Installation Capacity Research Articles

A sustainable development pattern integrating data centers and pasture-based agrivoltaic systems for ecologically fragile areas

Advances in information technology facilitate the construction of data centers (DCs), bringing huge social and economic benefits. However, the rapid development of DCs poses a heavy burden on the environment. To promote economic growth while mitigating environmental impacts, this paper proposes a sustainable development pattern that incorporates DCs and pasture-based photovoltaic (PPV) power stations in cities with rich solar energy but fragile ecological environments. An integrated method framework is applied to show the feasibility and potential of the DC-PPV model. A power generation model based on the DC electricity demand and local climate is established to calculate the installation capacity and pasture area of PPV stations, and a cost-benefit analysis is conducted to find the feasible conditions of the DC-PPV model from financial, technical and environmental perspectives. Then, the environmental potential of the DC-PPV is reflected by the GHG emission reduction from three paths, and the socioeconomic contribution is assessed using input-output (IO) analysis. The results show that the model can facilitate the local economy and effectively reduce carbon emissions. Under the planning DC scale in the study area, the model reduces GHG emissions by more than 3 million tons per year. Moreover, it converts more than 1140 hectares of Gobi land to grassland, which increases the carbon stock by 150,262 tCO2e and saves 39 million yuan of desert management.

Chance-constrained optimization of distributed power and heat storage in integrated energy networks

Energy storage is widely recognized as an effective alternative to match the instantaneous imbalance between distributed renewable energy sources and loads. However, suitable installation sites and capacities are necessarily determined in integrated energy networks. This paper constructs a two-layer optimization model of integrated power and heat networks to obtain the optimal installation nodes and capacities of electric energy storage (EES) and thermal energy storage (TES) units. In the optimization model, the interchange of power to heat with storage units is collaborated to unitize distributed renewable energy sources and decrease comprehensive costs, including investment cost of storage units and operation cost. A chance-constrained optimization model is proposed to transform the uncertain variables of electric and heat loads into a deterministic optimization problem. The impacts of confidence levels involved in load probability distributions on the optimal nodes and capacities are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the optimal installation nodes are determined by the distributions of distributed power sources and load ratios in networks. The increased confidence level globally raises the optimal installation capacities of EES and TES. When the confidence level increases from 0.50 to 0.99, the utilization rate of wind power increases by 3.91 %, whereas the comprehensive cost increases by 22.34 %. The hybrid integrations of EES and TES consume more uncertain renewable power and improve the economic performances by the interchange of power to heat.

Holistic evaluation of aircraft detection lighting systems for wind turbines in Germany using a multi-method evaluation framework

Transponder-based Aircraft Detection Lighting Systems (ADLS) are increasingly used in wind turbines to limit beacon operation times, reduce light emissions, and increase wind energy acceptance. The systems use digital technologies such as receivers of digital transponder signals, LTE/5G, and other information and communication technology. The use of ADLS will be mandatory in Germany both for new and existing wind turbines with a height of >100 m from 2023 (onshore) and 2024 (offshore), so a nationwide rollout is expected to start during 2022. To fully realize the benefits while avoiding risks and bottlenecks, a thorough and holistic understanding of the efforts required and the impacts caused along the life cycle of an ADLS is essential. Therefore, this study presents the first multi-aspect holistic evaluation of an ADLS. A framework for evaluating digital applications in the energy sector, previously developed by the authors, is refined and applied. The framework is based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and expert interviews. On an aggregated level, the MCA results show an overall positive impact from all stakeholders’ perspectives. Most positive impacts are found in the society and politics category, while most negative impacts are of technical nature. The LCA of the ADLS reveals a slightly negative impact, but this impact is negligible when compared to the total life cycle impact of the wind turbines of which the ADLS is a part. Besides the aggregated evaluation, detailed information on potential implementation risks, bottlenecks, and levers for life cycle improvement are presented. In particular, the worldwide scarcity of the required semiconductors, in combination with the general lack of technicians in Germany, lead to the authors’ recommendation for a limited prolongation of the planned rollout period. This period should be used by decision-makers to ensure the availability of technical components and installation capacities. A pooling of ADLS installations in larger regions could improve plannability for manufacturers and installers. Furthermore, an ADLS implementation in other countries could be supported by an early holistic evaluation using the presented framework.

Study on the Recommended Placement and Air Distribution of Split Floor-Standing Room Air Conditioners

In recent years, split floor-standing room air conditioners have been widely used in civil and office buildings because of their high cooling capacity and easy installation, and the air draft sensation has attracted more and more attention. In this study, a target air supply evaluation index for regional thermal comfort evaluation in the work area, the air velocity target value, is proposed. A computational fluid dynamics model for common office is established, and a total of 204 working conditions are numerically simulated for each combination of different positions, different rotation angles, and different air supply velocities (1 m/s, 2 m/s and 3 m/s) of air conditioners in the room. The influence of the rotation angle of the air conditioner on the indoor air distribution was studied, and the distribution of the indoor velocity flow field at different positions was analyzed. The air-conditioning rotation angle that makes the velocity target value of the five preset planes in the room smaller under different conditions is summarized as the recommended rotation angle. The numerical simulation results were verified by experimental means and found to be consistent with the measured results. This study can provide theoretical guidance and reference for the placement of indoor air conditioning units for users in real life.

Optimal design and energy management of residential prosumer community with photovoltaic power generation and storage for electric vehicles

The optimum design and management of residential photovoltaic (PV) communities are essential to the reliability to satisfy the demands of communities due to the volatility and intermittence of solar energy. The retailer for energy dispatch management is introduced to improve the economic performances of PV communities through demand-side management measures with the electric grid. This paper proposes a novel two-stage optimization model of design and electricity dispatch strategies for residential PV communities to operate electric vehicles' charges. The first-stage optimization aims to obtain the optimal capacities of PV and batteries. The second-stage optimization optimizes the retailer's hourly electricity prices and electricity dispatch strategies, in which the Stackelberg game is performed between maximizing the retailer's benefit and minimizing the electricity cost of residential basic loads and vehicle charging loads. A case study is implemented to validate the proposed model. The installation capacity of batteries is appropriately increased with the increasing active loads of electric vehicles. The optimal pricing strategies of the retailer based on the trade schemes with the electricity grid are influenced by their ratios of fixed and active loads. Compared to the community without the retailer, the annual electricity cost of users is saved by 21.2 % through the proposed management strategy.

Development of an Index to Assess COVID-19 Hospital Care Installed Capacity in the 450 Brazilian Health Regions.

The article seeks to assess the Brazilian health system ability to respond to the challenges imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by measuring the capacity of Brazilian hospitals to care for COVID-19 cases in the 450 Health Regions of the country during the year 2020. Hospital capacity refers to the availability of hospital beds, equipment, and human resources. We used longitudinal data from the National Register of Health Facilities (CNES) regarding the availability of resources necessary to care for patients with COVID-19 in inpatient facilities (public or private) from January to December 2020. Among the assessed resources are health professionals (certified nursing assistants, nurses, physical therapists, and doctors), hospital beds (clinical, intermediate care, and intensive care units), and medical equipment (computed tomography scanners, defibrillators, electrocardiograph monitors, ventilators, and resuscitators). In addition to conducting a descriptive analysis of absolute and relative data (per 10,000 users), a synthetic indicator named Installed Capacity Index (ICI) was calculated using the multivariate principal component analysis technique to assess hospital capacity. The indicator was further stratified into value ranges to understand its evolution. There was an increase in all selected indicators between January and December 2020. It was possible to observe differences between the Northeast and North regions and the other regions of the country; most Health Regions presented low ICI. The ICI increased between the beginning and the end of 2020, but this evolution differed among Health Regions. The average increase in the ICI was more evident in the groups that already had considerably high baseline capacity in January 2020. It was possible to identify inequalities in the hospital capacity to care for patients affected by COVID -19 in the Health Regions of Brazil, with a concentration of low index values in the Northeast and North of the country. As the indicator increased throughout the year 2020, inequalities were also observed. The information here provided may be used by health authorities, providers, and managers in planning and adjusting for future COVID-19 care and in dimensioning the adequate supply of hospital beds, health-care professionals, and devices in Health Regions to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. We recommend that the ICI continue to be calculated in the coming months of the pandemic to monitor the capacity in the country's Health Regions.

Research on Reconfiguration of Distribution Network considering Three-Phase Unbalance

In the distribution network, the addition of distributed power sources can improve the voltage part of the distribution system, provide uninterrupted power supply, and reduce network losses. The location of the power supply and its output will also directly affect the system voltage and power loss. Therefore, determining the optimal installation location and capacity of distributed power generation is of great significance to the distribution network. However, in the actual system, due to the unbalanced load distribution and the three-phase unbalance of the transmission line, the power distribution system presents the characteristics of unbalanced distribution. As the number of electric vehicles increasing, the imbalance of the distribution network has become more prominent.

Solar energy development in the GCC region – a review on recent progress and opportunities

ABSTRACT Exponential increase in global energy demand has led to the extensive integration of renewable energy resources. Solar energy has particularly attracted major interest, due to its scalability and ease of installation. A rise in solar insolation levels in the gulf-region has led to the rise of solar integration within the energy mix to provide strategies for clean energy production. Furthermore, GCC countries implemented various strategies to increase the installed capacity of photovoltaic system installations to cope with the rapid consumption of energy by consumers. In this review, the highlighted progress in solar energy development is discussed with respect to the gulf-situated countries. Present diversification of implemented and future projects paves the way to successful green energy integration. Furthermore, present challenges with photovoltaic (PV) implementation within the region such as oil dependence and arid climatic conditions affect its performance dramatically. However, the potential impact and benefits are numerous, which in hand encourage photovoltaic implementation within the region. In addition, measures are discussed for the steady improvement of solar energy integration within the electrical network, to be considered by the countries situated within the region.

Statistical-analytical study on world development trend in offshore wind energy production capacity focusing on Great Britain with the aim of MCDA based offshore wind farm siting

Present study is a statistical-analytical analysis about the offshore wind energy plants development. As a multi objective or multi step study, in the first step the last 20 year development trend of top 10 pioneering countries in offshore wind energy production capacity studied to classify the countries based on their activity level in development path. Based on results the Great Britain (GB) can be nominated as the most active country from the offshore wind energy production capacity development point of view. But in order to access a real rank of countries based on offshore wind energy per capita, a more reliable index defined with dividing the offshore wind energy production capacity by population of countries. Based on introduced index the condition of GB with per capita of 123.5 Watt/person is not good enough compared to countries like Denmark, Belgium, Sweden and Netherlands with lower production capacity but higher per capita of 293.6, 194.4, 184.7 and 145.9 Watt/person respectively. Considering the island type and geographical position of GB and also having the highest development rate of offshore wind energy production capacity between top 10 countries in last 20 years, as the second step an analytical study conducted to find the best geographical coordinates for new offshore wind energy plant installation and enhancing production capacity. Blending multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with GIS software that is called special multi criteria decision analysis (SMCDA) is the method that is applied for offshore wind farm siting. Wind energy density, wind speed, water depth and distance from shore are the four main selected criteria for offshore wind farm siting. Next to for main criteria, the locations of installed or under construction offshore wind farms and also efficiency of offshore wind farms in various months and seasons are the other criteria for selecting suitable siting. In addition to above mentioned criteria, the suitability analysis for offshore wind farm siting applied in four different altitudes and also in six various areas around the GB. Based on results the northern (area#1), north western (some parts of area#6), north eastern (some parts of area#2) and some parts of western waters (area#5) are the best areas for installing offshore wind farms based on suitability map results in all four altitudes.

Retrofitting existing office buildings towards life-cycle net-zero energy and carbon

• Cost optimisation of retrofitting towards life-cycle net-zero energy and carbon. • Applying an integrated design process and selecting optimal retrofitting solutions. • Optimal solutions for life-cycle net-zero and maximising life-cycle payback cost. Maximum cost reduction is 116.3% and 103.5% for life-cycle net-zero energy and carbon buildings. • Proposed framework can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate effects. Energy devices for achieving net-zero operating energy and carbon generally entails additional embodied energy and carbon during the production and disposal stages. For a building to be considered as truly life-cycle net-zero, the energy use or greenhouse gas emissions occurring across each stage of its life span must be offset. Retrofitting design approach for strict life-cycle net-zero buildings is still quite rare. The innovation of this study is to propose an integrated design process to determine optimal retrofitting solutions and achieve life-cycle net-zero. The retrofitting also aims at maximising lifetime payback cost by selecting appropriate installation areas or capacities of each renewable energy device. A real-world office building is adopted as a case study to demonstrate the proposed retrofitting design approach, while 5 different sceneries are adopted to demonstrate different retrofitting situations. The maximum lifetime payback cost reduction would be 116.3% and 103.5% for life-cycle net-zero energy and carbon for this case study building. The proposed integrated design process can be applied to different types of buildings to transform them into truly carbon-neutral and consequently mitigate climate change-related issues.

Exploitable wind power potential in Turkey with technological advancement and resulting environmental-economic aspects

This work's focus is determining how the improvements in wind power technology alter current onshore wind power potential and exploitable electrical energy in Turkey. Then, consequent environmental and economic benefits through substitution of imported hard coal, natural gas and local lignite resources in the Turkish electricity mix have been analyzed. Lack of potential, environmental and economic data kept offshore wind calculations out of the scope of this work. Increasing hub height and power coefficient due to better blade designs of wind turbines can increase 114 thousand MW of onshore wind power potential at 50 m up to 418 thousand MW at 300 m. Consequent wind electricity generation can change in the range of 2.3 × 105–1.95 × 106 GWh. Acknowledging several different conditions operating wind turbines can be subject to and that the whole capacity may not be used, mean value of 1.09 × 106 GWh wind electricity generation is assessed as the limit providable to the Turkish electricity grid. Installable wind power capacity (IWPC) and electricity generation potential (EGP) are both most sensitive to the changes in spacing followed by CP and aging. The level of sensitivity increases at higher hub heights for both IWPC and EGP. Environmentally, substitution of lignite and after 2040 hard coal and lignite by wind power is the most feasible option in improving environmental performance of Turkish electricity mix compared to sole substitution of hard coal, natural gas or lignite. In 2040, wind can replace all lignite hence in the years following 2040, wind can substitute lignite and a second fossil resource. Economically, hard coal and natural gas substitution result in 10.85 billion $ and 7.93 billion $ gain from 2021to 2050. Local job creation and carbon tax mechanisms to be employed in favor of wind power can create additional economic and social benefits for the country.

Design and Installation of High Capacity Centralized Coolant Pump for Optimization of Power Consumption using VFD Controller

This paper discuss the pumping system study involved detailed discussions with Maintenance Engineers. The flow, pressure and power measurements for the pumps were done with the advanced instruments available with GIN. A total of around 2 Pumps were studied during the audit period. We find that there is a good amount of saving potential available on replacement of the pumps with Energy Efficient pumps call it a variable speed drive, adjustable frequency drive, adjustable speed drive, AC drive, inverter drive or something else, a variable frequency drive (VFD) can reduce the energy usage of an electric motor up to 90%, extend motor life, deliver a payback in as little as 6 months and often qualify for energy-saving financial incentives. Since HVAC consumes the most energy in a building and motors account for the majority of HVAC energy usage, using VFDs on pump and fan motors can result in substantial energy cost reductions.

Development of a Mathematical Model to Size the Photovoltaic and Storage Battery Based on the Energy Demand Pattern of the House

Solar energy is used in buildings worldwide. However, because the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation varies with environmental fluctuations, it is difficult to control. Therefore, electricity generation from photovoltaics is often poorly matched to the electricity load of the house. The use of storage batteries and photovoltaic panels can effectively improve the stability of the energy supply; however, it also introduces the problem of higher initial costs. Generally, a larger photovoltaic area and battery capacity can lead to higher costs and more renewable energy; therefore, to determine a suitable size of photovoltaic and storage battery for a house, the energy demand of the house must also be considered. The traditional method for sizing photovoltaics and storage batteries mainly considers the daily average electricity demand and the useful area for installing photovoltaics. To size the photovoltaic in a more precise manner, we propose a mathematical model (nonlinear programming) for selecting a relatively optimal solution for the photovoltaic area, battery capacity, and photovoltaic installation angle by considering the hourly and annual demands for electricity from the grid. To validate this mathematical method, a detached house in Zhouzhi county, Shaanxi province, China, was selected to size the devices by the proposed method. Results show that the device sizes determined using the proposed mathematical model are significantly smaller than those determined using the traditional method, without suffering a significant increase in the demand for electricity from the grid. According to our economic analysis, although the proposed method for sizing devices reduces the device cost payback period by half compared to that of the traditional method, the payback period for the devices sized using the proposed method is still 10.6 years. The extremely low electricity price in China may contribute to the extended payback period and thus discourage residents from installing renewable energy devices.

An intelligent soil-cement mixing column driver

Conventional soil–cement columns fail to fully consider the layered structure of foundation soil, resulting in cement waste. Owing to the concealment of the installation site, soil–cement mixing column installation is labor-intensive, and its quality is considerably affected by the skills and experience of the laborers and operators. In this study, soil–cement mixing column installation technology and quality control were investigated by improving the automation and intelligent ability of installation equipment based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. An intelligent soil–cement mixing column driver was developed. Field test and engineering application results showed that frequency grouting, installation quality assessment, and on-site and remote monitoring can be implemented. The intelligent soil–cement mixing column driver improved the installation capacity and quality, reduced the cost, and simplified the construction management. The intelligent soil–cement mixing column driver has great potential for engineering applications and development. In the future, a wider range of applications and further intelligent upgrades will be investigated.

Carbon capture in power sector of China towards carbon neutrality and its comparison to renewable power

CO2 capture from coal power plants is an important and necessary solution to realizing carbon neutrality in China, but CCS demonstration deployment in power sector is far behind expectations. Hence, the reduction potential of energy consumption and cost for CCS and its competitiveness to renewable powers are very important to make roadmaps and policies toward carbon neutrality. Unlike the popular recognition that capturing CO2 from flue gases is technically and commercially mature, this paper notes that it has been proved to be technically feasible but far beyond technology maturity and high energy penalty leads to its immaturity and therefore causes high cost. Additionally, the potential energy penalty reduction of capture is investigated thermodynamically, and future CO2 avoidance cost is predicted and compared to renewable power (solar PV and onshore wind power). Results show that energy penalty for CO2 capture can be reduced by 48%-57%. When installation capacity reaches a similar scale to that of solar PV in China (250 GW), CO2 capture cost in coal power plants can be reduced from the current 28-40 US$/ton to 10-20 US$/ton, and efficiency upgrade contributes to 67%-75% in cost reduction for high coal price conditions. In China, CO2 capture in coal power plants can be cost competitive with solar PV and onshore wind power. But it is worth noting that the importance and share of CCS role in CO2 emission reduction is decreasing since renewable power is already well deployed and there is still a lack of large-scale CO2 capture demonstrations in China. Innovative capture technologies with low energy penalties need to be developed to promote CCS. Results in this work can provide informative references for making roadmaps and policies regarding CO2 emission reductions that contribute towards carbon neutrality.

주차장 · 옥상 유휴부지를 활용한 태양광발전 비용편익 분석

Purpose This study aims to analyzing of solar power generation cost-benefit. Design/methodology/approach - We analyzed whether there is economic feasibility by selecting parking lots and idle sites located in four areas of Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Jeolla, and Gyeongsang areas nationwide, and analyzing site conditions and installation capacity. Findings - According to the results of the analysis, it was found that there is low profitability in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Chungcheong regions, where the solar radiation was not excellent even if REC is selected through the contract market. However, it is necessary to analyzed the economical validity the profitable validity including environmental benefits (greenhouse gas reduction, NOx, SOx reduction effect) and social benefits (renewable power supply) that is analyzed by income and operating costs which is occurred from electricity sales and REC sales when installing solar power generation facilities. Research implications or Originality - In this study, economic feasibility was evaluated additionally in consideration of environmental and social benefits. In conclusion, it was shown that businesses are not economical when considering only simple financial aspects are also sufficiently economical when it is considering environmental and social benefits.

Analisis Pengembangan Sistem Distribusi Pada Sumber Mata Air Desa Lamendora Kecamatan Kapoiala Kabupaten Konawe

Water is an important component for the life of living things on earth and cannot be separated from the need for water. Water is the main requirement in the process of life on earth so that there is no life if there is no water on earth. Water is an element that is difficult to separate from human life. The importance of the role of water for the life of creatures on the earth's surface, it is necessary to have a water source that can provide water both in terms of quantity and quality. The purpose of this study is to analyze the water demand in Lamendora Village for the next ten years and analyze the water discharge and installation capacity in the process of developing a water distribution system. The water demand for the next 10 years projection for each facility in Lamendora village is for the domestic sector of 0,000607 m/s, for the non-domestic sector the entire facility is 0.0005228 m³/s. The average flow rate of the Lamendora river is 10,988 m³/s, after that the roughness coefficient calculation according to hazzen-wiliams results in 24,189m from brocaptering to the reservoir. As for the flow velocity of 33.21 m3/second. so that the river flow of the Lamendora village can still meet the water needs for the next 10 years.

Performance investigation of a grid-connected system integrated photovoltaic, battery storage and electric vehicles: A case study for gymnasium building

It has been a pressing challenge for human beings to reduce the energy consumption of buildings and decrease carbon emission. The application of photovoltaic (PV) system in buildings is identified as a renewable energy and carbon reduction approach. As a kind of typical building, the gymnasium usually has a large non-occupation roof area, which shows great application potential to cover the building demand by available photovoltaic source. This paper presents the performance of a grid-connected system integrated photovoltaic, battery storage, and electric vehicles (EV) applied in gymnasium buildings. The main building demand of gymnasium buildings can be easily covered by adopting an appropriate size of PV installation and battery capacity. The load cover ratio can achieve 0.95 when PV generation equals the energy consumption of the building and the battery with 2.7 times capacity of average daily building load is equipped. The proposed charging strategy for EVs can significantly decrease the peak power of the system compared with the constant power charging method. The peak grid power of the system adopted with the proposed charging strategy can be decreased by 51.7% of the rated load power on a typical day when PV generation is 1.4 times the energy consumption of the building and the battery capacity is 66% of the average daily building load. The results of this study show a reference for the configuration and operation scheme of PV system and electric vehicles in gymnasium buildings for renewable energy development and zero-carbon activity.

The Impact of Various Renewable Energy Sources to Reduce the Case of Resource Scarcity in the Global Business Market Area

Implication of renewable resources energy can properly develop every business practices. These are various renewable resources such as: solar energy, tidal power, hydroelectric power which can prevent environmental degradation. Carbon footprint has been highlighted due to innumerable usage of non-renewable resources. This should wisely use with usage of substitutes which prevent resource scarcity. Moreover, fossil fuels, coal and petroleum gas can accelerate pollution rate, hence there should be usage of alternative resources which can be fruitful for sustainable business development. Global business development mainly gives importance on low cost manufacturing which is mainly possible with the utilisation of renewable resources. This article mainly focussed on creating qualitative analysis by gathering secondary data from authentic journals. Article has been mentioned the renewable energy potential (reV) Model, this new tool to measure capacity of renewable resources. This can form positivity in business practices to have procurement in global business environment. Apart from this, some statistics such as Installation of renewable energy capacity in leading countries throughout the world in 2021, revenue of company for usage of alternative resources and capacity of renewable resources make a clear idea on positive impact with utilisation of renewable resources. Keyword : Business practices, procurement, Renewable resources, sustainable.

Microscale modelling of wind turbines in the New York offshore lease area

Simulations of the New York offshore wind energy lease area are undertaken within the PyWake program using both NOJ wake parameterization and the Fuga model. Seven different wind farm layouts are simulated to evaluate how the potential annual energy production (AEP) and capacity factor (CF) are impacted by the installed capacity (IC) density and the rotation of the wind turbines compared to the control. The control simulations use the east-west, north-south turbine layout with equidistant spacing of 1.85 km (7.7D) that will be used for the Vineyard Wind offshore wind farm south of Massachusetts. Both CF and AEP have an almost linear relationship with IC for the IC densities of 2.2 to 8.1 MWkm−2. Modelled CF are lower using Fuga (48.9% to 53.9%) than from NOJ (51.5% to 54.4%). The rotated turbine layouts have similar CF to the control because the wind direction distribution is dominated by peaks in both the southwest and northwest directions.