number objects of observation in near-Earth outer space is the main problem. The throughput capacity is provided for each AIS in their tactical and technical characteristics. This characteristic is determined even at the design stage based on the actual working conditions for targets and interference, taking into account the provision of their guaranteed observation. However, based on the above, it turns out that modern AIS, depending on the location and direction of the viewing area, are already working at the limits of their capacity capacity, or this will happen in the near future. On the AIS, the throughput is determined by such a parameter as the rate of formation of the first typical messages with a given probability. Based on the relevance of the described problem, it is of interest to simulate the operation of ICS in the conditions of extreme loads in terms of throughput in order to assess the real probability of the formation of the first vehicle, as well as to determine the factors that have a negative impact on the considered indicators.

Biosensing-based quality control monitoring of the higher-order structures of therapeutic antibody domains

Advanced biopharmaceutical manufacturing requires novel process analytical technologies for the rapid and sensitive assessment of the higher-order structures of therapeutic proteins. However, conventional physicochemical analyses of denatured proteins have limitations in terms of sensitivity, throughput, analytical resolution, and real-time monitoring capacity. Although probe-based sensing can overcome these limitations, typical non-specific probes lack analytical resolution and provide little to no information regarding which parts of the protein structure have been collapsed. To meet these analytical demands, we generated biosensing probes derived from artificial proteins that could specifically recognize the higher-order structural changes in antibodies at the protein domain level. Biopanning of phage-displayed protein libraries generated artificial proteins that bound to a denatured antibody domain, but not its natively folded structure, with nanomolar affinity. The protein probes not only recognized the higher-order structural changes in intact IgGs but also distinguished between the denatured antibody domains. These domain-specific probes were used to generate response contour plots to visualize the antibody denaturation caused by various process parameters, such as pH, temperature, and holding time for acid elution and virus inactivation. These protein probes can be combined with established analytical techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance for real-time monitoring or plate-based assays for high-throughput analysis, to aid in the development of new analytical technologies for the process optimization and monitoring of antibody manufacturing.

DEVELOPMENT OF TEST BENCH FOR EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE OF INTERNAL PROTECTIVE TUBING COATINGS TO INORGANIC SALT DEPOSITS

The formation of inorganic deposits on the working surface of oil and gas equipment is one of the most common causes of failures in oil and gas fields. Inorganic salt deposits formed in tubing reduce pipeline throughput capacity and lead to equipment failure. Thus, the problem of salt formation in tubing is relevant and requires the search for optimal methods to solve it. There are a large number of methods aimed at preventing the formation of inorganic scale and at removing the resulting scale from tubing. The methods of removal of scale from the tubing are expensive, time-consuming, and they require a shutdown at the oil production facility. Therefore, it is preferable to use methods for preventing salt formation in tubing pipes.One of the methods for preventing salt formation in oil production is the use of internal protective coatings of the NKT. It is important to understand that the use of coatings to prevent salt formation is not a universal method, individual selection of the protective coating is required for each object. In addition, at the moment, the effectiveness of the use of protective coatings as a measure to prevent salt formation in the tubing has not been fully proven. The selection of an effective internal coating (to prevent salt formation on the surface of the equipment) using pilot field tests is an expensive and long procedure, so it is necessary to develop a laboratory method and specialized testing equipment to solve this problem. This paper reviewed the existing test equipment to assess its potential for laboratory dynamic testing of tubing coatings under saline conditions. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of existing equipment, the «Stand for assessing the resistance of coatings to inorganic salt deposits» was developed. This article describes the development of the «Test Bench for Evaluation of Coating Resistance to Inorganic Salt Deposits,» which can be used to assess the possibility of using protective tubing coatings to prevent the formation of inorganic salt deposits on the inner surface of pipes.