Fabrication Capability Research Articles

A High-Performance Surface Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensor with Uniform Multiwrinkled Graphene Oxide Film.

Humidity sensors were widely used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. According to medical respiration monitoring, noncontact sensing, and human-computer interface requirements, fast response and high repeatability are important for efficient and precise signal acquisition. Previous research works mainly focus on sensitivity improvement with the scarification of response time, stability, and repeatability. In this paper, we proposed the surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensors with comprehensive performance using the uniform multiwrinkled graphene oxide (GO) films as the sensing material obtained by vacuum filtration and liquid phase transfer method. The multiwrinkled GO films offered controllable thickness (thin to 29 nm), uniform wafer-level fabrication (2 in.), and abundant wrinkle, making them become effective sensitive films for SAW humidity sensors due to numerous adsorption sites and transfer channels for water molecules. The experimental results showed that the sensors can obtain high sensitivity (10.5 kHz/RH%@60 nm thick film), ultrafast response (∼45 ms), good stability (variation amplitude ∼0.1%), repeatability (variation amplitude ∼1%), and wafer-level fabrication capability demonstrating their practical applications for medical respiration monitoring, noncontact sensing, and human-computer interface.

Subwavelength broadband light-harvesting metacoating for infrared camouflage and anti-counterfeiting empowered by inverse design

Broadband mid-infrared (MIR) light harvesting is critical for a wide range of applications, including thermophotovoltaic conversion, thermal sensing and imaging, infrared camouflage and anti-counterfeiting technologies. In this study, we present the design and experimental validation of a deep-subwavelength broadband MIR light-harvesting metacoating (MMC), optimized through a genetic algorithm (GA)-based inverse design approach. The strength of this approach lies in its ability to automate and optimize the complex multilayer structure, encompassing both material selection and structural thickness, thereby achieving unparalleled performance in broadband MIR light absorption, with an average absorbance of approximately 0.85 across the 3–13 μm spectral range and nearly perfect absorption within the 4–12 μm range. This exceptional performance is attributed to strong electromagnetic localization within its multilayer configuration, facilitating efficient energy dissipation via high-loss materials such as bismuth and titanium. Notably, the MMC exhibits robust performance with respect to angle and polarization variations, maintaining high absorbance even at incident angles up to 70°. Its large-area fabrication capabilities and compatibility with various substrates further enhance its practical applicability. Two specific applications, long-wavelength infrared camouflage and anti-counterfeiting, highlight its potential for real-world deployment. In these applications, the MMC seamlessly integrates into high-emission environments and enables the modulation of patterned infrared emission, providing a lithography-free, cost-effective solution compared to conventional methods relying on artificially engineered structures. This work underscores the versatility of the developed MMC for a diverse array of MIR applications, ranging from camouflage technologies to advanced security measures.

Large-Area Metal-Organic Framework Glasses for Efficient X-Ray Detection.

Cutting-edge techniques utilizing continuous films made from pure, novel semiconductive materials offer promising pathways to achieve high performance and cost-effectiveness for X-ray detection. Semiconductive metal-organic framework (MOF) glass films are known for their remarkably smooth surface morphology, straightforward synthesis, and capability for large-area fabrication, presenting a new direction for high-performance X-ray detectors. Here, a novel material centered on MOF glasses for highly uniform glass film fabrication customized for X-ray detection is introduced. MOF glasses, composed of zinc and imidazole derivatives, enable the transition from solid to liquid at low temperatures, facilitating the straightforward preparation of large-area and continuous MOF films with high mobility for X-ray device fabrication. Remarkably, MOF glass detectors demonstrate an exceptional sensitivity of 112.8 µC Gyair -1 cm-2 and a detection limit of 0.41 µGyair s-1, making them one of the most sensitive and with the best detection limits reported to date for MOF X-ray detectors. Clear X-ray images are successfully conducted using these developed MOF glass detectors for the first time. This breakthrough in X-ray sensitivity, and detection limit along with the spatial imaging resolution establishes a new standard for developing large-area and efficient MOF-based X-ray detectors with practical applications in medical and security screening.

Comprehensive Approach to Evaluating the Macro- and Micropore Structures of Textile Materials

Introduction. The assessment of the macro- and microporous structure of textile fabrics is increasingly relevant for predicting their permeability, dyeability, and decorative potential. This evaluation plays a crucial role in determining the hygienic properties of clothing materials, optimizing dyeing and finishing processes, and assessing the filtration capabilities of technical fabrics in various dispersed media.Problem Statement. Challenges persist in accurately predicting the permeability of textile fabrics, as well as in determining the optimal parameters for dyeing and finishing processes.Purpose. The purpose of this research is developing a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate method to evaluate the macro- and microporous structure of textile materials is essential for assessing their permeability and suitability for dyeing and fi nishing processes.Materials and Methods. To study the porous structure of textile fabrics, we select the fabrics that varied in the thread structure — yarn produced by traditional and shortened methods — and in the fibrous composition. The first fabric is made from complex polyamide threads in a plain weave, the second from twill-woven polyester fiber yarn, and the third differs from the second in the structure of the weft thread. The macro- and microporous structures of these textile fabrics have been assessed by means of drying methods and sorption thermograms.Results. The micro- and macroporous structures of textile fabrics made from polyamide threads and polyester fibers have been compared. It has been found that the fabric made from polyamide threads exhibits a significantly higher sorption capacity than the fabric made from polyester fibers. This finding suggests that the fabrics made from polyamide threads possess a more developed microporous structure. This fact enhances their dyeing and decorating capabilities as compared with the fabrics made from polyester fibers. A comprehensive approach, utilizing both drying methods and sorption thermograms, has been employed to evaluate the macro- and microporous structures of the textile fabrics. Conclusions. The proposed comprehensive approach enables comparative studies of various textile materials, allowing for the refinement of technological processes for dyeing and decorating, as well as the identification of potential applications for these materials.

Fabricating 3D Si nanostructure via a novel Ga+ implantation enabled maskless dry etching process

Three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure is the key to the miniaturization of nonlinear photonic and electronic devices. Because of the great demand on the ultra-small nanostructures, the novel nanofabrication technologies with flexible 3D silicon (Si) fabrication capability are of great importance. Herein, by combining Ga+ FIB implantation and ICP dry etching processes, we proposed a novel Ga+ FIB implantation assisted maskless dry etching technology for direct fabrication of 3D Si nanostructures. We found that the implanted Ga+ induced amorphization layer in Si substrate acts as the ‘quasi-mask’ during the ICP dry etching process. The increase of Ga+ concentration in amorphization layer of Si substrate improves the etching resistance of the area. Moreover, enabled by high resolution and flexibility of FIB, the proposed technology is capable of directly fabricating various 3D Si nanostructures in a simple way, such as 3D nanoscale artificial bowtie arrays with sub-10 nm gaps, multi-scale 3D Si nanostructures with arbitrary patterns. More importantly, the proposed technology is compatible to current semiconductor manufacturing process. Benefiting by the advantages of simplicity and high efficiency, the proposed maskless dry etching process promises great application potential in the fields of nonlinear photonics and micro-electronics.

An integrated hybrid wire-arc directed energy deposition, friction stir processing, and milling system for multi-track, multi-layer part manufacturing

Wire-based Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is a widely-used manufacturing method due to its high productivity and large part fabrication capability. Meanwhile, Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is a solid-state joining process that can modify microstructure and weld lightweight alloys. Additionally, wire-based DED printed parts need machining process to achieve the desired dimensional accuracy. To take advantage of all these three processes, this work proposes an integrated hybrid system by combining the wire-arc DED, FSP, and milling processes into a standalone system which can fabricate superior materials in a multi-track, multi-layer manner for the first time. The integrated system can improve dimensional accuracy and productivity by processing the workpiece without the need to move it between different systems. It is demonstrated that a 150 × 40 × 21 mm3 block of aluminum alloy AA5183 can be fabricated using the hybrid wire-DED/FSP/milling process from wire feedstock. Material characterization shows that the hybrid process is able to refine the grain size by two orders of magnitude to sub-micron scale, while eliminating all the pores and microcracks produced by the DED process. These enhancements result in significantly improved mechanical properties including Young's modulus (15 %), yield strength (161 %), ultimate strength (33 %), and hardness (55 %) without compromising ductility.

Design of sawtooth-shaped acoustic metasurface for sound field manipulation

Currently, the goal of research on acoustic metasurfaces is mainly focused on achieving ultimate sound wave control, which often requires complex structural design. However, complex structures are often difficult for manufacturing and large-scale applications. To this end, our study proposes a sawtooth-shaped metasurface with a simple configuration, easy fabrication and good wave control capability. First, we use "apparent wavefront theory" and "lattice diffraction theory" to predict the main reflected angles of sawtooth metasurfaces. Then, numerical simulations were performed to validate the theories used and to analyze the conditions of their applicability. Finally, several sawtooth metasurfaces were designed to realize different functions such as large-angle reflection, acoustic focusing and uniform diffusion, which can also be verified experimentally. In general terms, the sawtooth-shaped metasurface has broad prospects in the field of acoustics.

UNMASKING THE POWER OF METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR SELF-CLEANING HEAVY DENIM: INVESTIGATING AND OPTIMIZING PROCESS PARAMETERS

The textile industry is consistently integrating cutting-edge technologies, introducing materials with multifaceted features, such as odour resistance, hydrophobicity, durability, and self-cleaning capabilities. This transformation is facilitated by the application of nanotechnology. The focal point of this experimental endeavour lies in closing the gap in employing ZnO nanoparticles on high GSM denim fabric, enhancing self-cleaning, UV protection, and antimicrobial capabilities. Initially, a solution containing nanoparticles, binder, softener, ethanol, and their auxiliaries was formulated. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, along with their auxiliaries, were applied to the denim using the pad-dry-cure and pad-dry-steam methods. Various trials were conducted to optimize the concentration of ZnO NPs, with the formulation containing 5% ZnO NPs, 5% binder, and 25% ethanol. Experimentation ensued to establish optimal time–temperature profiles for drying, curing, and steaming. Comprehensive evaluations, including drop tests, stain tests, colour strength assessments, crocking tests, SEM analysis, antimicrobial testing and UV protection factor determination were conducted on the samples. The study revealed that fixation of the self-cleaning finish by curing gives better results than by steaming. SEM examination highlighted the distribution of ZnO nanoparticles on the denim fabric. Lastly, antimicrobial properties were assessed, concluding that treated fabrics exhibited antibacterial activity compared to untreated fabrics.

Light-based 3D printing of stimulus-responsive hydrogels for miniature devices: recent progress and perspective

AbstractMiniature devices comprising stimulus-responsive hydrogels with high environmental adaptability are now considered competitive candidates in the fields of biomedicine, precise sensors, and tunable optics. Reliable and advanced fabrication methods are critical for maximizing the application capabilities of miniature devices. Light-based three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offers the advantages of a wide range of applicable materials, high processing accuracy, and strong 3D fabrication capability, which is suitable for the development of miniature devices with various functions. This paper summarizes and highlights the recent advances in light-based 3D-printed miniaturized devices, with a focus on the latest breakthroughs in light-based fabrication technologies, smart stimulus-responsive hydrogels, and tunable miniature devices for the fields of miniature cargo manipulation, targeted drug and cell delivery, active scaffolds, environmental sensing, and optical imaging. Finally, the challenges in the transition of tunable miniaturized devices from the laboratory to practical engineering applications are presented. Future opportunities that will promote the development of tunable microdevices are elaborated, contributing to their improved understanding of these miniature devices and further realizing their practical applications in various fields. Graphic abstract

Exploring the Adaptability of 4D Printed Shape Memory Polymer Featuring Dynamic Covalent Bonds.

4D printing (4DP) of high-performance shape memory polymers (SMPs), particularly using digital light processing (DLP), has garnered intense global attention due to its capability for rapid and high-precision fabrication of complex configurations, meeting diverse application requirements. However, the development of high-performance dynamic shape memory polymers (DSMPs) for DLP printing remains a significant challenge due to the inherent incompatibilities between the photopolymerization process and the curing/polymerization of high-strength polymers. Here, a mechanically robust DSMP compatible is developed with DLP printing, which incorporates dynamic covalent bonds of imine linking polyimide rigid segments, exhibiting remarkable mechanical performance (tensile strength ≈41.7MPa, modulus ≈1.63GPa) and thermal stability (Tg ∼ 113°C, Td ∼ 208°C). More importantly, benefiting from the solid-state plasticity conferred by dynamic covalent bonds, 4D printed structures demonstrate rapid network adaptiveness, enabling effortless realization of reconfiguration, self-healing, and recycling. Meanwhile, the extensive π-π conjugated structures bestow DSMP with an intrinsic photothermal effect, allowing controllable morphing of the 4D configuration through dual-mode triggering. This work not only greatly enriches the application scope of high-performance personalized configurations but also provides a reliable approach to addressing environmental pollution and energy crises.

Experimental and theoretical studies on 3D printed short and continuous carbon fiber hybrid reinforced composites

3D-printed carbon fiber composites hold significant potential in aerospace applications because of their lightweight, high strength and complex structure fabrication capabilities. However, additive manufacturing characteristics such as high porosity, anisotropy and continuous fiber content significantly affect the mechanical properties of printed parts. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of hybrid printing of short and continuous carbon fibers on the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of composites and to develop a model to predict elastic properties considering porosity. First, mechanical testing and characterization of short and continuous fiber reinforced polyamide (nylon) print filaments are performed. The results indicate that the elastic modulus and ultimate strength of continuous carbon fiber filaments reach 60 GPa and 1500 MPa, respectively, while the strength and elastic modulus of short carbon fiber filaments reach 60 MPa and 1 GPa, respectively. Then tensile specimens with different continuous fiber orientations and different continuous fiber placement sequences are printed and tested using a multi-material 3D printing technique. The specimens are characterized before and after testing using scanning electron microscopy and microscopy to assess the porosity and failure mechanisms of specimens with different configurations. The results show that the mechanical properties of the printed parts are much lower than those of the print filaments, which proves the serious negative impact of the material extrusion process on the mechanical properties of the printed structural parts. Finally, an analytical method for predicting the elastic behavior of printed composites is developed by introducing the porosity factor in the volume-averaged stiffness model. For continuous and short fiber filled composites with different fiber contents and printing orientations, the predicted results are in agreement with the experiments, and the prediction error is greatly reduced from 30 % to <5 %.

Fabrication of customized microneedle with high 3D capability and high structural precision

Advanced 3D fabrication techniques are essential for the processing of 3D devices, which mainly focusing on excellent 3D fabrication capability and high structural precision. Although 3D printing technology allows for the creation of complex 3D structures with extensive customization, it faces notable challenges in achieving precise micro/nanostructures within materials due to incomplete resin curing bonds. Here, we propose integrating projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) with femtosecond (fs) laser Bessel beam drilling to create 3D structures with advanced customization, precise structures (including size accuracy and aspect ratio), and efficient processing. Starting with the drilling process using Bessel beams, we have achieved micro-holes with a diameter of approximately 1μm and the aspect ratio reached 1017:1 on 3D printed items by regulating the transparency and elasticity of the products. Furthermore, we have applied this technology to produce tailor-made microneedles, including slanted-tip microneedles and porous microneedles, demonstrating its ability for extensive, efficient micro-hole processing with a peak drilling speed of 200,000 holes per second. This technology offers an innovative approach to creating three-dimensional devices with intricate cavity structures, and its impressive processing capabilities suggest potential for broad industrial implementation.

Fabrication of high-resolution, flexible, laser-induced graphene sensors via stencil masking

The advent of wearable sensing platforms capable of continuously monitoring physiological parameters indicative of health status have resulted in a paradigm shift for clinical medicine. The accessibility and adaptability of such portable, unobtrusive devices enables proactive, personalized care based on real-time physiological insights. While wearable sensing platforms exhibit powerful capabilities for continuously monitoring physiological parameters, device fabrication often requires specialized facilities and technical expertise, restricting deployment opportunities and innovation potential. The recent emergence of rapid prototyping approaches to sensor fabrication, such as laser-induced graphene (LIG), provides a pathway for circumventing these barriers through low-cost, scalable fabrication. However, inherent limitations in laser processing restrict the spatial resolution of LIG-based flexible electronic devices to the minimum laser spot size. For a CO2 laser–a commonly reported laser for device production–this corresponds to a feature size of ∼120 μm. Here, we demonstrate a facile, low-cost stencil-masking technique to reduce the minimum resolvable feature size of a LIG-based device from 120 ± 20 μm to 45 ± 3 μm when fabricated by CO2 laser. Characterization of device performance reveals this stencil-masked LIG (s-LIG) method yields a concomitant improvement in electrical properties, which we hypothesize is the result of changes in macrostructure of the patterned LIG. We showcase the performance of this fabrication method via production of common sensors including temperature and multi-electrode electrochemical sensors. We fabricate fine-line microarray electrodes not typically achievable via native CO2 laser processing, demonstrating the potential of the expanded design capabilities. Comparing microarray sensors made with and without the stencil to traditional macro LIG electrodes reveals the s-LIG sensors have significantly reduced capacitance for similar electroactive surface areas. Beyond improving sensor performance, the increased resolution enabled by this metal stencil technique expands capabilities for scalable fabrication of high-performance wearable sensors in low-resource settings without reliance on traditional fabrication pathways.

Fabrication of Shape‐Controlled Copper Line Arrays by Meniscus‐Confined 3D Microprinting on Insulating Substrates

Meniscus‐confined electrodeposition (MCED), as a 3D printing process, exhibits excellent capabilities in microstructure fabrication. However, it faces numerous challenges, particularly when integrating with different substrates, especially insulating ones and cross‐layer interconnection. This study intends to investigate the impact of factors such as nozzle diameter, flight height of the nozzle over insulating substrates, and applied current by MCED on micro/nanoscale metal structures, to fabricate shape‐controllable and nanogap copper lines. As the flight height of the nozzle increases, there is no significant variation in the line height (≈60 nm) or width (≈15 nm) of the printed copper lines. And copper lines are successfully fabricated with consistent feature size oversteps totaling 1.2 μm in height. Additionally, highly dense copper line arrays are fabricated, achieving a minimum wire spacing of 120 nm. Remarkable stability and simplicity are realized in producing high‐resolution copper microstructures, demonstrating an acceptable degree of variability in insulating substrates and promising applications in integrated microsystems.

Integrated photon pairs source in silicon carbide based on micro-ring resonators for quantum storage at telecom wavelengths

We present the design of an on-chip integrated photon pair source based on Spontaneous Four Wave Mixing (SFWM), implemented on a ring resonator in the 4H Silicon Carbide On Insulator (4H-SiCOI) platform, compatible with a solid state quantum memory in the telecommunications band. Through careful engineering of the waveguide dispersion and micro-ring resonator dimensions, we found solutions where the signal photons are emitted at 1536.48 nm with a bandwidth of ∼150\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim 150$$\\end{document} MHz, enabling the interaction with the hyperfine structure of Er3+\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{3+}$$\\end{document} ions. Simultaneously, the idler photons are generated at 1563.86 nm, matching the central wavelength of a specific channel in a commercial dense wavelength division multiplexing system. The proposed device fulfill all the spectral requirements in a simple ring-bus coupled waveguide configuration with design parameters within the range of reported values for similar resonators, making feasible its manufacturing with current fabrication capabilities.

Self-Driven, Monopolar Electrohydrodynamic Printing via Dielectric Nanoparticle Layer.

Electrohydrodynamic printing holds both ultrahigh-resolution fabrication capability and unmatched ink-viscosity compatibility yet fails on highly insulating thick/irregular substrates. Herein, we proposed a single-potential driven electrohydrodynamic printing process with submicrometer resolution on arbitrary nonconductive targets, regardless of their geometric shape or sizes, via precoating with an ultrathin dielectric nanoparticle layer. Benefiting from the favorable Maxwell-Wagner polarization, the reversely polarized spot brought about a significant drop (∼57% for ceramics) in the operation voltage as its induced electric field and a negligible residual charge accumulation. Thus, ordered micro/nanostructures with line widths down to 300 nm were directly written at a stage speed as low as 5 mm/s, and silver features with width of ∼2 μm or interval of ∼4 μm were achieved on insulating substrates separately. Flexible sensors and curved heaters were then high-precision printed and demonstrated successfully, presenting this technique with huge potential for fabricating flexible/conformal electronics on arbitrary 3D structures.

Low‐Volume Cores for Fabrication of Compact, Versatile, and Intelligent Soft Systems

AbstractThis study introduces the low‐volume core (LVC) fabrication method, which enables the monolithic molding of compact, complex, versatile, and intelligent soft robotic systems. This method uses thin and flexible thermoplastic sheets to mold internal chambers in soft fluidic actuators, valves, and circuits. The LVC fabrication method creates low‐volume networks in soft actuators (LV‐net actuators) that can be made with compact and complex geometries, enabling both low actuation volume input and multi‐degree‐of‐freedom actuators. LVC fabrication can also be used for compact, completely soft, and monolithic logic components (valves with low‐volume core, also called as LV valves) to provide directional resistance as well as a switching mechanism that enables fluidic logic in soft systems. The compatibility of the fabrication methods for both soft actuators and valves facilitates the creation of compact, integrated, and versatile soft robotic systems with embodied intelligence. This study introduces two examples of such intelligent soft robotic systems that integrate both LV‐net actuators and LV valves to demonstrate capability for complex system fabrication.

Realizing the High Efficiency of Type‐II Superlattice Infrared Sensors Integrated Wire‐Grid Polarizer via Femtosecond Laser Polishing

AbstractA comprehensive strategy to enhance the polarization performance of mid‐wave infrared photodetectors (PDs) is developed and implemented by integrating wire‐grid polarizers (WGPs) using nanoimprint lithography and femtosecond laser (FSL) polishing. This combined approach offers significant advantages, including large‐area fabrication capabilities, practical device integration, and improved polarization characteristics. By addressing optical losses, the primary factor contributing to polarization degradation through the thermal effects of FSL polishing, substantial improvements are achieved in surface roughness and grain boundary reduction on the WGP, resulting in remarkable performance enhancements. As a result, the extinction ratio of the integrated WGP InAs/GaSb type‐II superlattice PD achieves an impressive value of up to 1044. This approach holds promising potential for advancing polarization‐based imaging and measurement systems to new heights.

A study on graphene-reinforced magneto-electro-elastic laminated nanoplate's thermomechanical vibration behaviour based on a higher-order plate theory

Sandwich nanostructures incorporating piezoelectric and magneto-electro-elastic properties have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation smart devices and composites. Due to their exceptional design, fabrication, and energy conversion capabilities, these structures are extensively utilised as sensors and actuators in nano-electromechanical systems. Accordingly, in this article, the free vibration behaviour of a multifunctional laminated (MFL) nanoplate with piezoelectric PZT5-H and magnetostrictive CoFe2O4 (cobalt-ferrite) face layers and a graphene-reinforced core layer is investigated by applying a higher-order sinusoidal shear deformation theory (HSDT). In addition, two different material cases consisting of Ti6Al4V and ZrO2 materials and two foam models, uniform and symmetric, are considered for the foam core layer. Hamilton's principle is used to obtain the plate's governing equations. Navier's solution approach is utilised to get the natural frequencies of the laminated nanoplate under thermal load and electric and magnetic fields. A parametric study is performed to determine the effects of volumetric graphene content, the foam model and its pore ratio, face/core material content, external electric and magnetic potential, and thermal load on the free vibration response of the MFL nanoplate. The obtained numerical results can be a reference point for future research on layered porous MEE structures, especially for micro/nano-sized systems.

Optical Fiber-Assisted Printing: A Platform Technology for Straightforward Photopolymer Resins Patterning and Freeform 3D Printing.

Light-based 3D printing techniques represent powerful tools, enabling the precise fabrication of intricate objects with high resolution and control. An innovative addition to this set of printing techniques is Optical Fiber-Assisted Printing (OFAP) introduced in this article. OFAP is a platform utilizing an LED-coupled optical fiber (LOF) that selectively crosslinks photopolymer resins. It allows change of parameters like light intensity and LOF velocity during fabrication, facilitating the creation of structures with progressive features and multi-material constructs layer-by-layer. An optimized formulation based on allyl-modified gelatin (gelAGE) with food dyes as photoabsorbers is introduced. Additionally, a novel gelatin-based biomaterial, alkyne-modified gelatin (gelGPE), featuring alkyne moieties, demonstrates near-visible light absorption thus fitting OFAP needs, paving the way for multifunctional hydrogels through thiol-yne click chemistry. Besides 2D patterning, OFAP is transferred to embedded 3D printing within a resin bath demonstrating the proof-of-concept as a novel printing technology with potential applications in tissue engineering and biomimetic scaffold fabrication, offering rapid and precise freeform printing capabilities.