Canola Methyl Ester Research Articles

An Experimental Study Using Canola Oil Biodiesel to Examine the Properties of a Diesel Engine with Decanol as an Additive

A naturally beneficial use of diesel is primarily threatened by the depletion of natural resources and the alarming rise in pollution levels. The majority of research conducted to date has been on the use of lower alcohols; information regarding a higher alcohol mix in canola oil biodiesel is less abundant. This study investigates the effects of adding a ternary mixture of diesel, biodiesel, and decanol as an additive to a CI engine. Diesel and biodiesel were combined with decanol to conduct tests. While the diesel concentration was maintained at 50% throughout, the decanol mixing concentrations were 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. According to the study, as decanol concentration rises, brake specific fuel consumption falls and brake thermal efficiency rises. At full load, BTE values of 32.24% and 31.68% for pure diesel and D50COME20DEC30, respectively, were noted. The ternary blend D50COME20DEC30 BSFC was 12.89% and 20.63% lower than those of COME100 and D50COME50. Although the total heat release rate is seen to be reduced during the end phase of ignition, heat release rate is observed to increase with the expansion of decanol content in the ternary mix. NOx emissions for D50COME50 and for 10%, 20%, and 30% of decanol in the ternary blend were 1869 PPM, 1838 PPM, 1819 PPM, and 1810 PPM. Therefore, in order to increase engine performance and emissions without altering the CI engine, the present examination recommends a 30% blend of decanol, 20% biodiesel, and 50% diesel. Key Words: COME (Canola oil methyl ester), Decanol, Diesel, Performance, Combustion, Emission, CI Engine.

Synthesis of Carbonaceous Hydrophobic Layers through a Flame Deposition Process

In this study we report the effect of fuel type (biodiesel vs. methane), flame structure and flame height (inner-cone vs. outer-cone), and the percent of oxygen content in the oxidizer stream for the formation of hydrophobic carbon layers using co-flow diffusion flames. It was found that a flame formed using a gaseous fuel (methane) over a vaporized liquid fuel, Canola Methyl Ester (CME), has significant structural differences that enable vastly different deposition behavior of soot layers on the surface of solid substrates. Due to its larger pyrolysis zone (taller inner-cone), the CH4/air flame has a smaller region that supports uniform soot deposition of hydrophobic carbon layers (C-layers) compared to the CME/air flame. When a solid substrate is placed within the pyrolysis zone (inner-cone) of a flame the resulting layer is non-uniform, hydrophilic, and consists of undeveloped soot. However, when outside the pyrolysis zone, the deposited soot tends to be uniform and mature, ultimately creating a hydrophobic C-layer consisting of the typical microscale interconnected weblike structures formed of spherical soot nanoparticles. The effect of oxygen content (35% and 50% O2) in the oxidizer stream for the formation of hydrophobic C-layers was also studied in this work. It was found that oxygen enrichment within the CME flame alters the structure of the flame, hence affecting the morphology of the formed C-layer. Under oxygen enrichment the central region of the deposited C-layer is composed of a weblike structure similar to those seen in the air flames; however, this central region is bordered by a region of densely compacted soot that shows signs of significant thermal stress. At 35% O2 the thermal stress is expressed as multiple microscale cracks while at 50% O2 this border region shows much larger cracks and macroscale layer peeling. The formed C-layers under the different flame conditions were tested for hydrophobicity by measuring the contact angle of a water droplet. The morphology of the C-layers was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.

Sustainable Machining of Hastelloy in EDM Using Nanoparticle-Infused Biodegradable Dielectric Fluid

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is the unconventional machining technique used extensively for machining difficult-to-machine materials with lower material removal rate and poor surface roughness. To overcome these drawbacks, synthetic dielectric fluid is replaced with nanoparticle-infused biodegradable dielectric fluid in the machining of Hastelloy material. This paper focusses on the machining performances of Hastelloy in EDM using various concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% of nano-zirconia dispersed in biodegradable canola oil methyl ester as the dielectric medium, and these characteristics were compared with those of the synthetic dielectric medium. Based on the D-optimal design coupled with cuckoo search algorithm, machining was carried out with various dielectric fluids and their influences on the metal removal rate, surface roughness, surface morphology and surface topography in EDM studied. The results proved that the canola oil methyl ester containing 0.5 wt% of nano-zirconia (C-0.5) had provided good surface finish, better surface topography, smooth surface morphology and high metal removal rate in comparison with the other dielectric fluids used in this study.

Evaluation of tribological characteristics of nano zirconia dispersed biodegradable canola oil methyl ester metalworking fluid

This paper focusses on the tribological characteristics of biodegradable Canola Oil Methyl Ester (COME) dispersed with various concentrations of nano-zirconium oxide i.e., ZrO2 - 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%. The nano particles are characterized using TEM and XRD analyses. The wear and friction properties were investigated using the four-ball tribometer and the wear and friction monitor. The worn surface and surface roughness analyses were examined using SEM/EDS and atomic force microscopes respectively. The Hastealloy pin material lubricated by COME with 0.5 wt% of ZrO2 shows significant lowering of the values of average frictional torque, mean wear scar diameter, frictional coefficient, wear, and average surface roughness in comparison with other metalworking fluids under study.

Investigation on the combustion characteristics and lubrication of biodiesel and diesel fuel used in a diesel engine

In this study, the effects on combustion and lubrication oil of biodiesel-diesel blended fuels used as fuel are examined in a direct injection single-cylinder diesel engine. It was used the canola oil methyl ester (B10) blended in 10% proportions, canola oil methyl ester (B20) blended in 20% proportions (volume) with diesel fuel and diesel (D100). Firstly, the equivalence ratio and the spray / temperature formation for all test fuels at two different crank angles was examined. Then, the engine was operated on for approximately 150 h of long-term endurance tests with these two different fuels. The lubricating oil samples were taken from the engines which had operated with the different fuels. These results in the lubricating oil showed that the viscosity, flashpoint, TAN and moisture content of the lubricant oil decreased, while its density, TBN value, and sulfate ash content increased in B10 compared to diesel fuel. In B10 fuelled operation compared to the D100 operation, metal concentrations determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrum (ICP-AES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) method were more found in engine lubrication oil.

Effects on lubricating oil and piston rings of the different operating parameters in a DI diesel engine

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be produced from renewable sources such as vegetable and animal fats. It is available as fuel in diesel engines. Also, biodiesel fuel is a type of environmentally friendly fuel that is non-toxic, not perishable in nature. A single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine was used in the study. In the engine is used as fuel of diesel fuel and 10%, COME (Canola Oil Methyl Ester) was added to diesel fuel.The piston rings between the engine parts are critical in term of leakage and lubrication. The fuel used affects engine performance and emissions as well as the surface structure of the piston rings. In this study, Antor 3LD510 diesel engine was run with 10% canola oil methyl ester blended fuel and the engine carried out subjected to long term 150 hours’ endurance test. The engine was operated at 1500 rpm and under part load. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDX (Energy Dispersive Spectrometry) analysis of the first, second and third piston rings were performed. As a result, after the operation of the engine with both fuels, the Cr element was largely determined on the surface of the first piston ring and the structure was not disturbed. When the second piston ring surface distribution of COME10 fuel compared to diesel fuel is examined, it is seen that besides the wear elements, combustion and fuel chemistry in the engine are more effective on the surface. The surface of the third piston ring was found to be close to each other after the operating of engine.

Optimizing cetane improver concentration in biodiesel-diesel blend via grey wolf optimizer algorithm

Biodiesel and their blends with diesel have long been used as alternative fuels in diesel engines. In particular, B20 is recommended in most studies since it reduces the exhaust emissions and provides satisfactory engine torque close to diesel fuel. On the other hand, low cetane number of biodiesel leads to higher oxides of nitrogene (NOx) emission when compared to those of the diesel fuel. Formation of NOx emissions has a strong correlation with cetane number of fuels, which increases with the reduction of the cetane number. The current paper focuses on finding the optimum 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) (cetane improver) concentration and the engine speed for 20 vol% canola oil methyl ester and 80 vol% diesel fuel blend (B20). For that reason, experimental design is created and the experiments have been done on TDI diesel engine at full load and different engine speed conditions to be able to model the problem as an optimization problem by means of the regression modelling. Accordingly, the developed model in consequence of the test results of the engine is optimized via the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm taking into account of engine performance and emission parameters viz. brake torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), NOx, and carbon dioxide (CO2), to identify the rate of concentration of EHN in B20 and engine speed. Finally, confirmation tests were employed to compare the output values of the concentration that were identified through the GWO algorithm, and further statistical analyses indicate the consistency between the real experimental results and the results obtained through the GWO algorithm. The optimum EHN concentration and engine speed was determined as 743 mg/L and 3221 rpm respectively. Test results of engine performance indicated that brake power and BSFC of optimum blend at 3221 rpm decreased while brake torque and BTE increased in comparison with those of B20 without EHN. CO2 and NOx exhaust emissions decreased as 11.19% and 4.63% respectively.

The combustion analysıs and wear effect of biodiesel fuel used in a diesel engine

In this study, it was investigated the changes in pressure/crank angle change and heat release rates/crank angle of the engine used of diesel fuels (D100), canola oil methyl ester (COME) and sunflower oil methyl ester (SOME). The SOME and COME blends in 10%, 20% and 30% proportions (in volume) to diesel fuel were added. The diesel engine was worked at different speeds in the experimental study. In this study was aimed to reveal the mechanical and thermal effects of different fuels in the combustion chamber. The numerical combustion analyzes were carried out in the ESE-DIESEL section of the AVL-FIRE. The tribological effects varying with the use of different fuels were also detected and evaluated by long term endurance tests. The engine used COME10 and diesel fuel was operated on for approximately 150 h of long-term endurance tests. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersion X-Ray (EDX) analyses at 250× magnification were performed in order to observe the effects of different fuels used on piston rings.

Environmental effect of ZOCO (Zro2/Ceo2) nano composite in methyl ester from canola oil through the performance and emission studies on IC engine

The aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of ZOCO (Zro2/Ceo2) nano composite on engine performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with Canola Methyl Ester (CME). The blend B20 (80% Petro diesel + 20% CME) and various ZOCO nano composite blended fuels such as B20ZOCO20 (B20 + 20 ppm-ZOCO), B20ZOCO40 (B20 + 40 ppm-ZOCO) B20ZOCO60 (B20 + 60 ppm-ZOCO) B20ZOCO80 (B20 + 80 ppm-ZOCO) were prepared. The ZOCO nano composite was mixed with B20 with the aid of a ultrasonicator. All the tests related to performance and emission characteristics were carried out. The test results show that addition of nano composite improves the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and reduces Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at full load conditions and effective in control of carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). In this study, canola oil was transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst to obtain Canola Methyl Ester (CME) and characterized by Fourier Tranform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum and Nano composites ZOCO were prepared by a microwave combustion method utilizing Cerium (III) nitrate hexa-hydrate, Zirconium (IV) Oxynitrate Hydrate and Urea as precursors and it was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Investigation of combustion and emission in a DI diesel engine fueled with hydrogen-biodiesel blends

The aim of this study was to determine the availability of canola oil methyl ester as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and by adding canola oil methyl ester and hydrogen to diesel fuel. This study was carried out experimentally and numerically. The engine was studied at 2000 rpm speed and full load. The analyzes carried out in the AVL-FIRE ESE Diesel part. In-cylinder combustion and emission analyzes were examined experimentally by adding 10% (B10) and 20% (B20) of the canola oil methyl ester to the diesel (D100) fuel. Also, hydrogen fuel by the amount of 3% and 6% of the mass were added to diesel and biodiesel mixture fuels to eliminate some disadvantages of biodiesel fuels. The obtained findings in experimental and numerical studies were similar to each other. The similarity of these results was also validated by numerical studies using hydrogen. The boundary conditions obtained in experimental studies were determined, and the effect of hydrogen fuel on temperature, in-cylinder pressure, spray distribution and CO formation were examined numerically. In the experimental studies conducted with D100, B10 and B20 fuels, the maximum pressures in-cylinder were measured as 87 bar, 88 bar and 89.09 bar respectively. In numerical results, these values were recorded as 90.02, 90 and 93.8 bar respectively. Addition of 3% and 6% hydrogen to these three different fuel mixtures increased in-cylinder pressures and temperatures. Also, in-cylinder droplet diameters with the addition of hydrogen decreased in all test fuels. This situation led to a reduction in CO emissions.

Formation and evolution of carbon particles in coflow diffusion air flames of vaporized biodiesel, diesel and biodiesel-diesel blends

Evolution profiles on the formation of the carbon particulate (soot) in vaporized coflow diffusion flames of biodiesel (BD), No. 2 diesel and blended fuel mixtures were obtained. The evolution profiles contain the different stages of soot formation, including soot inception, particle growth and agglomeration, and oxidation. Carbon samples were collected directly from inside the flame’s yellow luminous zone along the axial direction at various heights above the burner (HAB) using a well-accepted approach. The studied BD flames were formed using canola methyl ester (CME), cotton methyl ester (COME) and soy methyl ester (SME) in their neat form (B100). The blends consisted of B80 (80% CME/20% No. 2 diesel), B50 (50% CME/50% No. 2 diesel) and B20 (20% CME/80% No. 2 diesel). The evolution profile of the No. 2 diesel flame was compared to the evolution profiles of the neat (B100) BD and blended fuel flames. Soot evolution profiles in the studied vaporized BD and diesel flames are consistent with the general trends of particle formation present during the combustion of diesel and gaseous fuels. That is, particle inception (singlet particles) present in a region at the lower part of the flame followed by particle growth and agglomeration, and the subsequent soot carbonization and oxidation in the upper regions of the flame. However, the soot evolution profiles also show that significant differences exist in the soot morphological properties of the tested BD and blended flames. The presence of “irregular-shaped” fragments such as the “liquid-like” droplets or “globules” at the different stages of soot formation is evident in these oxygenated flames. The “irregular-shaped” fragments resemble short chain-like aggregates that appear to be formed of fused particles having undefined shapes and boundaries. The “irregular-shaped” fragments resemble eutectic (solid/liquid) phases manifesting their viscous liquid nature. Some of these “irregular-shaped” structures contain embedded carbonized inclusions. By a small axial variation of the flame, the fragments are transformed into fully carbonized aggregates that are significantly larger and of complex fractal morphology (multi-branched). From the transmission electron microscopy analysis it can be suggested that the “liquid-like” droplets or “globule” structures serve as possible growth pathways for the formation of the fully carbonized aggregates composed of spherical particles in the upper part of the flame. The size and number density of the “irregular-shaped” fragments in the vaporized BD are much larger than those present in the flame formed from the vaporized diesel. It is also observed that as the percentage of BD is increased in the blended flames, these “irregular-shaped” structures become more pronounced. The evolution profiles also present other morphological properties of the carbon particulates (particle size and nanostructure) along the flame’s axial direction.

Detailed speciation of emissions from a diesel engine fuelled with canola methyl ester

Although the effects of biodiesel combustion on emissions of regulated toxic components have been widely studied, the issue of specific hydrocarbon species production has not yet been comprehensively understood. This study compares detailed exhaust emissions from a compression ignition engine fuelled with canola methyl ester and mineral diesel, as a reference fuel. Additionally, blends of these two fuels were examined. The experiments were performed on a 4-cylinder diesel engine, where fuel was injected in a single dose. The experimental matrix included two engine load sweeps at rotational speeds corresponding to maximum torque and maximum power. Detailed exhaust composition was measured with the use of a Fourier transform infra-red analytical system. To enable unbiased evaluation of the effect of different fuels on hydrocarbons emissions fuel carbon conversion into species carbon was considered. The results showed that there is not a monotonic effect of the content of biodiesel fuel on particular hydrocarbon species. In the case of some hydrocarbon species, the lowest emissions were recorded for mixture of the two fuels.

Combustion, Performance, and Emission Evaluation of a Diesel Engine with Biodiesel Like Fuel Blends Derived From a Mixture of Pakistani Waste Canola and Waste Transformer Oils

The aim of this work was to study the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a 5.5 kW four-stroke single-cylinder water-cooled direct-injection diesel engine operated with blends of biodiesel-like fuel (BLF15, BLF20 & BLF25) obtained from a 50:50 mixture of transesterified waste transformer oil (TWTO) and waste canola oil methyl esters (WCOME) with petroleum diesel. The mixture of the waste oils was named as biodiesel-like fuel (BLF).The engine fuelled with BLF blends was evaluated in terms of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. FTIR analysis was carried out to know the functional groups in the BLF fuel. The experimental results revealed the shorter ignition delay and marginally higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) values for BLF blends as compared to diesel. The hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were decreased by 10.92–31.17% and 3.80–6.32%, respectively, as compared to those of diesel fuel. Smoke opacity was significantly reduced. FTIR analysis has confirmed the presence of saturated alkanes and halide groups in BLF fuel. In comparison to BLF20 and BLF25, the blend BLF15 has shown higher brake thermal efficiency and lower fuel consumption values. The HC, CO, and smoke emissions of BLF15 were found lower than those of petroleum diesel. The fuel blend BLF15 is suggested to be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines without any engine modification.

Production of renewable aromatic hydrocarbons via conversion of canola oil methyl ester (CME) over zinc promoted HZSM-5 catalysts

The conversion of canola oil methyl ester (CME) to aromatics was studied over Zn-modified HZSM-5 catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. Several techniques were used in characterization of the catalysts: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption. The effects of reaction temperature and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) on the aromatics yields were investigated. The reactor was operated at atmospheric pressure, temperatures of 400 and 450 °C and space velocities of 2 and 4 hr−1. The main products were liquid hydrocarbon product (LHP), gases and water. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis was applied to determine the BTX content of the LHP. Similar aromatic products distributions were obtained in the presence of unpromoted as well as Zn-promoted HZSM-5 catalysts. Toluene was the major aromatic compound followed by para-meta xylenes and benzene. The addition of zinc species to HZSM-5 catalyst promoted the aromatization capacity of the catalyst. The maximum aromatic yield of 42.6% was achieved at 450 °C and 2 h−1 over 4Zn/ZS catalyst.

Effects of degree of fuel unsaturation on NOx emission from petroleum and biofuel flames

Iodine number is used as a measure of the fuel unsaturation of vegetable oils and fatty acid methyl esters. However, its relevance as a measure of total unsaturation of petroleum fuels like diesel, Jet A and their blends with biodiesels is debatable due to the significant differences in the reactivity of iodine with petroleum fuels. Bromine number, used as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petrofuel samples, does not account for the aromatic unsaturation from petroleum fuels. Hence, a common parameter that is relevant for both biodiesels and petroleum fuels needs to be identified to quantify the fuel unsaturation. A parameter, termed “Degree of Unsaturation (DOU),” which accounts for the total unsaturation of the fuel from all sources such as double and triple bonds, aromatics and other ring structures irrespective of the families of the fuels (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, ether or ester) that has been used in organic chemistry literature is proposed in this work and identified as a potential indicator of NOx emissions from biodiesel blends. DOU is observed to strongly correlate with cetane and iodine numbers. Furthermore, relationships between DOU and the NO emission index on a mass basis (EINO) in prevaporized laminar flames of neat fuels such as soy methyl ester (SME), canola methyl ester (CME), rapeseed methyl ester (RME), palm methyl ester (PME), diesel, Jet A and petroleum/biodiesel blends at various equivalence ratios are presented. The NO emission index of flames of biodiesel/petroleum blends was found to increase with DOU, but with varying trends depending on their families of origin. The effects of DOU on EINO were significantly influenced by the equivalence ratio, with the maximum influence at an equivalence ratio of 1.2. At the equivalence ratio of 1.2, EINO increased from 2.4g/kg at a DOU value of 1.7–4.4g/kg at a DOU of 3.0 DOU provides a common platform to compare and quantify the effects of fuel unsaturation across different fuel families and can be employed as an indicator of NOx emissions. DOU can be evaluated based on the average molecular formula of the fuel alone without involving complex and expensive experimental procedures such as those involved in the measurement of iodine number.

Production of green aromatics via catalytic cracking of Canola Oil Methyl Ester (CME) using HZSM-5 catalyst with different Si/Al ratios

This research paper has focused on the production of green aromatics from Canola Oil Methyl Ester (CME). In order to evaluate the aromatic production statistically, General Factorial Design (GFD) was utilized. HZSM-5 catalyst with two different Si/Al ratios of 50 and 80 was applied in the experiments. The effects of two operating parameters namely reaction temperature and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) on aromatic products yield were examined. Temperature of the reaction was varied in the range of 375–500°C while WHSV was either 2 or 4h−1. CME was catalytically cracked in a tubular reactor inside a furnace using HZSM-5 catalyst. The major products were hydrocarbon liquid, gases and water. Liquid Hydrocarbon Product (LHP) was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) in order to determine the aromatic content specifically BTX. The results showed that the temperature and WHSV are significant parameters in production of aromatics from methyl ester. Both catalysts yielded toluene as a major aromatic compound followed by Para–Meta xylenes and benzene. It was found that HZSM-5 with lower Si/Al ratio is a promising catalyst for production of aromatics from long chain methyl esters.

Radiative Heat Transfer and Fluorescence Measurements in Laminar Prevaporized Canola Methyl Ester/Diesel Blend Flames

Biofuels, such as canola methyl ester (CME), continue to receive considerable attention for their potential use as alternatives to petroleum diesel fuel. The studies on the application of biofuels in internal combustion engines, in general, have shown a considerable reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and radiative heat emissions, and a small increase in NOx emissions. Radiative heat transfer from flames, which is important in applications such as gas turbines and glass-manufacturing furnaces, has received little attention. The objective of this investigation was to document radiative heat transfer and radical and gas concentration measurements to understand the dominant mechanism of heat transfer in CME/diesel blend flames. In order to isolate the fuel chemical effects on the combustion characteristics of fuels, laminar flames of prevaporized liquid fuels were studied at injector-exit equivalence ratios of 1.2, 2, 3, and 7. Measurements of radiative heat transfer and flame structure including OH and CH radical concentration field were completed. While the peak temperatures in the various blend flames were comparable at the same equivalence ratio, the total flame radiation decreased with the increase in CME concentration in the fuel. Estimates of radiation from gaseous species and soot indicated that about 27–30% of the radiation was from gases, and the rest from soot. The gaseous species contribution to the flame radiation increased slightly with the biofuel content in the blend.

Soot formation in diffusion oxygen-enhanced biodiesel flames

The focus of this work is the experimental investigation of soot formation in coflow flames formed of two fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by employing the light extinction/scattering technique. Three different sets of experiments were conducted in this study. In the first set, radial soot volume fraction (fv) profiles of flames of vaporized neat canola methyl ester (B100CME) and neat soy methyl ester (B100SME) fuels both using air as the oxidizer were obtained. In the second set of experiments, the effect of oxygen content in the oxidizer stream on soot formation was studied in both FAME formed flames by increasing the oxygen content in the oxidizer stream from 21% to 35%, 50% and 80%. In the third set of experiments, the effect of fuel blending on the formation of soot particulates was studied in flames formed using CME blended with No. 2 diesel. The blends consisted of 80% biodiesel/20% diesel (B80) and 50% biodiesel/50% diesel (B50). The flames were scanned in the radial direction at various heights above the burner (HAB). For the B100CME-air flame the measured soot volume fraction fv peak was 4.04 ppm and was located at the symmetry axis at a HAB of 16.25 mm. For B100SME-air, the fv peak was measured to be 4.22 ppm at approximately the same flame height as in the CME-air flame. For the B100CME oxygen enriched-air flames the peak values at 35%, 50% and 80% were 6.50, 5.82 and 3.22 ppm, respectively. It was observed that by increasing the oxygen content in the B100CME flame from 21% to 35% oxygen, the fv peak increases by approximately 61%. However, a further increase in oxygen content in the oxidizer stream suppressed soot formation. A similar trend in the fv was observed for B100SME oxygen-enhanced flames. Furthermore, the increase of diesel fuel in the blending of B50CME resulted in significantly higher fv values compared to the B80CME. The addition of oxygen content in the oxidizer stream in these blended fuel flames (from air to 35%) resulted in an increase in the fv peak of approximately 47% and 71%, respectively. Centerline temperatures were measured at various HAB for selected flames.

Conversion of canola oil and canola oil methyl ester (CME) to green aromatics over a HZSM-5 catalyst: a comparative study

The catalytic conversions of canola oil and canola oil methyl ester (CME) for the production of green aromatics over a HZSM-5 catalyst were investigated.

The effect of various vegetable oils on pollutant emissions of biodiesel blends with gasoil in a furnace

In this paper the effect of various vegetable oils on pollutant emissions of biodiesel blends with gasoil in a furnace is studied experimentally. The exhaust gas temperature and emissions of CO, NOx and SO2 are measured by an R-type thermocouple and TESTO 350-XL gas analyzer respectively. The oil of soybean, sunflower, canola and corn are used in transesterification process of biodiesel. The results show that maximum of temperature, NOx emission and SO2 emission are achieved for the combustion of sunflower methyl ester and corn methyl ester blends with gasoil in contrast with combustion of soybean methyl ester and canola methyl ester blends with gasoil. Also the minimum of CO emission is reached for combustion of these fuels.