Medium Capacity Research Articles

Li Decorated Penta-BCN as a Competitive Reversible Hydrogen Storage Media: A First-Principles Study.

Efficient storage media are crucial for practical applications of hydrogen, which is the most promising clean energy resource. In addition to possessing a highly reversible gravimetric capacity, the stability and superlight mass of potential storage media should not be underestimated. In this study, we exploit the light mass and unique puckered structure of penta-BCNs to design Li-decorated penta-BCNs for hydrogen storage via a series of first-principles calculations. Our results reveal that Li atoms can form stable chemical complexes with the surface of penta-BCNs with an average binding energy of -2.21 eV without causing deformation. Each Li@penta-BCN unit can physically adsorb up to 27H2 molecules, and the highest hydrogen storage capacity can reach 7.44 wt %, with an average adsorption energy of -0.16 eV/H2, surpassing the target value of 5.5 wt % set by the U.S. Department of Energy. Further elaborate analysis of the electronic structure shows the polarization enhancement mechanism, which is caused by charge transfer from Li atoms to the penta-BCN surface. Our results indicate that Li-decorated penta-BCN could be a promising hydrogen storage material for further application and inspire the theoretical or experimental design of novel materials for clean energy.

Assessment of hydrogen storage capacity in porous media at the European scale

A first assessment of the storage resource at European scale for underground hydrogen storage in porous media is presented for the European Union and some neighboring countries (Norway, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom). The study includes different types of porous media: existing underground gas storages, depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline formations. The storage resources are computed based upon a volumetric analytical approach which accounts for hydrogen physical characteristics (density, viscosity, sweep efficiency and capillary trapping). The computed storage resource is in good agreement with published dynamic storage capacity of deep saline formations in Poland.The extension to the continental scale enables a consistent estimate of the various storage resources. The working storage resources at the European scale are about 8000 TWh among which 37 % are onshore which covers the expected storage requirements. The agreement with previously published working storage capacities for depleted gas fields in the UK continental shelf is quite good at about 2662 TWh. However, at the field level, there might be significant differences linked with the consistency requirements at European scale of this study which estimates the production of oil and gas fields without using the actual field production.Despite its restriction of publicly available data, these results show significant storage resources. The working capacities are not evenly distributed over the continent. However, assuming no competitive usage, the working storage resource would be extremely significant when accounting for onshore and offshore potential. Amongst the different porous media, the underground gas storages present the most interest for conversion to hydrogen underground storage despite their smaller storage resource, 460 TWh, than for depleted gas fields, 5440 TWh for the onshore and offshore. The estimate of working storage resource in deep saline formation is quite low, only 46 TWh as it relies upon traps that were previously characterized.

Improving Thermal Energy Storage in Solar Collectors: A Study of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles and Flow Rate Optimization

Solar thermal energy storage improves the practicality and efficiency of solar systems for space heating by addressing the intermittent nature of solar radiation, leading to enhanced energy utilization, cost reduction, and a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to meeting heating needs in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. In this study, an indoor experimental setup was employed to investigate the impact of a water-based Al2O3 nanofluid on the storage capacity of a flat plate solar collector under varying flow rates of the heat transfer fluid. The nanofluid, introduced at specific concentrations, was incorporated into a water-contained storage tank through which the hot heat transfer fluid circulated within a heat exchanger. This process resulted in the storage of thermal energy for future applications. The research identified that the optimal flow rate of the heat transfer fluid, corresponding to the maximum storage temperature, was 15 L per hour, and the ideal nanofluid concentration, associated with the maximum specific heat capacity of the storage medium, was 0.6%. Furthermore, the introduction of nanoparticles into the storage tank led to a significant increase in the specific heat of the water, reaching a maximum of 19% from 4.18 to 5.65 kJ/(kg·°C).

Functional and antibacterial characterization of electrospun nanofiber membranes made of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol

The development of nanomaterials with improved functional characteristics is a priority because of their applicability in medicine. Therefore, in this study, chitosan nanofiber membranes were electrospun with polyvinyl alcohol supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose and pectin. The membrane characterization included identifying the functional groups of each polymer, the surface appearance, and the absorption capacity of aqueous media, simulating the exudates of skin diseases. Membrane weight loss was close to 50 % during the first day, and they preserved their integrity throughout the study. The mechanical characteristics demonstrated that the membranes with adjuvants are flexible and tough. The rigidity of the membranes was between 10.49 MPa and 22.65 MPa, and this rigidity decreased with the addition of chitosan and pectin. With chitosan, the elongation at break (8.25 %) was higher but the elastic modulus (450.78 MPa) was lower than those recorded with the other polymers. The effect against Staphylococcus aureus occurs due to chitosan and only by contact. In particular, an inhibition zone increased with the addition of chitosan (178.21 mm2). However, carboxymethyl cellulose showed the least shrinkage (4.4 %). Therefore, it is possible to produce nanofibers to make chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol membranes with improved functional characteristics by the addition of adjuvant agents as an alternative to other skin healing materials.

FRACTAL STUDY ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTURED DUAL POROUS MEDIA WITH ROUGH SURFACE

In order to study the influencing factors of heat transport characteristics in the rough fractured dual porous media, the theoretical model of effective thermal conductivity (TC) in rough fractured dual porous media is established in this paper. By calculating the thermal resistance and TC of rough cracks, it is found that the heat transport capacity of the fracture is inversely proportional to the relative roughness and porosity and is proportional to the solid-liquid TC ratio and the fractal dimension of the fracture. The heat conduction in the fractured dual porous media is mainly controlled by the matrix. In addition, by comparing with other models and existing experimental data, it can be seen that the heat transfer capacity of dual media is stronger than that of single porous media. The predicted TC of rough cracks is lower than the experimental data, which is in line with the actual situation, and the model is reasonable.

PROBLEMS OF RELIABLE HEAT SUPPLY PROVIDING IN THE CONDITIONS OF NON-GUARANTEED ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TO HEAT-GENERATING ENTERPRISES

The paper analyzes the current state of centralized heat supply systems. Considered problems that arise when the power supply is turned off for a longer period of time. For example, due to natural disasters or the destruction of power stations, substations and networks. An analysis of the consequences of long-term shutdowns of centralized heat supply sources in the winter period at extremely low temperatures, which leads to the failure of the main and auxiliary equipment, heat networks and domestic heating systems, was carried out. Considered several real options for reservation or full self-sufficiency of boiler room heat supply needs in power supply for the most common types of boiler room. Namely, with water heating boilers and direct connection to the heating network and with steam boilers and steam water boilers. It is proposed to introduce elements of own power generation on a permanent basis, as part of the technological process of the heat supply system or a separate boiler house of medium and large capacity, which, with their rational combination, can lead to a significant economic effect. It is shown that the most promising is the redundancy due to the built-in heat generation scheme, the electricity generation system, i.e. full or partial cogeneration. It was found that when gas turbines are used in the cogeneration system of heat and electricity, it is advisable to use units with a low temperature of up to 800°C and a gas pressure before the turbine of up to 0.8 MPa, which are characterized by high reliability, low cost and provide the greatest release of utilized heat. Keywords: centralized heat supply systems, reliability of power equipment, power supply of boiler houses

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ДИНАМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ГАЗОТУРБІННИХ УСТАНОВОК ШИРОКОГО ДІАПАЗОНУ ПОТУЖНОСТЕЙ ПРИ РОБОТІ НА ЧАСТКОВИХ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ НАВАНТАЖЕННЯХ

Abstract. The article considers the possibility of using gas turbine power plants when operating at partial electrical loads. This option of using gas turbine plants can help reduce the unevenness between electricity production and consumption, which is associated with the difficult operating conditions of the Ukrainian power system. The main disadvantages of nuclear power plants (the main source of electricity generation in Ukraine), which do not allow them to compensate for the unevenness of the power system in transient and dynamic modes, are considered. The paper analyses the dynamic properties and characteristics of gas turbine units (GTUs) of a wide range of capacities: small, medium and large installed capacities. As a result of the modeling, it was found that the inertial properties of a gas turbine unit increase with the increase in the rated power of the unit. The paper presents the results of modeling the dynamic characteristics of gas turbine plants of small, medium and large capacity when the electrical load changes. The paper presents the transient processes of controlling the rotor speed of a gas turbine engine with optimal controller settings and settings calculated for partial loads of a gas turbine installation. The change in the quality of the transient processes of controlling the rotor speed of a gas turbine unit when operating at partial electrical loads (100%, 75%, and 50%) compared to the installed capacity is analyzed. Keywords: gas turbine installation, partial electrical load, dynamic characteristics, transient control processes, control quality indicators.

Research on Medium Capacity Rail System: Case on Pham Van Dong Route in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

This paper delves into the study and proposition of a Medium Capacity Rail System (MCS) model to tackle urban traffic issues, both in the immediate future and, more specifically, the public transportation challenges along the Pham Van Dong (PVD) route. Drawing from statistical surveys and an in-depth analysis of motorcycle traffic patterns at intersections during near-peak and peak hours in the morning and afternoon along PVD’s main artery in the northeastern part of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Moreover, this research explores the relatively new concept of MCS, which have gained traction in recent years due to their distinct advantages over existing systems. The findings in this article underscore the practicality of the proposal and provide a blueprint for sustainable, integrated urban transport development, improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, reduce environmental pollution and enhance a complete and modern urban railway network for Ho Chi Minh City or other similar global scenarios.

Transnational In-Group Solidarity Networks in the Case of #Hellobrother

This paper examines the dynamics of one hashtag, #hellobrother, shared on Twitter following the Christchurch terror attack on 15th March 2019. It was analysed as part of a larger study #Contesting Islamophobia: Representation and Appropriation in Mediated Activism which explores the potentials and limitations of counternarratives against Islamophobia on Twitter. Using three ‘trigger events’ (Awan, 2014), Brexit, the Christchurch terror attack, and the Covid pandemic as its starting point, the study analysed six weeks of tweets at different points in time. The data on #hellobrother demonstrates an affective response which, through the affordances of Twitter, gave rise to strong networks of transnational solidarity. It illustrates both the limitations of its potentially transient solidarities but also the capacity of social media to offer visibility to counternarratives, which at specific moments, following specific events can become normative.

Incorporating environmental capacity considerations to prioritize control factors for the management of heavy metals in soil

Heavy metals (HMs) pollution threatens food security and human health. While previous studies have evaluated source-oriented health risk assessments, a comprehensive integration of environmental capacity risk assessments with pollution source analysis to prioritize control factors for soil contamination is still lacking. Herein, we collected 837 surface soil samples from agricultural land in the Nansha District of China in 2019. We developed an improved integrated assessment model to analyze the pollution sources, health risks, and environmental capacities of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The model graded pollution source impact on environmental capacity risk to prioritize control measures for soil HMs. All HMs except Pb exceeded background values and were sourced primarily from natural, transportation, and industrial activities (31.26%). Approximately 98.92% (children), 97.87% (adult females), and 97.41% (adult males) of carcinogenic values exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1E-6. HM pollution was classified as medium capacity (3.41 kg/hm2) with mild risk (PI = 0.52). Mixed sources of natural backgrounds, transportation, and industrial sources were identified as priority sources, and As a priority element. These findings will help prioritize control factors for soil HMs and direct resources to the most critical pollutants and sources of contamination, particularly when resources are limited.

Reader Worlds : La construction de contexte pour les lecteurs historiques de littérature de gare avec Google Earth

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reading as a cultural practice was deeply woven into daily life and informed critical aspects of society. However, scholars often lament the lack of evidence available to reconstruct historical audiences of popular culture, and thus to understand how these texts shaped readers, and ultimately, the broader ideologies of the time. Reader Worlds is a research-creation project which examines how locative media can fill this gap. Converging the embodied storytelling capacities of locative media and the evocative letters published in the reader departments of the pulp Western Story Magazine during the 1920s, this paper and its corresponding virtual tour explore how immersive technologies offer layered meaning to the narratives of historical readers.

IMGA: Efficient In-Memory Graph Convolution Network Aggregation With Data Flow Optimizations

Aggregating features from neighbor vertices is a fundamental operation in Graph Convolution Network (GCN). However, the sparsity in graph data creates poor spatial and temporal locality, causing dynamic and irregular memory access patterns and limiting the performance of aggregation on the Von Neumann architecture. The emerging processing-in-memory (PIM) architecture is based on emerging non-volatile memory (NVM), like Spin-orbit torque Magnetic RAM (SOT-MRAM), and demonstrates promising prospects in alleviating the Von Neumann bottleneck. However, the limited memory capacity of PIM medium still incurs non-negligible data movements between PIM architecture and external memory. To solve this challenge, we propose a SOT-MRAM based in-memory computing architecture, called IMGA, for efficient in-situ graph aggregation. Specifically, we design adaptive data flow management strategies that reuse vertex data in MRAM when processing graphs of different scales and adopt edge data as the control signal source to utilize the graph’s structural information. A reordering optimization strategy leveraging hardware-software co-design principle is proposed to further reduce the costly data movement. Experimental results demonstrate that IMGA achieves an average 2523x and 21x speedup, and 1.03E+6 and 1.04E+3 energy efficiency compared with CPU and GPU, respectively.

Graphic public health: an interview with Meredith Li-Vollmer

ABSTRACT Public health is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses a wide range of activities and initiatives aimed at preventing diseases, addressing health disparities, promoting healthy behaviours, studying patterns, and improving the overall health of communities. Within this landscape, comics emerge as a dynamic tool for raising awareness, promoting healthy behaviour, enhancing understanding of public health messages, and effectively reaching diverse audiences, including those with low health literacy and language barriers. Notably, Meredith Li-Vollmer’s Graphic Public Health: A Comics Anthology and Roadmap assumes a prominent role in this framework. Published by Graphic Mundi (an imprint of the Penn State University Press) in 2022, this anthology attests to the power of the comic medium to facilitate health communication while delving into a wide-ranging public health-related theme. This email interview with Li-Vollmer follows a tripartite structure. In the inaugural segment, titled ‘The Artist,’ Li-Vollmer offers a comprehensive exposition of her artistic processes. In the subsequent segment titled ‘Comics and Public Health,’ Li-Vollmer articulates the capacity of the comic medium to serve as a transformative agent in public health. Finally, in the concluding part, ‘Graphic Public Health,’ she deliberates on the core principles that shape her 2022 work on graphic public health.

Exploring shared adsorption capacity and thermodynamics for simultaneous removal of microcystin and phosphorus via green sorption media in eutrophic water

The recurrent events of harmful algal blooms due to an increase of nutrients in eutrophic water bodies have augmented concerns over the presence of cyanobacterial toxins, especially Microcystin. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most common cyanobacteria toxin, gaining focus in the literature for its effect on human health. The aim of this study is to investigate the simultaneous removal of MC-LR and phosphate via four green sorption media is the presence or absence of phosphorus or calcium ions and their shared adsorption capacity and thermodynamics to mimic eutrophic water condition in a karst environment (South Florida). The four green sorption media are known as: (1) CPS (clay, perlite, and sand), (2) ZIPGEM (Zero-valent-Iron and Perlite-Based Green Environmental Media), (3) BIPGEM-1 (Biochar-Zero-valent-Iron and Perlite-Based Green Environmental Media-1), and (4) BIPGEM-2 (Biochar-Zero-valent-Iron and Perlite-Based Green Environmental Media-2). Based on the MC-LR removal efficiency, BIPGEM-2 has the best performance, followed by BIPGEM-1, ZIPGEM, and CPS. In terms of simultaneous removal of phosphate ions and MC-LR, ZIPGEM achieves higher removals, ranging from 55 to 60%, followed by BIPGEM-2, BIPGEM-1, and CPS. The MC-LR adsorption capacity of BIPGEM-2 ranges from 16.9 to 29.49 μg·g−1 based on the Langmuir isotherm model under different influent conditions, whereas the MC-LR adsorption capacity of BIPGEM-1 in a dynamic environment is 1.19 μg·g−1 based on the Modified Dose Response model. The decrease in the adsorption capacity of BIPGEM-1 in a dynamic environment can be attributed to the presence of dissolved organic matter and inorganic ions, present in the influent water matrix. The influence of the water matrix is also observed in the isotherm studies because the presence of PO43− negatively impacts the removal efficiencies of MC-LR, whereas Ca2+ positively impacts the removal efficiencies of MC-LR. Similarly, the presence of MC-LR affects the PO43− adsorption capacity of the sorption media.

Optimization and 3E analysis on variable operational conditions of a large, medium and small size Green Methanol Plant

This paper presents a technical optimization and comprehensive economic, exergy and exergonomic (3E) analysis of green methanol synthesis plants designed for large, medium, and small production capacities: 285,400; 56,700; and 16,300 tons/year, respectively. The optimization process explores operational parameters that encompass both economic and production aspects. The 3E analysis evaluates economic factors influenced by plant operational conditions, exergy assessment to evaluate the optimal efficiency and performance, and exergonomic assessment of the cost-performance relationship. A validated mathematical model in MATLAB and ASPEN Plus is utilized for process optimization and evaluation. The findings indicate the large and medium-sized plants as the most viable options, with levelized costs of 714.97 and 705.67 €/ton and methanol yields of 0.663 and 0.584 [-], respectively. The key factors influencing costs and production are H2 usage and reactor operational pressure. The plant performance evaluations show exergy efficiencies of 73%, 73%, and 71.4%, with destroyed exergy values of 78,676 kW, 15,965 kW, and 5070 kW for the large, medium, and small-sized plants, respectively.

Evaluation and Prediction of Environmental Capacities of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Lakes in Huoqiu County

To clarify the environmental capacity of heavy metals in sediments of Chengxi Lake and Chengdong Lake in Huoqiu County, 30 sediment samples were collected from Chengxi Lake and Chengdong Lake, respectively. The environmental capacity characteristics and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Chengxi Lake and Chengdong Lake were studied using the comprehensive environmental capacity index, the static and dynamic environmental capacity was estimated, and the change trend of nearly one hundred years was predicted. The results showed that the average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the sediments of Chengxi Lake and Chengdong Lake did not exceed the national soil risk screening values. The average values of the single environmental capacity index of heavy metals in the sediments of Chengxi Lake and Chengdong Lake were in the following orders:Ni(0.81)<Zn(0.83)<Cu(0.88)<Cr(0.91)<As(0.95)<Cd(0.98)=Pb(0.98)<Hg(1.00) and Ni(0.89)<Zn(0.91)<Cu(0.96)<Cr(0.98)=As(0.98)<Hg(1.01)=Pb(1.01)<Cd(1.17), respectively. Except for Hg, Pb, and Cd in the sediments of Chengdong Lake, the other elements were basically in the medium capacity. The mean of PI of Chengdong Lake was significantly higher than that of Chengxi Lake, and Chengxi Lake and Chengdong Lake were in the middle capacity level as a whole. The static total capacity of heavy metal elements in the sediments of Chengxi Lake was smaller than that of Chengdong Lake sediments, and the static total capacity was in the same order as the existing capacity, with the order of Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>Ni>As>Hg>Cd. Within 5 to 20 years, the static and dynamic annual capacity changed faster than that of other years, and the dynamic annual capacity of each year was greater than the static annual capacity.

Capacity Assessment Spatialization to Disaster Risk Reduction in Semarang Coastal Area

Global warming be the one of threats to human civilization that has to be main considerations in environmental management. In addition, global warming is one of key driven factor of tidal flooding that affect many aspects in coastal area society. This study proposes to model capacity preparedness index of Semarang Metropolitan Coastal Area. The analysis divided by two substances, physical capacity and economy capacity. The examination and modelling of capacity preparedness level consider public health facilities availability, road network accessibility, and economy activity. The research uses quantitative methods and maximized the utilization of secondary data to capacity assessment. The findings show that capacity preparedness index of urban area is higher than its peri-urban. In total, Semarang Metropolitan Coastal Area have low-capacity preparedness level. There are only two sub-district which has high level capacity, Semarang Tengah and Semarang Utara. Otherwhile, there are three medium level capacity sub-districts and four low level capacity sub-districts. Those findings show that geospatial analysis can help people and government on how to understanding their capacity in dealing with disaster which cannot be predicted precisely.

Insights into polystyrene nanoplastics adsorption mechanisms onto quartz sand used in drinking water treatment plants

The widespread production and use of plastics with poor recycling practices have resulted in higher discharge of plastic waste into the aquatic systems. Nanoplastics (NPLs) resulting from the fragmentation of microplastics, are considered as the most hazardous fraction. Adsorption to mineral surfaces is considered as one of the most important processes controlling the fate and transport of nanomaterials both in the natural environment and conventional filtration systems. However, adsorption mechanisms, influencing physicochemical parameters, and adsorption capacities of different porous media are still poorly known. In this study, the adsorption process of polystyrene (PS) NPLs to quartz sand, used as a filter medium in the drinking water treatment plant in Geneva (Switzerland), is investigated. Contrasting conditions are considered: ultrapure water and Geneva Lake water. Results indicate that PS NPLs dispersed in ultrapure water are adsorbed to the sand surface mainly due to the electrostatic interactions and adsorption capacity of the sand grains varies from 0.05 ± 0.01 mg g−1 to 0.10 ± 0.02 mg g−1 for PS NPLs concentrations comprised between 10 and 50 mg L−1. The adsorption process is successfully described by Langmuir isotherm, therefore indicating the formation of a monolayer on the sand grain surfaces. SEM micrography confirms PS NPLs monolayer formation and image analysis indicates a maximum surface coverage ranging from 9 to 12 %. Adsorption mechanisms of PS NPLs are significantly modified under environmental conditions (i.e., pH, ionic composition, presence of DOM). The adsorption capacity of sand grains for the removal of PS NPLs increased and varies from 0.05 ± 0.01 mg g−1 to 0.7 ± 0.2 mg g−1 for PS NPLs concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg L−1. Increased adsorption capacity is due to heteroaggregation and cation bridging processes. SEM micrography shows aggregates attached to smooth sand surfaces and deposited in the vicinity of surface irregularities.

Responses of plant sap flow rate to epikarst water availability under different karst water-bearing media

The water supply capacities of epikarst zones play an essential role in the restoration of vegetation and sustainable utilization of groundwater resources in karst areas. The permeability and water storage capacity of karst water-bearing media directly determines prospective water acquisition for plants. However, the degree to which karst water-bearing systems influence plant transpiration remains unclear. Consequently, this study selected three common karst water-bearing structures (pore and fissure (L1), fissure and conduit (L2), dissolution seam and pore (L3), to examine the sap flow rate (SF), infiltration rate, meteorological factors, soil water, and groundwater depth (GD) associated with the growth of Toona sinensis. The results revealed that: (1) Marked differences in the SF based on long term monitoring (2016/1–2022/6) were observed in three sample plots with the order of L2 > L1 > L3. Similar trends in the rock permeability coefficient were also found. (2) Groundwater depth and soil water are the major factors that determine the SF. (3) The threshold of GD (2.54 m for L1, 0.96 m for L2, and 3.56 m for L3) was identified, wherein the sensitivity of SF to GD (λn) was weakened with greater GD. (4) The fissure and conduit sample plot with a shallower GD and higher rock permeability provided more plant-available water, resulting in a larger SF. In contrast, the dissolution seam and pore sample plot with a more stable GD and media rock permeability hindered the absorption of water by plants, which translated to a lower SF. These results highlighted that the structures of karst water-bearing media determined the overall SF. This study provides useful information toward guiding the restoration of vegetation in subtropical karst areas with abundant rainfall and shallow groundwater reservoirs.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СХЕМЫ ОБЕЗЖЕЛЕЗИВАНИЯ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД ТЮМЕНСКОГО РЕГИОНА

Since the late 1970s, groundwater in the Tyumen region was widely used for drinking water supply. It was the reason of the widespread construction of deferrization stations. Analysis of literature and monitoring of some deferrization stations in the region for a long time allowed us to systematise the applied deferrization technologies in chronological order as they become more complex. The method of deferrization with simplified aeration was the most widespread in the initial stages. This decision facilitated the introduction of block-complete deferrization stations at medium and small capacity facilities. Nowadays, there is a transition from reagentless methods to reagent methods due to tightening of requirements to drinking water quality. This, accordingly, leads to the rejection of typical technological schemes of deferrization and the use of water treatment plants assembled from standard equipment units. The review of foreign and domestic studies showed that the existing results of their generalisation in the form of some mathematical dependencies were insufficient and required further study and additional research. The technologies offered today are more complex but they are not economically optimal and efficient.