Cap Height Research Articles

Accounting for optical errors in microtensiometry

HypothesisDrop shape analysis (DSA) techniques measure interfacial tension subject to error in image analysis and the optical system. While considerable efforts have been made to minimize image analysis errors, very little work has treated optical errors. There are two main sources of error when considering the optical system: the angle of misalignment and the choice of focal plane. Due to the convoluted nature of these sources, small angles of misalignment can lead to large errors in measured curvature. We demonstrate using microtensiometry the contributions of these sources to measured errors in radius, and, more importantly, deconvolute the effects of misalignment and focal plane. Our findings are expected to have broad implications on all optical techniques measuring interfacial curvature. ExperimentsA geometric model is developed to analytically determine the contributions of misalignment angle and choice of focal plane on measurement error for spherical cap interfaces. This work utilizes a microtensiometer to validate the geometric model and to quantify the effect of both sources of error. For the case of a microtensiometer, an empirical calibration is demonstrated that corrects for optical errors and drastically simplifies implementation. FindingsThe combination of geometric modeling and experimental results reveal a convoluted relationship between the true and measured interfacial radius as a function of the misalignment angle and choice of focal plane. The validated geometric model produces a full operating window that is strongly dependent on the capillary radius and spherical cap height. In all cases, the contribution of optical errors is minimized when the height of the spherical cap is equivalent to the capillary radius, i.e. a hemispherical interface. The understanding of these errors allow for correct measure of interfacial curvature and interfacial tension regardless of experimental setup. For the case of microtensiometry, this greatly decreases the time for experimental setup and increases experiential accuracy. In a broad sense, this work outlines the importance of optical errors in all DSA techniques. More specifically, these results have important implications for all microscale and microfluidic measurements of interface curvature.

An Analysis of the Impact Exerted on Bearing Capacity of Pier and Pile after Increasing Pile Cap Height

An analysis was carried out in this paper on the bearing capacity of pier pile and seismic performance rule when the low‐pile cap is increased by 1 meter, 2 meters, and 3 meters. The bottom of the pile cap of pier no. 11 of Minjiang River bridge faces three “lows”: 7.6 meters lower than island, 4.6 meters lower than natural river bed, and 6.5 meters lower than low water level. The numerical simulation method is adopted to input three seismic waves of Wolong, Bajiao, and EL to evaluate the bearing capacity of pier and pile under strong earthquakes. Using the standard formula and numerical simulation method, it is observed that the bending moment and axial force of bridge pier show an insignificant change under different seismic waves when the pile cap is increased by 0–3 meters. With peak ground acceleration increased to 0.35 g, the vertical bearing capacity and flexural capacity of pier and pile gratify the requirements; however, the pile foundation will be subject to compression and bending damage.

A novel 3D-microstructured multielectrode array configuration for high-yield and high-fidelity electrophysiological recordings

A novel 3D-microstructured multielectrode array configuration for high-yield and high-fidelity electrophysiological recordings

Atmospheric precursors of and response to anomalous Arctic sea ice in CMIP5 models

This study examines pre-industrial control simulations from CMIP5 climate models in an effort to better understand the complex relationships between Arctic sea ice and the stratosphere, and between Arctic sea ice and cold winter temperatures over Eurasia. We present normalized regressions of Arctic sea-ice area against several atmospheric variables at extended lead and lag times. Statistically significant regressions are found at leads and lags, suggesting both atmospheric precursors of, and responses to, low sea ice; but generally, the regressions are stronger when the atmosphere leads sea ice, including a weaker polar stratospheric vortex indicated by positive polar cap height anomalies. Significant positive midlatitude eddy heat flux anomalies are also found to precede low sea ice. We argue that low sea ice and raised polar cap height are both a response to this enhanced midlatitude eddy heat flux. The so-called “warm Arctic, cold continents” anomaly pattern is present one to two months before low sea ice, but is absent in the months following low sea ice, suggesting that the Eurasian cooling and low sea ice are driven by similar processes. Lastly, our results suggest a dependence on the geographic region of low sea ice, with low Barents–Kara Sea ice correlated with a weakened polar stratospheric vortex, whilst low Sea of Okhotsk ice is correlated with a strengthened polar vortex. Overall, the results support a notion that the sea ice, polar stratospheric vortex and Eurasian surface temperatures collectively respond to large-scale changes in tropospheric circulation.

Análise de agrupamento de espécies lenhosas da Caatinga no Estado do Pernambuco

Este trabalho buscou analisar a formação de grupos ecológicos de espécies florestais lenhosas na caatinga, através da análise de agrupamento. Os dados são oriundos de duas áreas de estudo localizadas no Município de Floresta, PE, ambas com histórico de perturbação, onde os indivíduos com circunferência a 1,30 m do solo (CAP) igual ou superior a 6,0 cm foram georreferenciados, identificados, e tiveram o CAP e altura mensurados. A análise de agrupamento foi realizada através do programa Twinspan no software PC-ORD. Os resultados demonstram a formação de grupos ecológicos nas duas áreas, com a presença de espécies indicadoras.

Phase behaviour and gravity-directed self assembly of hard convex spherical caps.

We investigate the phase behaviour and self-assembly of convex spherical caps using Monte Carlo simulations. This model is used to represent the main features observed in experimental colloidal particles with mushroom-cap shape [Riley et al., Langmuir, 2010, 26, 1648]. The geometry of this non-centrosymmetric convex model is fully characterized by the aspect ratio χ* defined as the spherical cap height to diameter ratio. We use NPT Monte Carlo simulations combined with free energy calculations to determine the most stable crystal structures and the phase behaviour of convex spherical caps with different aspect ratios. We find a variety of crystal structures at each aspect ratio, including plastic and dimer-based crystals; small differences in chemical potential between the structures with similar morphology suggest that convex spherical caps have the tendency to form polycrystalline phases rather than crystallising into a single uniform structure. With the exception of plastic crystals observed at large aspect ratios (χ* > 0.75), crystallisation kinetics seem to be too slow, hindering the spontaneous formation of ordered structures. As an alternative, we also present a study of directing the self-assembly of convex spherical caps via sedimentation onto solid substrates. This study contributes to show how small changes to particle shape can significantly alter the self-assembly of crystal structures, and how a simple gravity field and a template can substantially enhance the process.

An Optimized Resonant-cap Ka-band IMPATT Oscillator for Broadband Communication

Demand on capacity and band width increasing day-by-day in the area of wireless communication. One of the solutions is utilization of frequency bands for broadband communication that is related to satellite communication. Mostly Ka-band is used in satellite communication. In this paper, an attempt is taken to design an optimized resonant-cap Ka-band oscillator. To obtain oscillation from Ka-band IMPATT device. It has been embedded in a resonant cavity for which resonant cap structure is used. From this study, it is found that the supply D.C voltage from the top of the diode provides a matching network between the diode and the load to achieve maximum power. Keeping the breakdown voltage of the IMPATT diode fixed, the variation of bias current helps for detailed study and mechanically tuning has been done with variation of cap height, Cap diameter as well as by varying the position of the short using sliding short tuner and verified experimentally. Optimization result is made to get maximum output with maximum efficiency for an optimized cap height, diameter, and position of sliding short tuner. With these facts the work is presented difference tuning methods for resonant cap IMPATT oscillator.

An Optimized Resonant-cap Ka-band IMPATT Oscillator for Broadband Communication

Demand on capacity and band width increasing day-by-day in the area of wireless communication. One of the solutions is utilization of frequency bands for broadband communication that is related to satellite communication. Mostly Ka-band is used in satellite communication. In this paper, an attempt is taken to design an optimized resonant-cap Ka-band oscillator. To obtain oscillation from Ka-band IMPATT device. It has been embedded in a resonant cavity for which resonant cap structure is used. From this study, it is found that the supply D.C voltage from the top of the diode provides a matching network between the diode and the load to achieve maximum power. Keeping the breakdown voltage of the IMPATT diode fixed, the variation of bias current helps for detailed study and mechanically tuning has been done with variation of cap height, Cap diameter as well as by varying the position of the short using sliding short tuner and verified experimentally. Optimization result is made to get maximum output with maximum efficiency for an optimized cap height, diameter, and position of sliding short tuner. With these facts the work is presented difference tuning methods for resonant cap IMPATT oscillator . Full Text: PDF DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v16i3.8985

A User‐Centric Evaluation Procedure for the Design of Child‐Resistant Medicine Bottles

AbstractRecently, people have begun to realize the importance of child‐resistant (CR) medicine packaging. However, most manufacturers and designers have not been able to effectively provide prevention strategies or design criteria to protect consumers. This research proposes a systematic approach to analyze CR packaging design problems and experiments to evaluate the identified design parameters and to generate the most suitable CR medicine packaging design. The design of a CR packaging bottle is used as an example to help explain the development procedure. During the development procedure, user trials, questionnaires, and children's anthropometric data on bottle opening and hand operations are analyzed. Five design parameters, specifically the cap diameter, cap height, bottle height, bottle diameter, and torsion, are identified and used to perform a Taguchi orthogonal array experimental analysis. A computer‐aided design system is also built to help generate the most suitable design alternatives. The results should assist designers in determining the most important CR design parameters and their most suitable combinations for bottle and related CR medicine packaging design.

Parameters measurement of hydrodynamics and CFD simulation in multi‐stage bubble columns

The effect of superficial gas velocity and structural parameters of plate (perforated plate and tongue plate) on the hydrodynamics parameters of column are studied in a multi‐stage bubble column, with 2000 mm height and 282 mm diameter of the multi‐stage bubble column, by using the electrical resistance tomography (ERT) technique and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). According to the results, ERT and CFD techniques can be well applied to the measurement and estimation of gas–liquid two‐phase processes. The gas holdups, the radial distribution of gas holdup and gas cap height strongly depend on the operating condition and tray structure. By increasing the superficial gas velocity, the gas holdup in the multi‐stage bubble column increases. With a decrease of the open area ratio, the hole diameter and tongue angle, the gas holdups and gas cap height below the perforated plate increase. The addition of the perforated plate enhances the flow behaviour of gas–liquid in bubble column. The CFD can then aid the prediction of gas cap height and gas holdup in a multi‐stage bubble column.

남성의 클래식핏과 슬림핏 셔츠 패턴 비교 분석에 관한 연구 - 3D 가상착의를 활용하여 -

This study aims to compare the ease of shirt patterns in the men's wear market that have been constantly developing, and to analyze the fitness and appearance through the 3D virtual try-on system. The study selected three industrial patterns and two educational materials of classic-fit and slim-fit shirts for a total of ten items. The experiments involved virtual wearing, a stress contact point perspective map, and appearance evaluations. First, the ease differed significantly in the chest, waist, and sleeve cap height according to the patterns. Second, based on the stress, contact point, and transparency, there was ease in the order of Nam, D-brand, J-brand, Park, and S-brand in the classic-fit shirts while the order of D-brand, Nam, J-brand, Park, and S-brand resulted in the slim-fit shirts. Third, in the appearance evaluation, higher points resulted in the order of J-brand, Park, S-brand, D-brand, and Nam in both classic-fit and slim-fit. The results showed that proper ease differs greatly by shirt-fit and target age. Also, the shirts with more ease tended to be evaluated less favorably in the appearance evaluation. Based on the results, the study suggests that the proper ease in chest circumference is 18cm for the classic-fit shirts and 6 cm for the slim-fit shirts.

30대 남성 슬림 핏 재킷원형 패턴설계 제 1보 - 4패널 재킷원형을 중심으로 -

This study aims to suggest the patternmaking method of men's slim-fit four-panel jacket sloper in their 30's. The researcher collected four kinds of existing slopers and carried out appearance and movement evaluations twice. Then the researcher's sloper was developed by modifying and supplementing the existing sloper with high scores in the evaluations. The results are as follows: First, when comparing the existing slopers, ease on the chest varied from 13 cm to 17.8 cm. Actual measurements or formula method were used for the armhole depth, waist line, and hip line. It was one-third of armhole length for the sleeve cap height in most existing slopers. Second, the researcher's sloper had excellent scores in the appearance and movement evaluations (front neck depth, ease on the chest, front dropped length, ease on the sleeve cap, and the position that separate the two piece sleeves on the back). Third, the suggested sloper, has 13~14 cm for ease in the chest circumference and 2.5 cm for front dropped length. It sets to chest/4+2 cm for armhole depth, height/4+1 cm for waist line placement, and height/8 for hip length. The sleeve cap height is one-third of armhole length. These results will be useful when the industrial technical designers develop various jacket patterns.

파워 숄더 재킷의 디자인 및 패턴전개 방법

Power shoulder look is most noticeable trend in women`s wear in the 09/10 season. Specially jackets with sharper angle and wider shoulder became the best item since then, and were chosen for must-have item by fashion directors. Jacket occupied 50% in power shoulder items. Its shoulder angle was from 0 to 30 degree but items with 15 degree stood out among them. There are three methods to make power shoulder look jackets; shoulder extension method with moving shoulder tip up and sleeve cap height, method of extension and cutting sleeve cap with shorten shoulder length, and method of extension and moving shoulder tip up in the sleeve with shoulder line like raglan sleeve. As a result, shoulder angle is higher, starting point of shoulder line is closer to side neck point and shoulder point is extender to outside for appearance and fit. In shoulder extension method, the arm hole line was drawn with care by matching joining shoulder seam and setting the sleeve into the arm hole. In sleeve cap transformation, it is desired that starting point shoulder angle is moved closely to side neck point. In case of the sleeve with shoulder line, it needs to consider enough ease of shoulder and upper arm. For making patterns of power shoulder look jacket, it need to consider arm hole line, shoulder length, shoulder point position, sleeve cap height and sleeve width with interpretation design facts. In this study, through the analysis clothing construction method of power shoulder jacket, it is of help to pattern making for various power shoulder design items.

가상봉제에 의한 소매산 높이의 변화가 봉합여유량 및 외관에 미치는 영향

This study aim was to understand the effects of the change of the sleeve cap height on the sleeve cap line and the sleeve appearance by making nine different sleeve cap height patterns. When a subject sews the virtual and real garments with this, it provides data base through which she can make the suitable sleeve by conducting a comparative analysis of the appearance and cross-sectional diagram and grasping the relation between the sleeve cap line ease and the shape of the sleeve. As a result of the analysis of the image of 3D virtual garment, the shape of the armscye and the position of the bust line and sleeve baseline, the sleeve cap height and the sewing ease of the sleeve cap line affect on the shape of the sleeve and the armscye. Although the real garment is slightly different from the virtual garment they have shown similar tendency. Therefore, if the 3D virtual clothing system is used appropriately, it is possible to expect various study results in the apparel field without making real garments.

95% of basidiospores fall within 1 m of the cap: a field-and modeling-based study

Plant establishment patterns suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) inoculant is not found ubiquitously. The role of animal vectors dispersing viable EMF spores is well documented. Here we investigate the role of wind in basidiospore dispersal for six EMF species, Inocybe lacera, Laccaria laccata, Lactarius rufus, Suillus brevipes, Suillus tomentosus and Thelephora americana. Basidiospores adhered to microscope slides placed on three 60 cm transects radiating from sporocarps. Morphological characteristics of species as well as average basidiospore volume were recorded. Number of basidiospores was quantified at specific distances to produce actual dispersal gradients. We found a negative exponential decay model using characteristics for each species fit the field data well. The 95% modeled downwind dispersal distance of basidiospores was calculated for each species. The 95% modeled downwind dispersal distance increased with increasing cap height and decreasing basidiospore volume for the species sampled, with 95% of basidiospores predicted to fall within 58 cm of the cap. Differences in anatomical characteristics of EMF species influence how far basidiospores are dispersed by wind. We discuss the role of wind dispersal leading to patterns of EMF establishment during primary succession.

Modeling of Moisture-Dependent Properties and Mineral Contents of Dry Mushroom

SUMMARY In this study, mineral contents and some physical properties, important for the design of equipments for harvesting, processing, transportation, sorting, separation and packaging of white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange), were researched. Those properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content for the moisture range from 11.55 to 76.91% dry base (d.b.) by rewetting dry white button mushrooms. In results, the average cap maximum and minimum diameter (29.96 respectively 23.12), cap height (17.19), carpophores height (30.48), geometric mean diameter (22.91 mm), sphericity (81.07%), mass weight (1.08 g) and volume (2.93 cm 3 ) were obtained. The bulk density, true density and terminal velocity increased from 65.24 to 115.65 kg∙m -3 , from 375.8 to 394.6 kg∙m -3 respectively from 5.77 to 8.05 m∙s -1 . Whereas porosity and sphericity decreased from 82.64 to 70.69% and from 78.39 to 74.9% under the increments of moisture content from 11.55 to 76.91% d.b. in dry mushroom. Mathematical model were developed for the physical properties. Furthermore, mineral contents of dry mushroom such as N, P, K, Zn and Fe were 5.73, 1.34, 3.54 %, 41.21 and 26.67 g∙kg -1 , respectively.

Analytical calculation of eigen-energies for lens-shaped quantum dot with finite barriers

The bound states of a particle in a lens-shaped quantum dot with finite confinement potential are obtained in the envelope function approximation. The quantum dot has circular base with radius a and maximum cap height b, and the effective mass of the particle is considered different inside and outside the dot. A 2D Fourier expansion is used in a semi-sphere domain with infinite walls which contains the geometry of the original potential. Electron energies for different values of lens deformation b/a, lens radius a and barrier height Vo are calculated. In the very high confinement potential limit, the results for the infinite barrier case are recovered.

Stability of AuSn eutectic solder cap on Au socket during reflow

The stability of Au20Sn eutectic cap formed during reflow of Sn/Au bump was studied under multiple reflow cycles. For a 5 μm thick Sn layer, the eutectic caps formed for the bumps of 60 and 40 μm in diameters were quite stable up to 10 reflows and the ζ compound layer at the interface was a good barrier layer to prevent the exhaustion of the eutectic solders. However for 20 μm bumps, the relative larger eutectic volume resulted in side wall wetting. Therefore only small part of eutectic alloy was left on the top of the Au socket after one reflow. After three reflows Au socket was almost covered by a single ζ compound layer. The results identified that the maximum cap height formed during reflow should be smaller than half of the bump diameter to maintain it on the Au socket.

English

The paper describes the studies of the tuning properties of an indigenously developed resonant-cap continuous wave IMPATT oscillator at Ka-band by changing circuit susceptance through mechanical tuning. It was observed that output power of a resonant-cap IMPATT oscillator passes through a maximum at a particular frequency for a given diode with an optimum combination of cap diameter and cap height. An empirical relation has been found between cap diameter and wavelength of the optimised oscillator, which agrees with the theoretical relation. The effect of sliding short tuner position on the oscillator at optimised condition and the phenomenon of frequency jump in certain positions of sliding short have been studied.

Load Transfer by Soil Arching in Pile-Supported Embankments

Piles have been used to support unsymmetrical surcharges due to embankments or backfills on soft grounds. The unsymmetrical surcharges can be transferred by embankment piles to a firm layer below soft grounds according to mobilizing soil arching in pile-supported embankments or backfills. Two kinds of model tests such as the soil arching test and the load transfer test were performed to investigate, respectively, the configuration of the soil arch and the loads transferred on piles in pile-supported embankments. In these model tests, model piles were installed in several rows below sand fills, and the heads of piles in each row were connected with cap beams. The soil arch showed a configuration of a semi hollow cylinder, whose diameter was equal to the space between the outer edges of two cap beams and thickness was equal to the width of the cap beams. Based on the configuration of the soil arch defined by the soil arching test, a theoretical analysis was carried out to predict the loads transferred on the piles according to mobilizing soil arching in pile-supported embankments. The equation presented by the theoretical analysis could consider the effect of various factors affecting on the loads transferred on the cap beams; the loads depended on space between cap beams, width of cap beams, height and strength parameters of embankment fills, etc. The loads predicted by the presented equation showed good agreement with those measured in not only the presented test but also the previous test. Finally, the presented theoretical analysis was compared with the previous theoretical analyses on soil arching and its differences from the previous theories were discussed.