Effects Of Cannabis Research Articles

The importance of medical cannabis for solving the problem of providing analgesia to palliative patients in Ukraine

One of the ways to solve the problem of pain relief for palliative patients in Ukraine is to expand the arsenal of painkillers through the use of medical cannabis. In many palliative di­seases, cannabis is able to alleviate other symptoms that accompany patients with incurable diseases at the end of their lives: nausea, lack of appetite, seizures, anxiety, depression. The procedure for the legalization of medical cannabis in Ukraine is coming to an end, which is a timely decision of the legislators and the government. Before the full-scale medical cannabis war, 2.3 million patients were needed. Since its inception, this need has increased to 5.5–6 million. The Ukrainian agricultural market and the pharmaceutical industry will eventually be able not only to provide the country with the necessary amount of plant raw materials for the production of medicines and other cannabis products, but also to earn profits from exports, providing part of the growing demand for cannabis in Europe in other countries of the world. But this will require good conditions for investors and a consistent state policy in the adoption of by-laws and the practical implementation of already adopted laws. The medical effects of herbal cannabis and preparations containing it depend on the content of the narcotic TetraHydroCannabiol (THC) and the non-narcotic CanaBiDiol (CBD). Consumer preferences for recreational cannabis are gradually flooding the market with high-THC, low-CBD herbal cannabis, which increases the risk of faster addiction, the frequency and severity of cannabis side effects such as psychotic disorders and cardiovascular crises. Ukraine needs to be prepared for the increase in the use of illicit recreational cannabis along with the increase in the use of medical cannabis, including among children and adolescents, and to counter these phenomena. But even despite these risks, significant positive medical and social consequences can be expected from the legalization of medical cannabis for palliative patients and war victims with post-traumatic stress disorders. Keywords: chronic pain, hospices, narcotic painkillers, non-narcotic painkillers, PTSD.

The effects of acute cannabis with and without cannabidiol on neural reward anticipation in adults and adolescents

The effects of acute cannabis with and without cannabidiol on neural reward anticipation in adults and adolescents

Cannabis use among hospitalised adolescents before and after decriminalisation in South Africa.

Cannabis is the most widely used substance worldwide, and its use is much higher among adolescents. However, adolescents are at higher risk of negative sequelae secondary to this use, including the possible development of mental disorders. On 31 March 2017, the South African High Court ruled that cannabis use by an adult in a private dwelling should be decriminalised. This study aimed to determine the clinical profile of adolescents who use cannabis, who use, who present to a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, before and after the high court ruling in 2017. Folder review of adolescents admitted at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH) in the Emergency Psychiatric Unit. This study was a retrospective folder review of adolescents admitted from April 2015 to March 2019. Cannabis was the most commonly used substance in the study, with increased use seen post-ruling. The most common frequency of cannabis use reported was daily. A significantly higher proportion of patients who used cannabis pre-ruling had psychotic disorder (p < 0.001) and cannabis use disorder (p = 0.01). Post-ruling, the results were statistically significant (p < 0.001) for both. The study showed an increasing prevalence of cannabis use in adolescents admitted with mental illness after the high court ruling in 2017. This study also demonstrates that adolescents remain a vulnerable population to the effects of cannabis and highlights the need for further research. The findings of this study call for more focussed adolescent interventions and services.

Effect of cannabis use on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The impact of cannabis uses on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) remains uncertain, with conflicting findings reported in the literature. BDNF and NGF both are essential proteins for neuron's growth, and their dysregulation is seen in various mental disorders. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between cannabis usage and BDNF and NGF levels due to their potential implications for mental health. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed using appropriate MeSH terms and keywords. Inclusion criteria comprised human studies investigating the relationship between cannabis use and BDNF and NGF levels. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The pooled analysis revealed a nonsignificant association between cannabis use and dysregulated blood levels of BDNF (random-effects model, standardized mean differences [SMD]=.26, 95% CI -.34 to .76, p=.40). The results of our subgroup analysis based on BDNF source showed a nonsignificant between-group difference. For NGF levels, four studies were included, the pooled analysis revealed a nonsignificant association between cannabis use and dysregulated blood levels of NGF (random-effects model, SMD=-.60, 95% CI -1.43 to -.23, p=.16). In both analyses, high heterogeneity was observed among the included studies which is a notable limitation to current meta-analysis. This systematic review highlights the need for further research to elucidate the relationship between cannabis use and these neurotrophic factors. A better understanding of these associations can contribute to our knowledge of the neurobiological effects of cannabis and inform potential implications for mental health, cognitive function, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Impact of Changing Cannabis Laws on Cannabis Use Disorders, Serious Mental Illness, and Mortality Outcomes in US Youth: A Narrative Review

Abstract: Youth cannabis use is a major public health crisis. Cannabis laws carry significant health implications for American youth. Relaxing of these laws – through decriminalization, medical and recreational legalization – by a majority of states in the United States (US) over the past 25 years has dramatically shifted societal perceptions and adult use. How cannabis policy changes have affected the population-wide health of US youth and downstream public health implications of cannabis laws remain topics of significant debate. Cannabis is the most commonly used federally-illicit drug by US adolescents and the main drug for which US teens obtain substance use treatment. Adolescent cannabis use is associated with negative long-term consequences for mental health, risk-taking behaviors, and academic/job achievement. As of January 2023, 37 states and the District of Columbia (DC) have enacted medical cannabis laws; of these, 21 states and DC have recreational cannabis laws. Multiple studies have assessed the association between cannabis laws and youth cannabis use; results indicate mostly null effects for medical laws and mixed effects for recreational laws. Little is known about the effects of cannabis laws on mental health and mortality outcomes for American youth. Methodological limitations have made the interpretation of this literature difficult. This article presents a narrative review of current scientific literature investigating the impact of changing cannabis policies on cannabis and other drug use, mental health, and mortality outcomes in US youth. Implications are framed within a larger discussion on national trends in youth drug use, effects of adolescent cannabis exposure on health outcomes, and research-based policymaking.

A cohort study comparing the effects of medical cannabis for anxiety patients with and without comorbid sleep disturbance.

Research on cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) in anxiety remains inconclusive due to a paucity of high-quality evidence. Studies indicate a bidirectional relationship between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and sleep disruption, but it is unclear how this affects CBMP treatment outcomes. This study aims to compare the patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of patients prescribed CBMPs for GAD, with and without impaired sleep. Changes in PROMs were recorded from baseline to 1, 3, 6, and 12 months between those with impaired or unimpaired sleep. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to compare factors associated with a clinically significant improvement in GAD-7 at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included adverse event incidence and frequency. Of the 302 patients that fit the inclusion criteria, mean GAD-7, single-item sleep quality, and EQ-5D-5L index values improved at all time points (p < 0.001). A relationship between sleep impairment and clinically significant changes in GAD-7 at 1 and 3 months was identified (p ≤ 0.01). On multivariate regression, only baseline GAD severity was associated with an increased likelihood of observing a clinically significant improvement in anxiety (p < 0.001). Seven hundred and seven (234%) adverse events were reported by 55 (18.21%) participants. This study observed an association between CBMP treatment and improvements in anxiety in patients with GAD. While patients with comorbid sleep disruption had greater improvements in anxiety, the differences were not maintained in a multivariate analysis. Baseline anxiety severity may be a predictor for CBMP treatment outcomes.

Acute Effects of Ad Libitum Use of Commercially Available Cannabis Products on the Subjective Experience of Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover Study.

The present study aimed to examine the acute effects of legal-market cannabis on regular cannabis users' subjective responses to exercise in a controlled laboratory environment. Given the stereotype that cannabis is associated with extreme sedentary behavior, there are concerns that cannabis legalization may exacerbate the US physical inactivity epidemic. However, despite these concerns, recent years have seen considerable public interest in the use of cannabis concurrently with exercise (e.g., running). The present study compared participants' experiences of exercise without cannabis to their experiences of exercise after acute ad libitum use of one of two commercially available cannabis flower products: a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-dominant or a cannabidiol-dominant product. Participants (N = 42) were regular cannabis users between the ages of 21 and 39years (mean = 30.81years, standard deviation = 4.72years). Although participants reported a more positive affect (p < 0.001), enjoyment (p < 0.001), and runner's high symptoms (p < 0.001) during their cannabis (vs non-cannabis) exercise appointment, they also reported more exertion (p = 0.04). Pain levels were very low and did not differ between appointments (p = 0.45). Effects appeared to depend, in part, on cannabinoid content; there was a larger difference in enjoyment (p = 0.02), and a smaller difference in exertion (p = 0.02), between the cannabis and non-cannabis exercise appointments among participants in the cannabidiol (vs Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) condition. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the acute effects of commercially available cannabis on subjective responses to exercise in a laboratory environment. Our findings suggest that, among regular cannabis users who use cannabis in combination with exercise, cannabis use prior to exercise may lead to increases in both positive and negative aspects of the subjective exercise experience. Research using diverse samples, exercise modalities, and methodologies (e.g., placebo-controlled trials) is needed to establish the generalizability of these findings.

Medical Cannabis Increases Appetite but Not Body Weight in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

We aimed to elucidate the effect of Medical Cannabis (MC) on appetite and nutritional status among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A case series of patients with IBD were initiating treatment with MC for disease-related symptoms, at the IBD clinic of a tertiary referral medical center. Patients' demographics, anthropometrics, medical history and treatment and MC use were systematically recorded. An appetite and food frequency questionnaire (SNAQ and FFQ) were filled before, and at 3 and 6 months of treatment. Patients with IBD initiating MC were enrolled (n = 149, age 39.0 ± 14.1 years, 42.3% female), and 33.6% (n = 50) were treated for improvement of nutritional status. A modest increase in appetite after 3 months was detected among all patients enrolled (Pv = 0.08), but there were no significant differences in energy or macronutrient intake, and in patients' body mass index (BMI). A significant appetite improvement after 3 months was detected among 34.0% (n = 17) of patients, but this was not associated with increased caloric intake or BMI at 3 or 6 months. Among patients without increased appetite after 3 months of MC therapy, BMI decreased at 6 months (24.1 ± 3.7 vs. 23.4 ± 3.6, Pv = 0.010). MC may be a potential strategy to improve appetite among some patients with IBD, but not caloric intake or BMI.

Cannabis use in the United States and its impact on gastrointestinal health.

In recent years, the legalization and social acceptability of cannabis use have increased in the United States. Concurrently, the prevalence of cannabis use has continued to rise, and cannabis products have diversified. There are growing concerns regarding the health effects of regular and high-potency cannabis use, and new research has shed light on its potentially negative effects. Here, we review evidence of the gastrointestinal (GI) effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system might contribute to various GI disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome and cyclic vomiting syndrome, and endocannabinoids have been found to regulate visceral sensation, nausea, vomiting, and the gut microbiome. Cannabis has been shown to have antiemetic properties, and the US Food and Drug Administration has approved cannabis-based medications for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Yet, chronic heavy cannabis use has been linked to recurrent episodes of severe nausea and intractable vomiting (cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome). Given the considerable heterogeneity in the scientific literature, it is unclear if cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is truly a distinct entity or a subtype of cyclic vomiting that is unmasked by heavy cannabis use and the associated dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system. The changes in cannabis legalization, availability, and public risk perceptions have outpaced research in this area and there is a need for robust, prospective, large-scale studies to understand the effects of cannabis use on GI health.

Effects of cannabis on pulmonary arterial pressure in patients hospitalized for acute cardiac events: From the ADDICT-ICCU study

Effects of cannabis on pulmonary arterial pressure in patients hospitalized for acute cardiac events: From the ADDICT-ICCU study

A preliminary study evaluating self-reported effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on neuropathic pain and pain medication use in people with spinal cord injury.

Approximately 60% of individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) experience neuropathic pain, which often persists despite the use of various pharmacological treatments. Increasingly, the potential analgesic effects of cannabis and cannabinoid products have been studied; however, little research has been conducted among those with SCI-related neuropathic pain. Therefore, the primary objective of the study was to investigate the perceived effects of cannabis and cannabinoid use on neuropathic pain among those who were currently or had previously used these approaches. Additionally, the study aimed to determine if common pain medications are being substituted by cannabis and cannabinoids. Participants (N = 342) were recruited from existing opt-in listserv sources within the United States. Of those, 227 met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. The participants took part in an anonymous online survey regarding past and current use of cannabis and their perceived effects on neuropathic pain, including the use of pain medication. Those in the sample reported average neuropathic pain intensity scores over the past week of 6.8 ± 2.1 (0 to 10 scale), reflecting a high moderate to severe level of pain. Additionally, 87.9% noted that cannabis reduced their neuropathic pain intensity by more than 30%, and 92.3% reported that cannabis helped them to better deal with their neuropathic pain symptoms. Most participants (83.3%) also reported substituting their pain medications with cannabis, with the most substituted medication categories being opioids (47.0%), gabapentinoids (42.8%) and over-the-counter pain medications (42.2%). These preliminary results suggest that cannabis and cannabinoids may be effective in reducing neuropathic pain among those with SCI and may help to limit the need for certain pain medications.

REAL-TIME HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG OLDER ADULTS INITIATING MEDICAL CANNABIS FOR CHRONIC PAIN

Abstract Background: Rigorous data are needed on the short- and long-term effects of medical cannabis (MC) on older adults with chronic pain. In response, this prospective study combines technology-based ecological momentary assessments (EMA) and in-person visits over 12 months to obtain subjective and objective data on MC’s effects on older adults. Method: The study recruits and follows older adults (50 years or older, 50% male) with chronic pain for one year. Some will have initiated MC (MC group) and others will not use MC (comparison group). Target enrollment will be 328 (1:1 ratio for MC and comparison group) participants. Collection of subjective and objective data occurs at in-person visits (baseline &amp; 12 months) and via smartphone- and sensor-based measurement bursts at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months. The EMA data capture detailed MC use patterns and subjective short-term outcomes (e.g., pain intensity rating). These data will be integrated with objective data collected using a wearable sensor-based Fitbit (e.g., physical activity and sleep). Results: Multilevel modeling will examine changes in real-time symptoms measured by EMA and objective, sensor-based behavioral outcomes. Results will include changes in momentary pain intensity rated on 0-100 visual analog, real-time anxiety and depressive symptoms, daily sleep duration and quality, and level of physical activity. Conclusions: Our results will provide evidence on whether older adults who initiate MC will have greater reductions in real-time pain intensity and more improvements in physical and emotional functioning compared to those in the comparison group.

CHEST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN CANNABIS SMOKERS : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Introduction: In contrast, cannabinoids and nicotine are chemically distinct compounds, with cannabinoids exhibiting a unique set of effects pertaining to aspects such as gene expression, inflammatory mechanisms, immunological modulation, and cellular energy and survival. Consequently, a comparison between the pulmonary effects of cannabis and tobacco consumption is crucial. As a sensitive and repeatable tool for quantifying the airway alterations and alveolar lung damage that are hallmarks of smoking-related emphysema and COPD, noninvasive lung imaging with HRCT scans has developed. In-depth analyses of HRCT images obtained from cannabis consumers were conducted in only two studies. The aim: This study review chest CT findings in cannabis smokers. Methods: For this systematic review, publications that were published from 2012 to 2023 were taken into account during the search process. This was achieved through the utilization of numerous online reference sources, such as Pubmed and SagePub. The decision was made to exclude review articles, previously published works, and incomplete works. Result: We obtained 54 articles from Pubmed and 76 from SagePub. We extracted were 2 article from Pubmed and 4 articles from SagePub. Conclusion: Research shows that patients can experience pneumothorax with bullae and blebs. Those who smoke marijuana can also experience emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Identification of Terpene Compositions in the Leaves and Inflorescences of Hybrid Cannabis Species Using Headspace-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.

Although cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in Cannabis species exert their pharmacological effects via the endocannabinoid system, it is believed that other phytochemicals, particularly terpenes, can modulate therapeutic outcomes through the entourage effect. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the pharmacological effects of Cannabis, obtaining information on phytochemical compositions, including mono-, di-, and sesqui-terpenes in Cannabis species is essential. Applying a sophisticated analytical method is indispensable. In this study, headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) was employed to identify major terpenes in the leaves and inflorescences of hybrid Cannabis species. The incubation time and temperature conditions for HS-GC/MS were optimized. This method was successfully applied to the leaves (n = 9) and inflorescences (n = 7) of hybrid Cannabis species. A total of 26 terpenes in Cannabis species were detected, and six major components, such as α-pinene (9.8-2270 μg/g), β-pinene (2.6-930 μg/g), myrcene (0.7-17,400 μg/g), limonene (1.3-300 μg/g), β-caryophyllene (60-3300 μg/g), and α-humulene (40-870 μg/g), were quantified. Each sample showed different terpene compositions, but six major terpenes among all the terpenes detected were consistently found in both the leaves and inflorescences of hybrid Cannabis species. In this study, the six major terpenes' potential in hybrid Cannabis species was evaluated as biomarkers to distinguish hybrid Cannabis species samples. This study contributes to a better understanding of the entourage effect of Cannabis-based botanical drugs.

Higher education: The impact of recreational marijuana on college applications

AbstractUsing a two‐way fixed effects difference‐in‐differences model, we investigate the effects of local recreational marijuana (RMJ) policy changes on college applications and find that the three largest state public schools reaped, on average, an almost 54% increase in applications. This increase does not appear to come solely from low‐ability students as both first and third quartiles of admitted student composite SAT scores to the largest three public schools do not decrease. Rather, they both increase by almost 3.8% though these estimates are not statistically significant. Robust difference‐in‐difference and event study models support the signs and magnitudes of these gains and show they diminish over time.

Avatar Intervention for Cannabis Use Disorder in a Patient with Schizoaffective Disorder: A Case Report

Considering the harmful effects of cannabis on individuals with a severe mental disorder and the limited effectiveness of current interventions, this case report showcases the beneficial results of a 10-session Avatar intervention for cannabis use disorder (CUD) on a polysubstance user with a comorbid schizoaffective disorder. Virtual reality allowed the creation of an Avatar representing a person significantly related to the patient’s drug use. Avatar intervention for CUD aims to combine exposure, relational, and cognitive behavioral therapies while practicing real-life situations and learning how to manage negative emotions and cravings. Throughout therapy and later on, Mr. C managed to maintain abstinence from all substances. Also, an improvement in the severity of CUD, as well as a greater motivation to change consumption, was observed after therapy. As observed by his mother, his psychiatrist, and himself, the benefits of Avatar intervention for CUD extended to other spheres of his life. The drastic results observed in this patient could be promising as an alternative to the current treatment available for people with a dual diagnosis of cannabis use disorder and psychotic disorder, which generally lack effectiveness. A single-blind randomized control trial comparing the treatment with a classical intervention in a larger sample is currently underway to evaluate whether the results are reproducible on a larger sample.

Abstract A001: Racial differences in cigarettes and marijuana use among acute pancreatitis patients

Abstract Background/Objectives: Smoking increases the risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, while the effects of marijuana on pancreatic disorders are unknown. Black and White patients with chronic pancreatitis differ in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors, contributing to subsequent racial differences in pancreatic cancer risk, but the behavior pattern has been unexplored in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Our objectives were to: 1) estimate the prevalence of current and lifetime cigarettes and marijuana use among AP patients who identify as Black, White, and other races, and examine racial differences in their usage patterns, and 2) describe the type and frequency of marijuana or other cannabis products used among the different racial groups. Methods: We utilized data from an on-going case-crossover study of patients diagnosed with alcohol-associated AP who are recruited from five medical sites in the United States. Hospitalized patients who meet the Revised Atlanta Classification of AP and have an AUDIT-C score of 3 or higher are enrolled in the study. Chi-squared tests were used to assess for racial differences in co-substance use and the type of substance used; while Fisher’s exact test was used to examine racial differences in the frequency of marijuana and other cannabis products used. To account for multiple testing, post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using Holm procedure. Other races included American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Brazilian, Mexican, Indian, and people who did not know or could not provide their race. Results: In this analysis, a total of 143 participants were included, among whom 71 identified as White, 46 as Black, and 20 as belonging to other racial backgrounds. Males comprised 69% of patients and the median age was 39 years. Current cigarette smoking and use of marijuana was reported by 51% and 48% patients, respectively. Concurrent cigarette smoking and marijuana use at enrollment was reported in 19%, while 51.8% reported ever use of both substances. Joints/cigars/blunts (JCB) was the most common form of cannabis product used followed by edibles. Majority of the marijuana users used it regularly: daily (36.2%) or 1-6 days a week (38%). While current co-use was not statistically different between races (24% in White, 17% in Black, and 10% in Other), we found that White (62%) and Black (54%) patients were more likely to report ever use of both cigarette and marijuana than other races (20%) (p= 0.013). The differences were also noted for the use of JCB: 38% in White, 52% in Black, and 10% in other races (p=0.006). Conclusions: We identified racial differences in the usage of cigarettes and marijuana, the use of JCB, and the number of marijuana or other cannabis products. Our findings underscore the importance of considering race when addressing multiple substance use in AP patients. Citation Format: Esther A. Adeniran, Dhiraj Yadav, Sungjin Kim, Georgios I. Papachristou, James L. Buxbaum, Joseph R. Pisegna, Stephen J. Pandol, Christie Y. Jeon. Racial differences in cigarettes and marijuana use among acute pancreatitis patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A001.

Baseline affective symptomatology moderates acute subjective effects of high potency THC and CBD cannabis concentrates.

Highly potent cannabis concentrates are widely available and associated with affective disturbance and cannabis use disorder. Little is known about the effects of concentrated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) and their relationship to long-term affect. We explored how baseline affective symptoms (anxiety and depression) relate to acute (i.e., immediate or short-term) subjective mood and intoxication effects during naturalistic use of cannabis concentrates. Fifty-four cannabis users (48% female; Mage = 29.87) were assigned to ad libitum use of either a THC-dominant (84.99% THC and THCa, < 1% CBD) or CBD-dominant (74.7% CBD, 4.1% CBDa, 4.5% THC and THCa) concentrate. Individuals were assessed at baseline and before, immediately after, and 1 hr after naturalistic use of their assigned product. Models regressed each outcome on time, product condition, baseline affective symptoms, and their interactions. An interaction emerged between condition and baseline depression symptoms on positive mood (F = 9.47, p < .005); higher depression symptom level was associated with higher positive mood with THC-dominant product use. There was an interaction between condition, baseline depression symptoms, and time on negative mood (F = 5.55, p < .01); negative mood decreased with CBD-dominant product use for all depression symptom levels but increased with THC-dominant product use at high levels. Finally, there was an interaction between condition and time on intoxication (F = 3.72, p = .03); the THC-dominant condition was more intoxicated postuse than the CBD-dominant condition. This novel exploratory study suggests that baseline affect moderates the acute effects of ad libitum use of THC and CBD concentrates such that preexisting affective symptoms modulate the intensity of subjective drug experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Cannabis: consumo, efectos y consideraciones sobre legalización y tratamiento

Cannabis is the most widely consumed illegal drug in the world and it has a major impact on physical and mental health. There are different risk factors that may increase the risk of addiction, such as frequency and duration of use as well as genetic, social, or environmental factors. It is known that cannabis is made up of different chemical compounds that bind to endocannabinoid system receptors in the body and are responsible for its multiple effects on the body. There are several disorders related to cannabis use in the DSM-5. The adverse health effects of cannabis may vary according to the amount used and individual susceptibility, but its negative effects on concentration, attention, and memory is well known. It also increases the risk of developing psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and it can even increase the risk of suicide. Treatment should be aimed at achieving abstinence, improving quality of life, and relapse prevention. The most effective treatment involves a combination of drug and psychological treatment.

Cannabinoids in Periodontology: Where Are We Now?

Cannabinoids are a well-documented treatment modality for various immune and inflammatory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn's disease, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and a range of neurodegenerative conditions. However, limited information is available regarding the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in treating periodontal disease. The objective of this study is to analyze the current evidence on the antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of cannabis and its role in the healing and regeneration processes within periodontal tissues. This review discusses the potential role of cannabinoids in restoring periodontal tissue homeostasis. The examination of the endocannabinoid system and the physiological effects of cannabinoids in the periodontium suggests that they possess immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties, which could potentially promote proper tissue healing and regeneration.