Cost Structure Research Articles

Integrating accounting models with supply chain management in the aerospace industry: A strategic approach to enhancing efficiency and reducing costs in the U.S

This concept paper proposes the integration of accounting models with supply chain management in the aerospace industry as a strategic approach to enhancing efficiency and reducing costs in the United States. The aerospace sector faces numerous challenges, including complex supply chains, stringent regulatory requirements, and cost pressures. By combining accounting principles with supply chain management strategies, this approach aims to optimize operations, improve financial transparency, and foster collaboration among stakeholders. Key objectives of this initiative include streamlining financial processes, enhancing decision-making capabilities, and mitigating risks associated with supply chain disruptions. By leveraging accounting models such as activity-based costing, lean accounting, and performance measurement systems, organizations can gain insights into cost structures, identify inefficiencies, and allocate resources effectively across the supply chain. Moreover, integrating accounting with supply chain management enables real-time monitoring of financial performance metrics, enabling timely interventions and adjustments to achieve strategic goals. This approach also facilitates better coordination between finance and operations teams, leading to improved communication, alignment of objectives, and ultimately, enhanced organizational performance. In the context of the aerospace industry, where precision, reliability, and cost-efficiency are paramount, this integrated approach offers significant benefits. It enables companies to optimize inventory management, minimize waste, and identify opportunities for cost savings throughout the supply chain. Additionally, by fostering a culture of continuous improvement and data-driven decision-making, organizations can adapt more effectively to market dynamics and gain a competitive edge. This concept paper outlines the theoretical framework and practical implications of integrating accounting models with supply chain management in the aerospace industry. Through case studies, best practices, and implementation strategies, it provides a roadmap for organizations to embrace this strategic approach and realize its full potential in enhancing efficiency and reducing costs in the U.S. aerospace sector.

Analysis of Costs in Assessing the Effectiveness of Cultural and Recreational Park

Introduction. The management of socio-cultural activities is complicated by evaluating the effectiveness of institutions in the socio-cultural sphere. Unlike the commercial sector, where results can be measured in monetary terms, results in the socio-cultural sphere can be more challenging to measure. The goal of this study is to assess the efficiency of the cultural and recreational park activities. Materials and Methods. Formal methods were used to calculate efficiency indicators and informal methods were based on heuristic approaches, comparison, grouping and summarizing data. The research materials included works of Russian and foreign scholars, practical data available on the websites of cultural and art institutions, and other media sources. The research object is the Municipal Autonomous Cultural Institution "City Park of Culture and Recreation" in Oryol city. The analysis of indicators is presented for the period of 2020-2022 based on analytical data from the park's website. The results include performance indicators of the park, algorithms for calculating the efficiency indicators and reporting values, the composition and structure of labor costs, the labor remuneration fund and its relationship with productivity. Measures are proposed to review the expenditure structure of the park in order to establish a system of program-oriented planning, distribution of expenses into tactical and non-tactical ones to strengthen the role and improve the methods of medium-term planning. Conclusions. Based on the effective cost management and the implementation of appropriate strategies and tools, efficiency assessment issues can be overcome and goals can be achieved.

The Significance of Marginal Costing in Pricing: an In-Depth Analysis

In today's fiercely competitive business environment, pricing decisions play a pivotal role in determining the success and sustainability of organizations across various industries. Effective pricing strategies not only impact revenue generation but also influence market positioning, customer perception, and overall profitability. However, arriving at optimal pricing decisions is a complex endeavor, necessitating a deep understanding of cost structures, market dynamics, and customer preferences.

Investment in vehicle-to-grid and distributed energy resources: Distributor versus prosumer perspectives and the impact of rate structures

Photovoltaic panels, electric vehicles, and vehicle-to-grid technologies are becoming more common and hold significant promises to improve the grid and foster the energy transition. However, significant questions remain unanswered with respect to who should invest in this equipment and what tariff should be used. This paper examines whether the distribution company or prosumer should invest in and manage Distributed Energy Resources (DER), the ideal combination of DER to utilize, and the appropriate tariff to implement. Central to this analysis is the assessment of different stakeholder objectives, particularly from the investor's perspective, where net present value is used as the primary criterion for evaluating the different investment scenarios. Additionally, the impact of these scenarios on the annual system cost is calculated. A mathematical scenario analysis model is developed to simulate the operation of DER and energy management systems. This model utilizes the Vermont electricity grid's real-world consumption, generation data, and cost structures. The results underscore the significance of incorporating vehicle-to-grid technology to enhance the profitability of DER investments. This inclusion of specific data sources and stakeholder criteria aims to provide insight into the complex dynamics of smart-home deployment.

RESEARCH ON TOURIST SATISFACTION AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTION IN ECOLOGICAL HEALTH TOURISM ACTIVITIES IN BAMA, GUANGXI BASED ON STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL

This study endeavors to delve into the intricacies of tourist contentment and proclivities in the realm of ecological health tourism activities within Bama, Guangxi. An exploration of the intricate structural relationships is undertaken, unraveling the quintet of variables encompassing tourists' engagement in Bama's ecological health tourism - namely, the effects of activities, the experiential facet of activities, the pecuniary dimension of activities, coupled with tourist satisfaction and behavioral intent. Employing the methodological framework of constructing a structural equation model, this study leverages IBM SPSS 23.0 software to execute correlation analyses across various variables, including demographic information statistics, reliability and validity metrics. Survey research orbits around the quintet of variables. The findings illuminate that the experiential tapestry woven by tourists partaking in ecological health tourism activities exerts a conspicuously affirmative influence on both their satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Conversely, the financial investment made by tourists in ecologi cal health tourism activities manifests a counteractive impact on their satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Evidently, heightened tourist activity experiences and diminished costs conduce to the facilitation of tourists' aspirations for individualistic tourism activities, thereby enhancing travel satisfaction and behavioral intent. Nevertheless, the potency of tourists' activity effe cts on tourist satisfaction remains suboptimal. Consequently, it is proffered that the propagation of health care paradigms be fortified, coupled with the augmentation of activity experience design. Further, the optimization of cost structures and the enhancement of resource utilization efficiency are recommended, alongside ameliorating activity effects and steering behavioral intent. This comprehensive approach is anticipated to immerse tourists more profoundly into the local ethos of longevity culture, thereby fostering the robust and sustainable evolution of longevity tourism in Bama.

EFFICIENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT 'RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION COMPANY 'ZOND' LTD

To ensure the correct approach to energy management and efficient use by enterprises and organizations, an energy management system is being implemented. The article is about effectiveness of the energy management system at the 'ZOND' LLC. An analysis of the use of fuel and energy resources is carried out, taking into account the structure of energy consumption and cost. It is established that in order to ensure rational consumption, it is necessary to apply a comprehensive approach to analyzing and prioritizing the proposed energy efficiency measures. The constructive and operational shortcomings of the heating system are described. The implemented measures for the rational use of gas are presented. Lighting aspects are considered, including the transition to LED lamps and the use of natural light. Significant heat losses by external envelope structures are revealed and the implemented measures for the building insulation with polystyrene insulation boards (EPS) are described. The results of the economic analysis are presented. The effectiveness of the measures taken by the enterprise to ensure backup power supply in the conditions of prolonged power outages is analyzed. The analysis of the enterprise's work during prolonged emergency power outages is carried out. A number of both minor and significant shortcomings of the described measures to provide electricity to the company's consumers have been identified. Particular attention is paid to the selection and use of uninterruptible power supply units to keep critical consumers running. The use of special skylights, also known as solar daylight tubes or light tubes, to reduce the use of artificial lighting is proposed. A conclusion is made about the effectiveness of an integrated approach to managing the energy efficiency of an enterprise in the context of modern challenges and a high level of energy efficiency management at this enterprise is confirmed.

Cost and Income Structure of Organic and Conventional French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Cultivation: A Case Study of Himachal Pradesh, India

The objective of this study was to investigate the cost and income structure of organic and conventional French bean cultivation in Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, in the 2018/ 2019 crop year. The sample included 80 farmers selected using a purposive sampling method, consisting of 40 organic and 40 conventional French bean growers. Survey questionnaires were used as the main instrument for data collection. Descriptive statistics and cost and income analysis were used for data analysis. The results indicate that the cost of production was higher, and output was lower under organic bean cultivation. Despite this, organic bean cultivation was more profitable than conventional farming, which was attributed to the higher prevailing market price for organic beans. Organic growers encounter numerous challenges and issues when cultivating and marketing of vegetables. Farmers seek a variety of aid from the government, business sector, and co-operative organizations to solve all of these challenges.

Optimization of Inventory and Capacity in Large-Scale Assembly Systems Using Extreme-Value Theory

High-tech systems are typically produced in two stages: (1) production of components using specialized equipment and staff and (2) system assembly/integration. Component production capacity is subject to fluctuations, causing a high risk of shortages of at least one component, which results in costly delays. Companies hedge this risk by strategic investments in excess production capacity and in buffer inventories of components. To optimize these, it is crucial to characterize the relation between component shortage risk and capacity and inventory investments. We suppose that component production capacity and produce demand are normally distributed over finite time intervals, and we accordingly model the production system as a symmetric fork-join queueing network with N statistically identical queues with a common arrival process and independent service processes. Assuming a symmetric cost structure, we subsequently apply extreme value theory to gain analytic insights into this optimization problem. We derive several new results for this queueing network, notably that the scaled maximum of N steady-state queue lengths converges in distribution to a Gaussian random variable. These results translate into asymptotically optimal methods to dimension the system. Tests on a range of problems reveal that these methods typically work well for systems of moderate size. Funding: This work is part of the research program Complexity in High-Tech Manufacturing, (partly) financed by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) [Grant 438.16.121]. The research is also supported by the NWO programs MEERVOUD to M. Vlasiou [Grant 632.003.002] and Talent VICI to B. Zwart [Grant 639.033.413].

Business Model for Small-Scale Artisan Tea Family Business

Business Model for Small-Scale Artisan Tea Family Business

How do regulatory costs affect mergers and acquisitions decisions and outcomes?

Regulations introduce substantial costs and constrain firms’ cost structures. This paper introduces a firm-specific measure of regulatory costs and explores its role in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) decisions; specifically, large (small) firms with high regulatory costs are likely to acquire (be acquired by) firms in the same industry. In contrast, regulatory costs do not have such an effect on cross-industry acquisitions. Herein, I introduce econometric techniques, including accounting for additional industry-specific variables, alternative regulatory cost measures, and difference-in-differences estimators, to address potential identification issues. Furthermore, regulatory costs drive acquisitions contributing to shareholders’ wealth; hence, regulatory cost burden is a crucial factor in M&A decisions and outcomes.

Activity-Based Costing Implementation for Capturing the Complexity of Manufacturing Process: The Case of CV XYZ

Background: In manufacturing companies, determining the cost of goods manufactured is more complex than in service and trading companies, considering that the production cost structure consists of direct raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead. In identifying the imposition of three components of production costs, the most difficult component to trace is factory overhead because, in determining factory overhead, various approaches and assumptions must be chosen as cost drivers, so it needs the right approach and assumptions for CV XYZ to achieve company performance. Objective: This study seeks to analyze the intricacies of factory overhead calculations under activity-based costing in comparison to the traditional plantwide rate approach used by CV XYZ, which utilizes production units as cost drivers. Method: The method used in this research is a case study on CV XYZ with interviews and documentation as data collection techniques. Interviews were conducted with accounting staff and heads of accounting departments through unstructured interviews. Documentation is carried out based on 2020 financial information. Results: The results of the analysis explain that the calculation of factory overhead applied, production costs, cost of goods manufactured (COGM), and cost of goods sold (COGS) calculated using the plantwide rate approach (production units as cost drivers) shows undercosts when compared to the activity-based costing system, so that the recognized profit is greater than it should be. The implications of undercosts cause information on the income statement to be unreliable, considering that the company has a variety of products and activities related to the production process Conclusion: The activity-based costing system uses more than one cost driver; thus, the activity-based costing system is a more accurate method to be applied by CV XYZ, which has product diversification. Keywords: Factory overhead applied, plantwide rate, activity-based costing system, profit and loss.

Business Model Canvas (BMC) And Value Proposition Canvas (VPC) Analysis For Whale Shark halal Tourism, Tarano District, Sumbawa Regency Solution To Formulate A Strategy To Increase Tourism Value

This research aims to find strategies to increase the value of Whale Shark tourism in Labuhan Jambu Village, Tarano District by using the perspective of whale shark tourism managers and related stakeholders using the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach through nine channels. This study also looks at tourism value from a consumer perspective through the Value Proposition Canvas (VPC) approach from two aspects, namely the customer profile and value proposition. The sampling technique in this study used the Snawbal Sampling technique by identifying, selecting, and taking samples in a network or continuous chain of relationships. Meanwhile, data analysis used the Miles and Huberman technique which included data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results of this research to increase the value of Whale Shark tourism in Labuhan Jambu Village based on the BMC approach areThe whale shark tourism market segmentation is foreign tourists, domestic tourists anddiving/snorkeling enthusiasts, consist of online promotions via social media Instagram, direct promotions, participating in national events, whale shark festivals and collaboration with tour guides and travel tours, the major key partnership to maintain is travel agents, tour guides, fishermen, bagang owners, restaurants and hotels and the important Key resources consist of whale sharks, tour operators, supporting facilities and the Labuhan Jambu village community. Meanwhile the VPC results to solved the cunsomer provile including increasing Products and services for whale shark tourism are that visitors can see and swim directly with whale sharks, unique and rare tours, optimal service to visitors, provision of speed boats and complete diving/snorkeling equipment for visitor satisfaction.Pain Relievers consists of providing regular information about the appearance of whale sharks, limiting swimming time with whale sharks, providing speed boat access from Labuhan Jambu village, periodic efforts and programs to support whale shark conservation.Gain creators consist of tour packages and equipment for swimming with whale sharks, providing education on whale shark tourism to tourists, maintaining visitor trust by providing optimal service and mapping optimal times to meet whale sharks to inform tourists and related parties.

Impact of double-axis tracking on thermal performance of the linear Fresnel Collector: An experimental study

Due to the concerning trend of fossil fuels destructive effect on the environment, renewables, especially solar energy, can be a promising alternative to meet the world's energy demands. Linear Fresnel Collectors (LFCs) are solar thermal collectors that can effectively provide the required thermal energy for various applications. Despite the low capital cost and non-complicated structure of the LFCs, they have some drawbacks, such as end loss effects that reduce their optical and thermal efficiencies. The current research introduces a mechanical tracking system to enable the system to rotate in the secondary axis to decrease the end loss effect. Four experimental tests at laminar and turbulent flows in two single and double-axis tracking modes have been performed to investigate the non-illuminated length in each scenario. Moreover, a theoretical study was conducted, and the results were compared with the experiments. The results showed that the thermal efficiencies were 8.67 %–22.03 % and 40.97 %–63.5 % for the double-axis tracking mode in laminar and turbulent, respectively. The double-axis tracking system enhanced the system's thermal efficiency by 18.91 % and 6.42 % for laminar and turbulent flows on average, respectively, compared to the single-axis tracking. Furthermore, the difference between the experimental and theoretical non-illuminated length values was calculated as 4.14 % and 8.44 % on average for laminar and turbulent flows, respectively. Finally, according to the economic analysis, 4.78 years was calculated for the payback time of the investigated system.

Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Pelatihan Hidroponik Di Kota Bogor

Hydroponics is a method of cultivating plants without soil that is popular with Indonesian people. Its spread in Indonesia is supported by information openness via the internet and social media. Internet users reaching 77.2% have created a demand for hydroponic training. The urgency of training services is needed because hydroponic cultivation requires special skills. In the city of Bogor, there are business units that provide hydroponic training with limited face-to-face services which are very vulnerable to schedule limitations and social restriction policies by the government. The aim of this research is to formulate a strategy for developing a hydroponics training business in the city of Bogor. The approach uses qualitative methods with the Business Model Canvas framework to map digitalization adaptation and describe existing business models. Alternative strategies are formulated using SWOT analysis which combines internal strategic issues in the form of strengths and weaknesses with external strategic issues in the form of opportunities and threats. The formulated alternative strategy is implemented into the prototype canvas business model. Customer Response Index analysis is carried out to support SWOT analysis to obtain input based on responses from consumers. The research results found that digital adaptation was limited to business model marketing channels. Strength strategic issues lie in segmentation based on demand, service flexibility, and digital marketing adaptation. The weakness issue is dependence on one product and dependence on business partners. Strategic issues of opportunity are opportunities for product diversification, new partnerships, and conversion of training into digital products. The strategic threat issue is the opportunistic risk of business partners. The formulation of an alternative strategy recommends diversifying service products by adding services that are still in the hydroponics business line.

Role of "Business Model Canvas" (BMC) In Improving Omzet, Comparative Analysis Approach of Beginner Enterpreneurs in the Field of Creative Economy

An established business must first have a comprehensive plan, including a vision, mission, and goals to be achieved, including increasing turnover and profits and then be able to map out what the company wants and needs with its resources. BMC Strategic Planning (BMC) is a business plan model that explains goals, capital, and efforts to achieve your goals comprehensively. This planning strategy effectively minimizes failure because all risks have been mapped. In some startups, formulating a BMC is a necessity, considering that most startup companies have a risk of failure in the first 5 years. Therefore, this research wants to see the extent of BMC's role in increasing the turnover of novice entrepreneurs in creative industries that have been established for 5 years by comparing turnover before and after using BMC for 3 consecutive years. The results show that the application of BMC to budding entrepreneurs in the creative economy sector has increased their turnover by 22.82% compared to before using BMC. The highest increase in turnover was in the culinary sector, reaching 26.36%, followed by F&B at 25.05%, fashion at 23.9%, and beverages at 22.74%. The BMC elements are dominant because they prioritize the quality of taste (food and drinks) as well as the quality of packaging and clothing design, key activities, and key partners to build value propositions, then supported by accurate market segmentation and customer relationships followed by intensive promotion (Channel) so that a revenue stream occurs, in the form of increased sales (Omzet).

Application of Business Model Canvas in MSMEs in Karangwuni Village

This qualitative research, employing a literature review approach, examines the pivotal role of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in fostering economic development amidst the ongoing wave of globalization. Specifically focused on Karangwuni Village, the study elucidates how the adoption of the Business Model Canvas framework positively impacts MSMEs, fortifying their operational infrastructure and catalyzing avenues for sustainable expansion, thereby underscoring the significance of strategic frameworks in bolstering the resilience and growth trajectory of MSMEs within the broader economic landscape.

A Sectoral Analysis of BSE-Listed Indian Pharma Companies

Purpose: Investors, including domestic and international firms, venture capitalists, and financial institutions, rely on research to evaluate investment opportunities in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. Research helps assess factors such as market potential, company performance, R&D capabilities, regulatory environment, and risk-return profiles. Research plays a crucial role in guiding research and development (R&D) investments and priorities within the Indian pharmaceutical industry. By identifying unmet medical needs, emerging therapeutic areas, and technological advancements, research helps companies allocate resources effectively and focus on areas with the highest potential for impact and return on investment. The current research includes analysing financial statements, such as income statements and cash flow statements, to assess the profitability and earnings stability of pharmaceutical firms, and also investigate factors influencing EPS growth, such as revenue trends, cost structures, research and development (R&D) investments, regulatory environments, and market dynamics. Additionally, the study of DPS involves evaluating dividend payout ratios, dividend yield, dividend stability, and factors driving dividend decisions, including company profitability, cash flow generation, capital requirements, and shareholder preferences. Understanding the relationship between EPS and DPS in the Indian pharmaceutical sector provides valuable insights for investors, analysts, and policymakers in assessing the financial health, investment attractiveness, and shareholder value creation of pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange were selected for the study. Speculations were tested using ANOVA and T-TEST. The audit revealed that investors can invest in Dr. Reddys Laboratories, Abbott India, and Themis Medicare for their EPS to be maximum and Dr. Reddys Laboratories, Abbott India, and Novartis India for their DPS to be maximum. Methodology: Fifteen BSE-listed pharmaceutical companies are considered for the present research work and analysed by using EPS and DPS. Result: Selected Large, medium, and small Indian pharmaceutical companies listed on the BSE were the subjects of this study's analysis of their EPS and DPS. The websites of Money Control and the BSE provided the majority of the time series data used in the study on two different variables, EPS and DPS. Five years, from 2019 to 2020 to 2022–2023 are included in the analysis of the EPS and DPS. The BSE-listed Indian pharmaceutical businesses' EPS and DPS were examined in this study. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard error, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) were computed for the determined EPS and DPS. An ANOVA test is run on the EPS and DPS data to find the differences between the chosen pharmaceutical businesses listed on the BSE. It is recommended that investors put their money into Abbott India, Themis Medicare, and Dr. Reddys Laboratories in order to maximise their EPS, and Novartis India, Abbott India, and Dr. Reddys Laboratories in order to maximise their DPS. Originality/Value: The BSE-listed Indian pharmaceutical businesses' EPS and DPS were examined in this study. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard error, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) were computed for the determined EPS and DPS. Based on the study, the right companies for the investors are recommended. Paper Type: Exploratory research.

Can single disease payment impact hospitalization expenses and quality in district hospital? A case study in Fujian, China

BackgroundChina is exploring payment reform methods for patients to address the escalating issue of increasing medical costs. While most district hospitals were still in the stage of Single Disease Payment (SDP) due to conditions, there is a scarcity of research on comprehensive assessment of SDP. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of SDP in a district hospital, and provided data support and scientific reference for improving SDP method and accelerating medical insurance payment reform at district hospitals.MethodsData was collected from 2337 inpatient medical records at a district hospital in Fuzhou, China from 2016 to 2021. These diagnoses principally included type 2 diabetes, planned cesarean sections, and lacunar infarction. Structural variation analysis was conducted to examine changes in the internal cost structure and dynamic shifts in medical expenses for both the insured (treatment group) and uninsured (control group) patients, pre- and post-implementation of the SDP policy on August 1, 2018. The difference-in-differences (DID) method was employed to assess changes in hospitalization expenses and quality indicators pre- and post-implementation. Furthermore, subjective evaluation of medical quality was enhanced through questionnaire surveys with 181 patients and 138 medical staff members.ResultsThe implementation of SDP decreased the medical expenses decreased significantly (P < 0.05), which can also optimize the cost structure. The drug cost ratio descended significantly, and the proportion of laboratory fee rose slightly. The changes in infection rate, cure rate, and length of stay indicated enhanced medical quality (P < 0.05). The satisfaction of inpatients with SDP was high (89.2%). Medical staff expressed an upper middle level of satisfaction (77.2%) but identified difficulties with the implementation such as “insufficient coverage of disease types”.ConclusionAfter the implementation of SDP in district hospitals, considerable progress has been achieved in restraining medical expenses, coupled with notable enhancements in both medical quality and patient satisfaction levels. However, challenges persist regarding cost structure optimization and underutilization of medical resources. This study suggests that district hospitals can expedite insurance payment reform by optimizing drug procurement policies, sharing examination information, and strengthening the management of medical records.

Enhancing Business Competitiveness: Strategic Adaptation and Business Model Canvas Application in PT Maritim Maju

In this detailed analysis, we explore the strategic repositioning of PT Maritim Maju within the context of the global maritime industry’s ongoing transformation, influenced by technological advancements and economic shifts. This study meticulously applies the Business Model Canvas framework, incorporating Resource-Based View, VRIO, and SWOT analyses, to diagnose and propose necessary strategic enhancements for PT Maritim Maju. It underscores the imperative for the company to diversify its services beyond traditional maritime activities, suggesting an expansion into maritime consulting and logistics technology. Additionally, the research advocates for the integration of advanced technologies such as AI in fleet management, aiming to optimize route planning and implement predictive maintenance, thereby achieving cost efficiencies, enhanced service reliability, and superior customer satisfaction. Strategic partnerships are highlighted as crucial for leveraging technological innovation and expanding service capabilities. The study also recommends a reevaluation of marketing strategies, emphasizing the adoption of digital marketing techniques to better position PT Maritim Maju on the global stage, highlighting its commitment to safety, reliability, and customer service excellence. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of continuous staff development in leadership and maritime technology to foster a culture of innovation and strategic agility. Compliance with international regulations and a proactive risk management approach are advised to mitigate operational risks. This comprehensive strategic plan aims to guide PT Maritim Maju through the intricacies of the modern maritime landscape, capitalizing on new opportunities for growth and establishing a foundation for enduring competitiveness and resilience.

Reconsidering Sampling and Costs for Face-to-Face Surveys in the 21st Century

Abstract Some fundamental factors important for designing multistage face-to-face household surveys in the United States have not been reconsidered since they were established in the 1940s despite vast changes in all aspects of conducting these surveys. This research examines how some changes, particularly data sources and data collection costs, might affect sample designs. Modern data collection methods and tools, address-based household lists, multimode designs, and training and management methods are critical components in the cost structure of today’s surveys. We explore a sample design that uses Census tracts at the first stage rather than counties as traditionally used. The tract design then samples households directly without the additional stages of subsampling of segments in the traditional design. We present statistical and operational issues associated with the designs and discuss the cost implications. Our examination finds that, for household surveys in the United States that include face-to-face data collection, tract designs that have twice as many sampled first-stage units (but the same overall sample size) have roughly the same cost as the county design, with effective sample sizes in the range of about 25 percent higher to as much as four times higher than the county design.