Capacitive Mode Research Articles

Ultrahighly Sensitive Flexible Pressure Sensors with Dual-Mode Response Based on Monolayer Films of Calcium Niobate Nanosheets.

Flexible pressure sensors present enormous potential for applications in health monitoring, human-machine interfacing, and electronic skins (e-skin). However, at the cost of flexibility, the design of flexible pressure sensors has been facing the trade off between high sensitivity and wide sensing range. Herein, we propose a sandwiched structure composed of monolayer films of calcium niobate nanosheets to endow the device with both ultrahigh sensitivity and a wide sensing range. Tunable contact between the two electrodes of the pressure sensor through the gaps in the insulative monolayer film and precise thickness modulation of the monolayer films at the nanoscale result in an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide sensing range of the sensors. By virtue of these two traits, the pressure sensor distinguishes itself with unprecedented performances of ultrahigh sensitivity (6.43 × 104 kPa-1), a wide sensing range (1.94-60.00 kPa), a fast response time (<165 ms), and reliable repeatability. In addition, the sensor has a sensing mechanism transition from capacitive mode to piezoresistive mode from low pressure to high pressure. The sensors demonstrates the ability for motion detection of the human body. This work sheds light on the development of highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors.

Ultra-stretchable, robust, self-healable conductive hydrogels enabled by the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonds and ionic coordination bonds toward high-performance e-skins

Ionic conductive hydrogels as electronic skins (e-skins) have showcased pivotal potentials in the realm of human health monitoring and human–machine interfaces. However, developing intelligent hydrogel with remarkable stretchability and mechanical elasticity is yet challenging. Herein, high-performance ion-conducting hydrogels with unprecedented mechanical properties and good transparent, conductive, self-healing properties are constructed via free-radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) within the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) network, and the subsequent freeze–thaw (F-T) treatment and Zr4+ ion immersion crosslinking technique. Profiting from the synergy of multiple intermolecular/intramolecular hydrogen bonds between different polymers and coordination bonds of carboxyl-Zr4+, the resultant PVA/PAA/Zr4+ hydrogel exhibits high transparency (∼97 %), superior conductivity (0.6089 S/m), a long elongation at break (2053 %), robust self-healing efficiency (96.3 %), high deformation-tolerate property, and notable mechanical repeatability. These multifaceted attributes render the hydrogel to serve as an ionic conductor for capacitive/resistive −type strain sensor. The hydrogel-based resistive-type strain sensor features a wide detection range (0.5 %-800 %), rapid response time (150 ms), long-term stability, and consistent output stability, making it promising in monitoring diverse human motions and seamless human–machine interactions. Additionally, the hydrogel sensor demonstrates excellent linear response in ultra-wide range (0–900 % strain), high sensitivity, and excellent cycling stability in a capacitive mode, enabling to be used for accurately detecting the weights of objects. As such, this work advances the development of ionic conductive hydrogel as flexible and wearable electronic devices.

A novel high-Q contour mode resonator

This work presents a novel silicon-based capacitive Edge-Radial Contour Mode (ERCM) resonator. Various loss mechanisms of the resonators are investigated via numerical calculations and simulations, the energy loss of the ERCM resonator is mainly dominated by thermoelastic and anchor loss. To suppress thermoelastic loss and anchor loss while maintaining a larger anchor radius, a supporting structure based on a four-ring release hole array was designed, which has significantly reduced anchor loss and motional impedance. By incorporating a four-ring spoke array within the circular disk, the resonator demonstrated more than 4 times enhancement in quality factor (Q) and an 81% reduction in motional impedance. The Q factor reaches 91,000 at frequency of 23.7MHz. Besides, the nonlinear behaviors of the resonator were studied. The nonlinear coefficients of the two resonators were modulated by optimizing the doping types to be 1.93×1010m-2 and -5.62×109m-2, respectively. These studies provide a deep understanding of the nonlinear behaviors of ERCM resonators and their potential application in tunable narrow-bandwidth filters and high-sensitive sensors.

Design of eddy current and capacitance dual-mode sensor for thickness detection of thermal barrier coatings

Abstract Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) can markedly enhance the service temperature of high-temperature alloys, thereby enhancing the engine thrust-to-weight ratio. However, TBCs must be capable of withstanding a multitude of harsh environments, including high temperatures, high pressures, and high-speed particle impacts, which can potentially lead to damage and failure. Consequently, nondestructive testing of TBCs is of particular importance for the assessment of structural health. As eddy current detection is applicable to conductive materials and capacitive detection is applicable to non-conductive materials, this paper proposes a novel, eddy current/capacitance detection, dual-mode sensor, which combines the advantages of the two detection modes. This study examines the structural configuration and excitation characteristics of the eddy current and capacitance dual-mode sensor. Furthermore, the interaction between the capacitive electrode and the eddy current coil is examined, and the viability of the dual-mode sensor is demonstrated through experimentation. The experimental results demonstrate that the dual-mode sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 2.67 mΩ mm−1 for bond coating thickness detection in eddy current mode with an excitation frequency of 5 MHz, and a maximum sensitivity of 80.31 pF mm−1 for top coating thickness detection in capacitive mode.

Electromechanically stable and flexible poro-hyperelastic composites for multimodal robotic tactile sensing

The expansion of automated production places increased demands on intelligent sensory networks for collecting and processing various input signals, which necessitate higher standards for multimodal detection, sensitivity, and sensing response speed. Here, this work developed a poro-hyperelastic composites-based multimodal tactile sensor capable of triboelectric, piezoresistive, and capacitive modes across multiple strains and frequency domains. Such the multilayered flexible multimodal mechano-electronic sensor (MMES) is constructed from a carbon nanotubes porous sponge (CNPS), facilitating switching between trimodal sensing modes integrated within a single sensor structure, effectively enhancing the electromechanical robustness of the sensory system. The present MMES sensor exhibits excellent pressure sensing performances, with a wide range (0–20 kPa), fast response (less than 102 ms in piezoresistive mode and less than 62 ms in capacitive mode), high sensitivity (up to 0.12 V/kPa⁻1 in triboelectric mode), and long-term durability (exceeding 10,000 cycles). Moreover, a micro-CT generated 3D model was established using finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate porous hyperelastic behaviours of the CNPS composites, in agreement with experimental data. The results demonstrated that the MMES sensor is particularly suitable for dynamic feedback in robotic arms, allowing production lines to make accurate distinguishments and operations by sensing distinct materials and resistances encountered during assembly in real time. The outcomes offer promising applications of multimodal robotic tactile sensing for human-machine interaction.

Seat to beat: Novel capacitive ECG integration for in-car cardiovascular measurement

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of global mortality, responsible for approximately one in five deaths. In response to these concerning statistics, there is a growing need for innovative solutions enabling cardiac monitoring beyond medical facilities. This paper demonstrates the fabrication and development of a novel system designed to be integrated into passenger car seats, facilitating continuous monitoring of passengers’ cardiac activity. The system comprises a capacitive electrode prototype, a custom-designed analog signal processing circuit, and a computing unit. Two ultrathin capacitive electrodes were fabricated with a diameter of 56.42 mm protected by a guard layer to reduce noise. The amplification circuitry was comprised of operational amplifiers tasked with filtering and conditioning the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. Heart rates calculated from our measurements were comparable with clinical ECG. The experimental setup underwent testing on human subjects while they were in a state of tranquil sitting within passenger cars and also in laboratory conditions. The proposed system offers the flexibility for single and dual power supplies in full capacitive or hybrid mode. Our experimental results confirm the system’s feasibility and its capability to record high-quality signals from weak biopotentials, highlighting its potential for real-world applications.

Multimodal Pressure Sensor: Advancing Continuous Cardiovascular Monitoring through Synergistic Capacitive and Piezoresistive Sensing

Recent advancements in flexible and skin-mountable health monitoring devices have sparked interest in non-invasive methods for continuously capturing subtle human physiological signals. Among these, pressure sensors play a pivotal role, particularly in applications involving pulse detection and electronic skin. While various mechanisms like piezoresistive, capacitive, triboelectric, and piezoelectric sensors have shown promise, their reliance on flexible substrates presents an opportunity to merge different sensing mechanisms into a single, multifaceted sensor, thereby maximizing benefits and mitigating limitations. This study introduces a novel approach by proposing and fabricating a multimodal sensor that seamlessly combines the piezoresistive and capacitive modes of operation. Leveraging finite element analysis, we established design parameters tailored to create a highly sensitive piezoresistive sensor capable of discerning weak arterial pulse waveforms. Simultaneously, for the capacitive sensor aspect, we optimized the performance of a supercapacitive sensor utilizing paper as the sensing layer. This innovative approach in capacitive sensing offers high sensitivity and reliability. The fabrication of both sensors culminated in their integration into a compact, multi-mechanism sensing platform. The resultant multimodal sensor holds promise as a sophisticated, wearable technology for continuous monitoring of cardiovascular pulse waveforms at wrist arterial sites. By synergizing the advantages of capacitive and piezoresistive mechanisms, this innovation paves the way for enhanced accuracy and precision in capturing and analyzing subtle physiological signals.

Plasma heating characterization of the large area inductively coupled plasma etchers with the plasma information for managing the mass production

Meter-scale of the large area inductively coupled plasma etchers with the capacitive power coupling are widely applied for the mass production of OLED (organic light emitting diode) display panels. Because of the large area-to-volume ratio of the etcher, the balance between the power loss and absorption is easily located in the capacitive coupling mode rather than the ideal inductively coupled mode. Therefore, the process results are sensitively governed by the power absorption and plasma heating properties of the reactors. We have introduced a new PI (plasma information) parameter, the ratio of the stochastic heating to Ohmic heating of the plasmas, which is monitorable by using the optical emission spectroscopy data of the processing etchers. With the help of this plasma heating characteristic index, we could optimize the process recipes with the detailed control of the etched hole sidewall passivation and related species generation rate in the plasmas; thus, chamber-to-chamber matching in the huge mass production fab with the higher efficiency was possible. It was demonstrated that the introduced PI index with plasma heating mechanism characterization could be applicable to the VM (virtual metrology) modeling as one of the good information supplying core variables. This PI index has shown a very high correlation with the plasma sheath and ion flux governing phenomena for a large number of mass-produced OLED display glasses. From these results, the introduced plasma heating mechanism-based PI index is expected to be utilized as a good reference index for their performance analysis or PI-VM modelings.

Aluminum vacancy‐rich MOF‐derived carbon nanosheets for high‐capacity and long‐life aqueous aluminum‐ion battery

AbstractEco‐friendly and safe aqueous aluminum‐ion batteries as energy storage devices with low economic burden, high stability and fast ion transport have been lucubrated deeply in response to the call for sustainable development. However, the poor cycle performance caused by difficult (de‐)intercalation hinders the development prospect. In this work, the aluminum vacancy‐rich MOF‐derived carbon is constructed to achieve reversible aluminum storage during the charge‐discharge cycles. The MOF‐derived carbon with anti‐stacking waxberry‐like structure exhibits high capacity (282.1 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1) and long cycle performance (84.4% capacity retention rate at 1 A g−1 after 5000 cycles). Further investigations demonstrate that (de‐)intercalation occurs among the vacancies of carbon nanosheets in the form of hydrated aluminum ions. Meanwhile, the introduced nitrogen as energy storage sites contributes part of the capacity. The proposed aluminum vacancy engineering improves the current situation of the capacitive energy storage mode for 2D carbon materials, which may exploit an advanced theoretical model for the design of aqueous batteries.

3D printed stretchable coaxial fiber grid for dual-mode multifunctional tactile sensor array

Tactile sensors play a critical role in the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable devices. However, although current tactile sensors can precisely measure pressure, the simple fabrication of stretchable high-performance tactile sensors with a broad measuring range and multifunctions is still challenging. Herein, an ink-direct writing 3D printing method is developed to fabricate novel stretchable dual-mode tactile sensors with coaxial fiber structure. The 3D printed coaxial fibers have an outer skin composed of silicone rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene micropowders thixotropic agent and an inner core of an ionic conductive solution composed of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium chloride. The coaxial fibers exhibit excellent electrical conductivity (0.54 S cm−1) and outstanding stretchability, as high as 390 %. The intersection of the two fibers constitutes a dual-mode tactile sensor which can operate in triboelectric or capacitive modes with complementary measurement ranges from 0.0003 to 0.4517 N. Besides, by combining the signals from the two modes, the sensor can identify the material that comes into contact with the sensor. A 3D printed network of tactile sensor arrays made of warp-weft interwoven coaxial fibers is able to accurately detect the locations of multi-point contact with the array. This dual-mode multifunctional tactile sensor can be widely used in various applications such as the IoT and wearable devices.

A Flexible Pressure Sensor with Wide Detection Range Based on Capacitive‐Piezoresistive Dual Mode Conversion for Human‐Machine Interaction

AbstractFlexible pressure sensor is widely used in fields such as healthcare, intelligent prosthetics, and patient rehabilitation. However, how to ensure high sensitivity of the sensor while having a wide detection range remains a challenge. In order to address this challenge, a flexible pressure sensor with a wide detection range based on capacitive‐piezoresistive dual mode conversion is proposed. By manufacturing circular through‐holes on the dielectric layer of the sensor, the microstructure of the upper and lower electrode layers can achieve non‐contact and contact switching under different pressures through the through holes. This means that the sensor remains in capacitive mode at low pressure and then in piezoresistive mode at high pressure. By cleverly combining the two modes, the measurement range can reach 2 000 kPa and high sensitivity can be maintained during mode switching. In addition, its production process is simple, the cost is low, and it has a fast response time (120 ms) and good repeatability stability. The experimental results indicate that the sensor can achieve ideal performance in proximity detection, human behavior monitoring, and ultra high‐pressure detection, and has broad application prospects in providing a more powerful human‐computer interaction interface and expanding more comprehensive health monitoring.

A Novel AC Green Plug Switched Filter Scheme for Low Impact Efficient V2G Battery Charging Stations

In this paper, a novel switched/modulated capacitor filter scheme is proposed for enhancing vehicle‐to‐house (V2G) battery‐charging stations utilized in electric vehicles (EVs). The novel approach is tested on two controllers with a classical optimized PID controller. The technique, which employs modified multimode weighted charging modes for fast charging, improved power quality, and minimal inrush currents, results in reduced voltage transients on the DC side and less harmonics on the AC side. An intercoupled DC‐AC capacitor interface that features dual complementary switching modes is used by the switched modulated filter as a way to provide optimal pulsing in both the tuned‐arm filter and capacitive compensator modes of operations. This switched intercoupled AC‐DC filter compensation approach leads to enhanced power usage in EVs, along with lower AC‐DC voltage transients and inrush currents.

Design of a linearized 4-H-bridge STATCOM for load balancing purposes

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;In this paper, a 4-H-bridge STATCOM (4-HB STATCOM) is introduced. Four H-bridges are cascaded to build the proposed STATCOM. Cascading the H-bridges makes it possible to operate the devised STATCOM on high voltage levels with less voltage harmonic association. The proposed STATCOM is equipped with an adaptive current controller and a voltage balancing technique for its DC capacitor voltages. The adopted controlling strategy makes the STATCOM respond continuously and linearly to current demand in both inductive and capacitive operational modes without noticeable association of harmonics. The DC capacitor of each H-bridge is shunted by a second harmonic filter to stabilize its voltage. The proposed STATCOM does not require initial charging of its DC capacitors because it is provided with a utilized technique for charging them rapidly by disabling the STATCOM carrier for a certain period sufficient to build up the required level of DC voltages. In this work, the proposed STATCOM is designed to operate on 11 kV AC voltage as a continuously and linearly controlled compensating susceptance. It can deservingly be employed in load balancing systems for achieving big amount of energy savings in power generation and big reduction in transmission losses.&lt;/span&gt;

Freeze-Drying-Assisted ZIF-67 Template-Derived Co@NCS Porous Composite as Sulfur Cathode Host for Improved Li-S Battery Performance: Deconvolution of Diffusive and Capacitive Li+ Storage.

A zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-67) template-derived cobalt@nitrogen-doped carbon-sulfur composite (ZIF-Co@NCS) was synthesized using a freeze-drying method and explored for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Material characterizations confirmed the formation of the ZIF-Co@NCS composite. To fabricate the Li-S battery in a coin-type CR-2032 cell, the as-synthesized ZIF-Co@NCS composite having a sulfur content of ∼65% was used as a cathode material and coupled with a lithium metal anode. This battery demonstrated exceptional cycling stability over 600 charge-discharge cycles with a steady capacity of 550 mAh g-1 at 0.05 C-rate. The good electrochemical performance of the cathode was ascribed to the nanofeatures associated with the freeze-dried porous carbon structure, which offered enough space for the sulfur cathode. The enhanced trapping of polysulfide facilitated by the presence of the Co-N sites in the ZIF-Co@NCS composite led to excellent cycling stability. The derived cathode composite showed a high specific capacity, outstanding rate capability, and excellent cyclic stability rendering it a promising candidate for high-performance Li-S batteries. Detailed Li+ ion charge storage examined by means of Dunn's method revealed a significant capacitive mode of charge storage both at peak currents and nonpeak currents. The post-mortem analysis of the cycled cathode using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy at different depth-of-discharge (DOD) values revealed the stepwise formation of discharge products.

Balancing of four wire loads using linearized H-bridge static synchronous compensators

&lt;p&gt;In this paper, a load balancing system is designed to balance the secondary phase currents of 11 kV/380 V, 50 Hz, 100 kVA power transformer in a three phase 4-wire, distribution network. The load balancing system is built of six identical modified static synchronous compensators (M-STATCOMs). Each M-STATCOM is constructed of a voltage source converter-based H-bridge controlled in capacitive and inductive modes as a linear compensating susceptance. The M-STATCOM current is controlled by varying its angle such that it exchanges pure reactive current with the utility grid. Three identical M-STATCOMs are connected in delta-form to balance the active phase currents of the power transformer, whereas the other three identical M-STATCOMs are connected in star-form to compensate for reactive currents. The M-STATCOMs in the delta-connected compensator are driven by 380 V line-to-line voltages, whilst, those connected in star-form are driven by 220 V phase voltages. The results of the 220 V and 380 V M-STATCOMs have exhibited linear and continuous control in capacitive and inductive regions of operation without steady-state harmonics. The proposed load balancing system has offered high flexibility during treating moderate and severe load unbalance conditions. It can involve any load unbalance within the power transformer current rating and even unbalance cases beyond the power transformer current rating.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Mechanically robust, flexible hybrid tactile sensor with microstructured sensitive composites for human-cyber-physical systems

Advances in human-cyber-physical system (HCPS) requires multiple and multimodal sensory network to address the challenge of human-machine relationships, posing substantial potential for human health monitoring and human-centric smart manufacturing. However, combining electrical sensitivity and mechanical robustness of flexible sensors with simple device structure is still challenging. This work presents a flexible porous bimodal pressure sensor (PBPS) by fabricating 3D microstructured sensitive porous carbon-nanotubes composites (PCNC). The multi-layered PBPS can offer the ability to switch between piezoresistive and piezocapacitive sensing modes without altering the device structure, enhancing mechanical stability of device under loading/unloading cycles. This versatility allows for the detection of hardness discrimination, grabbing sensing, and dynamic human physiological signal recognition, which possess superior pressure sensing performances with a high sensitivity (0.1059 kPa−1 in piezoresistive mode, 0.2054 kPa−1 in capacitive mode), wide measuring range (0–25 kPa), rapid response time (<130 ms in piezoresistive mode, <55 ms in piezocapacitive mode), and long-term durability (>3000 cycles). Furthermore, we proposed a mechanical constitutive model to elucidate the sensing mechanism of microstructured PCNC by 3D micro-CT based modeling and experimental data. Finally, we employed multiple PBPSs as sensing elements to real-time monitor 3D printing manufacturing stress, structure assembling stress, and human physiology signals in HCPS, indicating the potential applications of PBPS ranging from monitoring human health to facilitating intelligent manufacturing.

Multi-Channel Dual-Mode Oil Multi-Pollutant Detection Sensor

In order to realize the lubricant fluid condition monitoring of ships and offshore engineering equipment, a multi-channel, dual-mode oil multi-pollution detection sensor is proposed and fabricated. The sensor has three detection channels connected via tee tubes, as well as two different detection modes, inductive and capacitive, respectively. In comparison to the traditional sensor, this sensor not only has the ability to distinguish and identify a diverse range of pollutants, but it also experiences an 11-fold increase in its volume of flow, resulting in a significant enhancement in detection efficiency. The mechanism of the inductive and capacitive modes for the differentiated detection of multiple pollutants is elucidated through theoretical analysis. The performance of the sensor is investigated using the constructed experiment platform. The experimental results show that the sensor can realize the simultaneous detection of metallic and non-metallic contaminants in lubricating oil fluids. It can detect the smallest iron particle size of 54 μm, the smallest copper particle size of 90 μm, the smallest water droplet size of 116 μm, and the smallest air bubble size of 130 μm. A novel approach for achieving ship and marine engineering equipment health monitoring and fault diagnosis is presented in this study.

Advances in the Preparation of Tough Conductive Hydrogels for Flexible Sensors.

The rapid development of tough conductive hydrogels has led to considerable progress in the fields of tissue engineering, soft robots, flexible electronics, etc. Compared to other kinds of traditional sensing materials, tough conductive hydrogels have advantages in flexibility, stretchability and biocompatibility due to their biological structures. Numerous hydrogel flexible sensors have been developed based on specific demands for practical applications. This review focuses on tough conductive hydrogels for flexible sensors. Representative tactics to construct tough hydrogels and strategies to fulfill conductivity, which are of significance to fabricating tough conductive hydrogels, are briefly reviewed. Then, diverse tough conductive hydrogels are presented and discussed. Additionally, recent advancements in flexible sensors assembled with different tough conductive hydrogels as well as various designed structures and their sensing performances are demonstrated in detail. Applications, including the wearable skins, bionic muscles and robotic systems of these hydrogel-based flexible sensors with resistive and capacitive modes are discussed. Some perspectives on tough conductive hydrogels for flexible sensors are also stated at the end. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of tough conductive hydrogels and will offer clues to researchers who have interests in pursuing flexible sensors.

Effect of Adding Transfer Energy Capacitive and Resistive Therapy to Conventional Therapy for Patients With Myofascial Pain Syndrome in Upper Trapezius: A Randomized Clinical Trial

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the effect of adding transfer energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy to conventional therapy on patients’ symptoms of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in the upper trapezius. MethodsFifty patients with MPS in the upper trapezius were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group received TECAR therapy (capacitive mode, 2 sessions weekly), and conventional treatment comprised of stretching exercise (9 times a day) and medication (acetaminophen and tizanidine) for 3 weeks, and the comparison group received conventional treatment (same as the intervention group) alone. The patients completed the Numeric Pain Scale, Neck Disability Index, and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index before, after, and 1 month after the treatment. ResultsAll variables were significantly reduced within both groups by time and treatment separately (P < .001), while a general comparison among the groups showed a significant reduction for all variables in the intervention group compared with the comparison group (P < .05) except for shoulder disability (P = .114). Moreover, the intervention group had better results compared with the comparison group based on the minimal clinically important difference. ConclusionA combination of TECAR therapy, exercise, and medication substantially reduced symptom severity for patients with MPS in the upper trapezius when compared to only exercise and medication.

Energy saving through load balancing of 3-wire loads

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;In this paper, static var compensators (SVCs) and many load compensation techniques are reviewed. A continuously and linearly controlled compensating susceptance is devised from a switched capacitor bank and a switched reactor bank. The switched capacitor bank is built of four binary weighted thyristor switched capacitors, while the switched reactor bank is built of three binary weighted thyristor switched reactors. Although few switched capacitors and reactor are used, their binary weighted values beside their control scheme make them respond as a continuously and linearly controlled reactive device in capacitive and inductive modes of operation. A load balancing system is constructed of three identical devised compensating susceptances connected in delta-form. It is designed for balancing an 11 kV 50 Hz distribution station. The proposed system is designed and tested on PSpice which is a computer program equivalent in performance to real hardware design. The simulation results of the proposed system have showed significant treatment of severe imbalance conditions.&lt;/span&gt;