Capacity Of Renewable Energy Sources Research Articles

Reliability and line loading enhancement of distribution systems using optimal integration of renewable energy and compressed air energy storages simultaneously under uncertainty

Recently, with the significant growth of load demand, further interest in renewable energy sources (RESs) incorporated into electric distribution systems (DSs) has become important. However, the output powers' stochastic fluctuations of the photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) generation sources, as well as the load demand, result in obvious operational challenges related to the reliability and line loading of these systems. Therefore, this present study is intended to enhance the load-oriented reliability indices (LORIs), the customer-oriented reliability indices (CORIs), and the line loading index (LLI) of the DSs by assigning the optimal integration of RESs and compressed air energy storages (CAESs) through the determination of both the optimal placement and capacities of RESs and CAESs simultaneously, as well as the optimal charging and discharging powers of the CAESs and their initial state of charge based on the red-tailed hawk (RTH) optimization technique. The Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and the Scenario-based Reduction (SBR) uncertainty methods are implemented to address the uncertainties of RESs and loading. The influences of the linear failure rate of DS's feeders and the installation of protective devices are also demonstrated. The efficiency of the intended methodology is demonstrated on the IEEE 69-bus and IEEE 33-bus DSs associated with voltage-dependent, time-varying mixed loads. The outcomes obtained from the suggested RTH are compared to those of other reported optimization techniques to validate its effectiveness. The results reveal that the optimal integration of RESs along with CAESs in the IEEE 69-bus test DS can improve the energy not supplied (ENS), system average interruption duration index (SAIDI), system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI), average service unavailability index (ASUI), and LLI by 1.09 %, 1.86 %, 1.73 %, 1.89 %, and 64.53 %, respectively.

Integrating green hydrogen production with renewable energy-powered desalination: An analysis of CAPEX implications and operational strategies

The study examines how sustainable energy transitions can meet freshwater needs in green hydrogen production. It proposes four configurations that combine polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis with renewable energy-powered desalination methods, capable of both continuous and intermittent operations. This study evaluates the capital expenditure (CAPEX) implications of integrating solar or wind energy with seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) and multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination to produce green hydrogen. It examines the capacities of renewable energy sources, the effectiveness of energy storage solutions, and the performance of various desalination methods, particularly their combined impact on economic viability and overall project costs. An SWRO system intermittently powered by wind energy is identified as the most cost-effective, reducing CAPEX by 46%. The results emphasize the practical benefits of integrating green desalination with green hydrogen production technologies.

Deep Thermal Power Peak Shaving Compensation Considering Operating Costs and Electricity Revenue

Unlike traditional methods of electricity generation such as thermal power, renewable energy sources like wind power exhibit characteristics of randomness and volatility, leading to unstable power generation. With the continuous increase in grid-connected capacity of renewable energy sources like wind power, the demand for grid peak shaving is on the rise, highlighting the issue of inadequate peak shaving capacity in China’s power system. As a primary source for peak shaving in the country, thermal power units incur significant revenue losses when participating in deep peak shaving, and under the current mechanism, they cannot obtain sufficient compensation for deep peak shaving. In response to these issues, the paper proposes a method for compensating thermal power units for deep peak shaving. Firstly, considering the reduced efficiency of thermal power units during low-load operation, a cost model for the operation of thermal power units is established. Secondly, building upon the existing compensated peak shaving baseline, a method for compensating thermal power units for deep peak shaving is introduced. Finally, using a simulation of a local power grid in Liaoning Province as an example, an analysis of the compensation for thermal power peak shaving and overall profits under the existing mechanism and the proposed mechanism is conducted. The results obtained validate the rationality and effectiveness of the method proposed in the paper, offering insights for the development of a compensation mechanism for thermal power deep peak shaving.

Potential capacity and cost assessments for hydrogen production from marine sources

The current study comprehensively examines the application of wave, tidal and undersea current energy sources of Turkiye for green hydrogen fuel production and its cost analysis. The estimated potential capacity of each city in the country is derived from official data and acceptable assumptions and is subject to discussion and evaluation in the context of a viable hydrogen economy. According to the findings, the potential for green hydrogen generation in Turkiye is projected to be 7.33 million tons using a proton exchange membrane electrolyser (PEMEL). Cities with the highest hydrogen production capacities from marine applications are Mugla, Izmir, Antalya, and Canakkale with 998.10 kt, 840.31 kt, 605.46 kt, and 550.42 kt, respectively. The study calculations obviously show that there is a great potential by using excess power in producing hydrogen which will result in an economic value of 3.83 billion US dollars. This study further helps develop a detailed hydrogen map for every city in Turkiye, using the identified potential capacities of renewable energy sources and the utilization of electrolysers to make green hydrogen by green power. The potentials and specific capacities for every city are also highlighted. Furthermore, the study results are expected to provide clear guidance for government authorities and industries to utilize such a potential of renewable energy for investment and promote clean energy projects by further addressing concerns caused by the usage of carbon-based (fossil fuels dependent) energy options. Moreover, green hydrogen production and utilization in every sector will help achieve the national targets for a net zero economy and cope with international targets to achieve the United Nation's sustainable development goals.

Sustainable Development Strategies in Power Systems: Day-Ahead Stochastic Scheduling with Multi-Sources and Customer Directrix Load Demand Response

Increasing the installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the power system is significant for advancing sustainable development. As the proportion of RESs rapidly increases in power systems, the inherent stochasticity and variability of renewable energies significantly reduce the regulatory capacity of generation resources. To compensate for the lack of power system flexibility, it is necessary to coordinate the participation of load-side resources in demand response (DR). Therefore, this paper proposes a solution to the diminished flexibility of power systems. It introduces a day-ahead stochastic scheduling model for an integrated thermal-hydro-wind-solar system. This model relies on customer directrix load (CDL) to efficiently absorb RES output. CDL represents an ideal load profile shape. Firstly, the stochastic scenario sets of RES output were modeled using Monte Carlo simulations, and the complementary characteristics between wind and solar output are considered using Copula theory. Then, CDL is introduced into day-ahead scheduling model, which considers relevant demand-side responsive load constraints. Secondly, customer-side DR effectiveness model is proposed to obtain the shaping load profile after DR, based on quantitative customer response effectiveness evaluation metrics. Lastly, system-side stochastic scheduling model of high-proportion RES power system is proposed based on the shaping load profile. Case studies were conducted on a modified IEEE-6 bus system. These studies show that the model effectively addresses the uncertainty of RES. It improves the power system’s regulation capability. Additionally, it promotes the absorption of RES.

Cryptocurrency mining as a novel virtual energy storage system in islanded and grid-connected microgrids

Renewable electrical energy (such as: solar and wind energies) generation in microgrids (MGs), is gaining attention to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Microgrid operators (MOs) aim to create self-sufficient, environmentally sustainable grids, increasing the capacity of renewable energy sources (RESs) by up to 100%. Despite of the benefits of this trend, challenges arise from non-controlled characteristics of these power generations and their seasonal variations, causing fluctuations and renewable energy curtailment. Although the technical solutions; such as: the demand response (DR) programs, and the conventional electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) can help, however those may face limitations in countries with high seasonal energy generation and consumption variations. This paper introduces cryptocurrency mining loads (CMLs) as innovative virtual energy storage systems (VESSs), named cryptocurrency energy storage systems (CESSs). It proposes a structure to store excess renewable energy in cryptocurrency units (CCUs) like Bitcoin (BTC). CESSs can be charged during off-peak intervals and, conversely, they discharge during high-demand periods to reduce the overall operational cost of MGs. Furthermore, it presents a new energy management system (EMS) formulation for the optimal operation of MGs in the presence of CESSs, providing an opportunity to generate additional electricity from RESs and to mitigate renewable energy curtailment. This paper explores the optimal operation conditions of both islanded and grid-connected MG with the proposed CESS. Utilizing a dataset from an island in Finland as a practical MG, its effectiveness is demonstrated through several case studies. The results of one case study in this paper demonstrate that the proposed CESS can decrease the operating cost of the MG by about 46.5%. Additionally, it is showed that by application of CESS the renewable energy curtailment is significantly reduced, and approached zero.

Sustainable Energy Transition in Island Systems with substantial RES and Electricity Storage

A sustainable power system will require an extensive reliance on renewable energy sources (RES). Taking into account the fact that a significant share of RES has already been deployed, either on large or a small scale, today’s most crucial issue is their further participation in an extensive and secure power generation expansion to cover the large future energy demand. Although there is the needed capacity of RES that could cover the corresponding demand, the current power system structure and operation emerge limitations, which hold back their further exploitation. The introduction of energy storage systems, such as pump storage and batteries can help the further exploitation of the needed RES by balancing the current load demand and the intermittent power flow of photovoltaics and wind turbines. This paper analyses a recently interconnected island power system operation, as a representative case study, and demonstrates benefits, such as CO2 emissions reduction, and obstacles emerged by ultra-high penetration of RES. This ultra-high share of RES is technically feasible, through strong interconnections and electricity storage systems.

Selected aspects of generating short-term electricity demand forecasts, taking into account renewable energy sources

The risk of a decline in the quality of electricity demand forecasts in the short term increases due to the increase in the installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES). This is mainly due to the high daily variability of electricity production from renewable sources, which is strongly dependent on local weather conditions. Production from renewable energy sources is a very complex time series, additionally reinforced by a significant increase in its share in total production. This applies in particular to photovoltaic sources in low-voltage networks. There is therefore an urgent need to improve the quality of forecasts in this area. The main goal of the research was to verify statistical models that often achieve good results in the complex problem of forecasting electricity demand. The main objective, regarding daily forecasts of consumers' demand for electricity, was achieved through the implementation of intermediate objectives, including the development of a methodology for estimating electricity generated by photovoltaic installations.

On the Feasibility of Building Mini-Thermal Power Plant Using Local Fuels in the Conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Part 2. Role of Mini-Thermal Power Plant in Heat Supply Systems of Cities and Settlements in Belarus

. Within the framework of ensuring the country's energy security and pursuing a policy of decarbonization of the economy in the Republic of Belarus, it is assumed to maximize the use of its own fuel and energy resources (TER). However, the question of choosing the type of heat source in centralized heat supply systems when using local fuels (LF) remains open. The commissioning of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant and the relatively high unit cost of power generation capacities running on LF inclines the scales to use boiler houses as heat sources. Based on the world experience in the development and application of heating as the most energy-efficient solution in the field of heat supply, this problem has been studied in the conditions of Belarus. It is shown that the electric capacity of mini-thermal power plants using traditional LF connected to the unified system of the country is less than 100 MW, and the main technologies implemented at mini-thermal power plants using LF in the Republic of Belarus are traditional steam power plants with water steam as the working fluid (11 power plants) and steam power plant with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) (3 power plants). Geographically, mini- thermal power plants operating on LF are located evenly throughout the entire territory of the Republic of Belarus. The number of hours of use of the installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES) of the Republic of Belarus has been determined. Energy sources based on organic waste and biomass (over 4,000 hours per year) and on hydro resources (about 3,500 hours per year) have a clear advantage, for which indicator of the number of hours of installed capacity use is much higher than for solar and wind power installations. In addition, biomass generating capacities have the lowest coefficient of electricity supply to the combined energy system. Based on the analysis of modern trends in the development of energy, technical and economic “attractiveness factors” for the construction of heating systems for heat supply on LF in the conditions of Belarus have been formulated, which, in addition to traditional factors (substitution of imported fuel – natural gas and oil), include improvement of the quality and reliability of energy supply to consumers in remote locations, development of polygeneration, reduction of losses of electric energy for its transport, participation in covering the electric load schedule of the unified power system, and also indicated the possibility of creating an energy hub on the basis of a mini-thermal power plant, structured for the integration of energy sub-sectors, distributed generation sources and the option of generating “green” energy carriers.

Does the causality between environmental sustainability, non-renewable energy consumption, geopolitical risks, and trade liberalization matter for Pakistan? Evidence from VECM analysis

Geopolitical threats have increased dramatically globally in recent years, adversely affecting the environment tremendously. On the other hand, there is a growing gap between the use of non-renewable energy, trade liberalization, and environmental sustainability. Due to this, the current work simulates the links between geopolitical threats, non-renewable energy use, trade liberalization, and environmental sustainability using a vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test. The analysis includes data spanning from 1980 to 2021. Research outcomes indicated that geopolitical risks (GPR), Non-renewable energy consumption (NRE), Natural Resource (NR) and industrialization (IND) have a negative and statistically significant influence i.e., 0.234, 0.052, 0.028, and 0.070 units respectively on environmental sustainability (ES) while natural resource (NR) have also negative but insignificant impact on environmental sustainability. Alongside, trade liberalization (TR) and urbanization (UB) posed a positive and statistically significant influence i.e., 0.040 and 0.437 units respectively on ES. Further, causality analysis validates the feedback effect among GPR, NRE, TR, and ES. GPR, NRE, and TR granger cause environmental sustainability. The government can prepare for potential environmental disasters such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes by investing in early warning systems, emergency response teams, and disaster relief supplies. This can help mitigate the impact of geopolitical risks that can result in natural disasters. Pakistan should prioritize investing large resources in diplomatic endeavours to improve regional dynamics and ties with neighboring nations. Pakistan should place a high emphasis on developing methods targeted at reducing its non-renewable energy use to mitigate the negative effects. This might entail offering financial incentives, implementing efficient feed-in tariff schemes, and developing a thorough strategy for boosting the capacity of renewable energy sources.

Multi‐time scale adequacy evaluation of the power system with high penetration of renewable energy sources based on empirical mode decomposition

AbstractAdequacy, especially in the power system with high penetration of renewable energy sources, is a crucial consideration in power system planning and operational dispatching. A multi‐time scale adequacy evaluation method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is proposed, taking into account the multi‐time scale characteristics of renewable energy sources and the response characteristics of flexible regulation resources. In this method, a net load curve is decomposed into several component curves by the EMD algorithm. Then, the adequacy demand on each time scale is obtained by waveform recognition. Furthermore, the available adequacy resources on different time scales are quantified according to the regulation models of flexible resources. By analysing the adequacy demand and available adequacy resources of the power system on the same time scale, the adequacy evaluation indices on each time scale can be calculated and weighted to form the comprehensive indices. Finally, the adequacy evaluation indices on each time scale with different capacities of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems are compared and analysed using a practical power system as a case. Simulation results show the validity of the multi‐time scale adequacy evaluation method.

A Market Framework for a 100% Renewable Energy Penetration Spot Market

The global installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RESs) is increasing rapidly. The 100% RESs power supply is being pursued. When renewable energy penetration tends to be 100%, the source-load coordination problem becomes extreme. The problems of market failure caused by the near-zero marginal cost of RESs and the scarcity pricing of flexible resources (FRs) participating in the rapid energy deviation balance need to be solved. Accordingly, a spot market framework including the day-ahead renewable energy temporal capacity market and the real-time energy sharing market is proposed in this paper. The RESs and FRs are decoupled to ensure that the homogenous commodities compete together. In the day-ahead stage, to obtain the locational marginal price with the guiding role of resource allocation, the fixed cost of the RESs is apportioned to obtain the spatial-temporal capacity price. In the real-time stage, a price-driven distributed energy sharing mechanism is proposed. It is proven that the sharing mechanism can achieve optimum social welfare and satisfy incentive compatibility. The simulation verifies that the new framework can solve market failure. The real value of FRs is discovered when a price consensus is reached.

AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SCHEMES OF HORIZONTAL DIRECT-FLOW HYDRAULIC TURBINES

The impact of the rapid development of renewable energy sources and the reduction of electricity production by traditional generating capacities on the change in the development trend in world energy is analyzed. This led to a sharp change in the priorities of the national energy policy of Ukraine with an increase in the capacities of renewable energy sources, which in 2035 should be 25 billion kWh of generating capacity against 2,8 billion kWh in 2018. It is shown that such trends require the growth of balancing highly maneuverable capacities in hydropower to regulate load schedules and ensure stability and reliable operation of combined power systems. Under such trends, Ukraine is transitioning to a new innovative model of the operation of the electric power industry in the conditions of the gradual creation of a full-fledged energy market and the planned integration of the energy system of Ukraine with the European energy system (ENNSO-E). It is claimed that the problem of covering peak loads becomes acute in the modern conditions of power system operation. This makes it necessary to pay more attention to the operation of maneuverable hydropower equipment in order to optimize the distribution of loads to consumers. It is proposed to solve these problems comprehensively, both by developing new blade systems and water passages of traditional type hydroturbines, and by improving the working process due to innovative constructive solutions for the layout of hydropower equipment for new hydropower facilities. Potetenko O. V. (Professor of the Department of Hydraulic Machines named after G. F. Proskura, NTU "KhPI") founded a scientific direction in which for 10 years the tasks of introducing high-speed bladed hydraulic turbines at high heads in the development of new design schemes in hydropower were developed and researched. Dozens of patents for inventions and utility models are the results of this. Further development of innovative schemes of horizontal capsule hydraulic units, which is related to the features of the working process, is aimed to achieve high average operating efficiency while simultaneously expanding operation and reliability areas of the proposed design schemes.

Risk-Based Operation Coordination of Water Desalination and Renewable-Rich Power Systems

Handling the variability and uncertainty associated with integrating large capacities of renewable energy sources (RES) into the power grid is a challenge that is increasingly influencing the power systems operation. At the same time, the growing need for desalinated water in arid areas increases the importance of suitable energy sources for sustainable operation of water desalination plants. However, as power and water system operators have traditionally operated their systems in isolation, there is a lack of understanding of the interdependence and interactions between these two systems. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a risk-based two-stage stochastic co-optimization framework that coordinates the operation of a renewable-rich power system with the operation of grid-connected reverse-osmosis water desalination plants (RO-WDP) to minimize their combined operational costs while increasing the utilization of RES. From the power system operation standpoint, the RO-WDPs are considered as controllable demand, and the proposed model integrates the energy flexibility of RO-WDPs in the day-ahead power system operation. The proposed model considers the operational constraints of both power and water desalination systems, thus co-optimizing their operation without compromising the reliable supply of power and water to end-users, while taking into account the uncertainty of the demands and RES. Simulation results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed coordination on enhancing the power system efficiency, facilitating RES integration, and minimizing the combined operational costs of both systems while minimizing their operating risk using conditional value at risk.

Impacts of battery energy storage technologies and renewable integration on the energy transition in the New York State

In light of current energy policies responding to rapid climate change, much attention has been directed to developing feasible approaches for transitioning energy production from fossil-based resources to renewable energy. Although existing studies analyze regional dispatch of renewable energy sources and capacity planning, they do not fully explore the impacts of the energy storage system technology's technical and economic characteristics on renewable energy integration and energy transition, and the importance of energy storage systems to the energy transition is currently ignored. To fill this gap, we propose an integrated optimal power flow and multiple criteria decision-making model to minimize system cost under operational constraints and evaluate the operational performance of renewable energy technologies with multidimensional criteria. The proposed method can identify the most critical features of energy storage system technologies to enhance renewable energy integration and achieve New York State's climate goals from 2025 to 2040. We discover that lead-acid battery requires an additional 38.66 GW capacity of renewable energy sources than lithium-ion battery to achieve the zero carbon dioxide emissions condition. Based on the cross-sensitivity analysis in the multidimensional evaluation, the vanadium redox flow battery performs the best, and the nickel-cadmium battery performs the worst when reaching the zero carbon dioxide emissions target in 2040. The results of the proposed model can also be conveniently generalized to select ESS technology based on the criteria preferences from RE integration and energy transition studies and serve as a reference for ESS configurations in future energy and power system planning.

Diversification as a Method of Ensuring the Sustainability of Energy Supply within the Energy Transition

This article presents a structured approach to the implementation of diversification in the energy sector during the energy transition, accompanied by crisis phenomena in the economy. On the basis of the study of the unique features of the electric power industry, it is proved that diversification is an effective tool ensuring sustainable operation and development in the course of transformation. The specific directions of diversification to achieve technical, environmental and economic results are considered. The authors demonstrate that diversification can manifest itself in different forms: as a way to implement a systematic approach to energy transition management, as a complex set of organizational and technical changes in the electric power industry, and as an institutional mechanism to support innovations. Tools for managing diversification during the energy transition have been identified. In particular, the experience of implementing systems of integrated planning of energy resources is systematized, representing a set of legal and economic procedures that contribute to minimizing public costs for energy services to consumers. The key provisions of the structural maneuver have been formulated. These include specific directions of diversification, consisting of a certain increase in the specific market share of thermal power plants, in the structure of generation capacities of renewable energy sources in order to compensate for their increased production costs, and nuclear power plants under advanced development. The advantages and limitations of the developed principles of diversification in the context of the global energy crisis are discussed.

Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems

The use of fossil fuels has contributed to climate change and global warming, which has led to a growing need for renewable and ecologically friendly alternatives to these. It is accepted that renewable energy sources are the ideal option to substitute fossil fuels in the near future. Significant progress has been made to produce renewable energy sources with acceptable prices at a commercial scale, such as solar, wind, and biomass energies. This success has been due to technological advances that can use renewable energy sources effectively at lower prices. More work is needed to maximize the capacity of renewable energy sources with a focus on their dispatchability, where the function of storage is considered crucial. Furthermore, hybrid renewable energy systems are needed with good energy management to balance the various renewable energy sources’ production/consumption/storage. This work covers the progress done in the main renewable energy sources at a commercial scale, including solar, wind, biomass, and hybrid renewable energy sources. Moreover, energy management between the various renewable energy sources and storage systems is discussed. Finally, this work discusses the recent progress in green hydrogen production and fuel cells that could pave the way for commercial usage of renewable energy in a wide range of applications.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СОВМЕСТНОЙ РАБОТЫ АВТОНОМНОЙ ГАЗОТУРБИННОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИИ И ГЕНЕРИРУЮЩЕГО УЗЛА С ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫМИ ИСТОЧНИКАМИ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ

The relevance The installed capacity of renewable energy sources increases annually relative to the total installed capacity. Features of work inherent in renewable energy installations modify the nature of transient processes in electric power systems during emergency modes. A number of authors, when studying the operation of renewable sources as part of the energy system, consider the parallel operation of renewable sources with a powerful electric power system, and also do not take into account the drive motors of power plant generators. In this paper, the study of transient processes is carried out in an isolated electric power system with renewable energy sources, the power of which is comparable to the power of classical generators. This work is dedicated to the study of transient processes in an isolated electric power system with renewable energy sources, the power of which is comparable to the power of classical generators. The research takes into account the model of a synchronous generator drive motor and its control system, configured in accordance with applicable requirements and standards. Aim of research The main aim of the research is to assess the impact of renewable energy sources on the operating modes of an isolated gas turbine power plant during emergency disturbances. Research methods To achieve the main aim of the research the method of the simulation mathematical modeling in Matlab/Simulink was used. Results During the research, a number of curves were obtained that characterize the operating modes of an isolated power system during an emergency process. The analysis of these curves has showed that the stable operation of the power plant is possible with the installed capacity of renewable energy sources not exceeding 60 % of the power reserve of the power plant's lead generator.

Вплив відновлюваних джерел енергії на енергоефективність розподільних електричних мереж

The total installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES) in 2021 reached almost 10 percent of the installed capacity of UES of Ukraine. This became possible due to state incentives in the form of a “green tariff”. However, the lack of a reasonable approach to determining the point of connection of RES to the electric network (EN) and its power has led to the decreae of the effectiveness of the EN operation. Due to the incommensurable capacities of RES and consumers connected to one feeder, losses of active power increase, indicators of the quality of electric energy (voltage deviations) deteriorate, and elements of the electric network (power transmission lines, power transformers) are overloaded. All this is aggravated by the fact that ENs were designed and built according to the principles of centralized power supply, for which the appearance of counterflows of electricity is an abnormal mode. Photoelectric plants, which make up almost 80 percent of RES in Ukraine, have the technical possibility to realize the impact on the flow of reactive energy in the network. This possibility was confirmed by analyzing the results of field experiments on operational objects and mathematical modeling by means of Simulink Matlab. Optimization of the reactive power flows is the most effective means of reducing active power and energy losses and improving electrical energy quality indicators. Therefore, the paper proposes a method for determining the amount of reactive power generated by a photovoltaic plant depending on its connection point and network configuration.

Poređenje geotermalne energije sa solarnom energijom i energijom vetra

Geothermal energy, solar energy and energy obtained from wind are huge amounts of energy that are ecologically clean, sustainable and renewable, but they are untapped energy potential. The paper will compare several characteristics of the mentioned renewable energy sources, with an emphasis on geothermal energy, which is the least represented. Possible modeled capacities of renewable energy sources, plant efficiency, CO₂ emissions, sustainability ranking, ranking of renewable energy sources, evaluations and disadvantages of individual energy sources will be compared.