Canine Relationship Research Articles

A Comparative Evaluation Between Dermatoglyphics and Canine Relationship in Deciduous Dentition: An Analysis for Prediction.

This study aimed to investigate the potential correlation between dermatoglyphic patterns and primary canine relationships in children aged three to six years. Dermatoglyphics, the study of ridge patterns on fingers, has been linked to various genetic and developmental conditions. Similarly, primary canine relationships provide insights into dental health and potential orthodontic needs. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 600 children with complete primary dentition. Dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded using the ink and roller method, and primary canine relationships were assessed through clinical examination and dental cast analysis. Patterns were classified into arches, loops, and whorls, while canine relationships were categorized into Class I, II, or III. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and correlation coefficients, were performed to explore potential associations. The study found no significant correlation between dermatoglyphic patterns and primary canine relationships across various fingers of both hands. For each finger, the distribution of arches, loops, and whorls did not differ significantly among Classes I, II, and III canine relationships, with p-values ranging from 0.107 to 0.977. The results indicate that dermatoglyphic patterns and primary canine relationships are not directly correlated in this sample. This aligns with previous research suggesting that while both traits are influenced by genetic factors, their direct interaction may be less straightforward than hypothesized. The study highlights the complexity of genetic and developmental influences on dental and dermatoglyphic traits and underscores the need for further research. This study found no significant association between dermatoglyphic patterns and primary canine relationships. Future research should employ longitudinal designs and include diverse populations to explore indirect correlations and interactions. Understanding these relationships may enhance early diagnostic and predictive practices in pediatric dentistry, contributing to improved child health outcomes.

Evaluating the efficiency of mandibular molar protraction using Herbst appliances versus temporary anchorage devices: a retrospective case-controlled study

BackgroundMandibular second premolar agenesis is a common problem in orthodontics and is often treated in conjunction with maxillary counterbalancing extractions. However, in cases without maxillary crowding or dental protrusion, space closure may pose challenges leading to compromised occlusal results or patient profile. Multiple techniques have been described to treat these patients; nevertheless, there is a paucity of data comparing effectiveness of space closure utilizing various anchorage techniques. The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the Herbst device during mandibular molar protraction and compare it to the use of temporary anchorage device (TADs) in patients with mandibular second premolar agenesis.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study included 33 patients with mandibular premolar agenesis treated without maxillary extractions. Of these patients, 21 were treated with protraction Herbst devices and 12 with TADs. Changes in molar and incisor positions, skeletal base positions and occlusal plane angulations were assessed on pretreatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) lateral cephalograms. Scans/photographs at T0 and T1 were used to evaluate canine relationship changes representing anchorage control. Space closure and breakage/failure rates were also compared. Data was analyzed with paired and unpaired t-tests at the significance level of 0.05.ResultsWithin the Herbst group, changes in mandibular central incisor uprighting and mandibular molar crown angulations were statistically significant. However, no significant differences were noted between the Herbst and TAD groups. Protraction rates as well as overall treatment times were comparable (0.77 mm/month vs. 0.55 mm/month and 3.02 years vs. 2.67 years, respectively). Canine relationships were maintained or improved toward a class I in 82.85% of the Herbst sample, compared to in 66.7% of the TAD sample. Emergency visits occurred in 80.1% of the Herbst group, with cementation failures or appliance breakages as the most common reasons.ConclusionThe Herbst device could be a viable modality in cases with missing mandibular premolars where maximum anterior anchorage is desired, or if patients/parents are resistant to TADs. Furthermore, they could be beneficial in skeletal class II patients with mandibular deficiency who also need molar protraction. However, the increased incidence of emergency visits must be considered when treatment is planned.

Case Report: Managing Odontoma and Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralization Challenges in Orthodontics: A Case Report

This report presents the successful orthodontic management of a case of odontoma associated with impaction of the mandibular right permanent canine and Molar-incisor-hypomineralization (MIH). Although case studies have reported the management of odontomas and MIH as separate entities, there is a lack of evidence regarding the comprehensive management of patients presenting with a combination of odontoma, dental impaction, and MIH. A 15-year, 7-month-old female patient complained of the appearance of her smile and the delayed eruption of her mandibular right permanent canine. She was diagnosed with Angle’s Class I molar relationship and Class II canine relationship with the maxillary permanent right lateral incisor in a lingual crossbite. Furthermore, she had mandibular right permanent canine impaction, retained mandibular right primary canine, and MIH in the permanent anterior teeth and first molars. The management involved the removal of the odontoma to allow for orthodontic traction of the lower permanent right canine. After that, the esthetic appearance of the teeth was improved through restorative treatment.

Revolutionizing orthodontics: Effective management of Class III skeletal malocclusion using innovative buccal shelf bone screws

The advent of the temporary anchorage devices has revised the envelope of discrepancy in modern orthodontic practice. Orthodontic camouflage is opted in situations where the patient is reluctant to have an invasive orthognathic surgical procedure and the associated risks or where, by the use of temporary anchorage devices, the orthodontic envelope can be expanded, and optimal orthodontic result can be obtained non surgically. In such cases, TAD’s can be used to obtain an acceptable orthodontic result with a cusp to fossa posterior relation, an optimal aesthetic outcome, and a functional occlusion. This case report showcases a camouflage treatment of a Class III non-growing patient treated by use of TAD’s, to cause clockwise rotation of maxillo- mandibular occlusal complex for achieving optimum molar relation, facial esthetics, and function.A case of skeletal and Angle’s Class III malocclusion is presented where orthodontic camouflage was carried out to deliver optimal orthodontic results. This was achieved effectively by in toto distalization of the lower arch. This was brought about with the use of two extra alveolar TAD’s placed in the buccal shelf region of the lower arch. Two 2 x 12 mm bone screws were used, after space creation by extraction of lower third molars bilaterally, and elastic chains was the chosen force delivery system. Here in toto distalization of the lower arch was achieved to end in an Angle’s class I molar and canine relationship with normal overjet and overbite. Total treatment duration was of 17 months.Challenging skeletal malocclusions can be treated non surgically by effective use of TAD’s and correct and efficient use of biomechanics.

A Novel Interdisciplinary Approach for the Management of Micrognathia (Brodie Syndrome).

This study describes a multidisciplinary approach for correcting a severe Class II malocclusion with reduced mandibular transverse dimension. A 35-year-old woman presented with an increased overjet, complaining chiefly of forwardly placed upper front teeth and unpleasant smile esthetics. The patient had a convex profile with severe mentalis strain on lip closure. Intraoral examination indicated a bilateral Class II canine relationship, scissor bite, and narrow lower arch. The skull lateral view assessment revealed a skeletal Class II relationship with reduced lower facial height. According to the diagnostic records and after consultation with the patient, surgically assisted expansion of the mandibular symphysis with a bone distractor, comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and combined jaw surgery were planned, followed by dental implant placement and prosthetic full-mouth rehabilitation. Restorative dentistry, orthodontics, and orthognathic surgery were the 3 disciplines that helped in achieving the best esthetic and functional results in this patient.

Successful completion of orthodontic therapy in a patient with osteopetrosis: Case Report.

Orthodontic therapy in patients with osteopetrosis (OP) of the jaws has typically been contraindicated owing to the presence of poorly perfused and extremely compact bone, and the potential risk for infection and osteomyelitis. As such, completed orthodontic cases in association with OP have rarely been published. A patient aged 14 years 6 months, with no known diagnosis of OP, sought orthodontic assessment for anterior crowding. The patient exhibited a straight facial profile and increased mandibular facial height, competent lips, shallow mentolabial sulcus with mild mentalis strain, flat/reverse smile arc and wide buccal corridors on smiling. The patient had a Class I incisor relationship on Class I skeletal bases with bilateral Class I molars and Class II canine relationships. This was complicated by a crossbite involving the lateral incisors and a Bolton discrepancy due to small maxillary lateral incisors. A radiologic assessment revealed polyostotic OP of the oromaxillofacial complex. Treatment consisted of maxillary and mandibular fixed orthodontic therapy, bite turbos and elastics to level and align the dentition. Extractions of permanent teeth were not needed. At the conclusion of treatment, there was a slight left Class II malocclusion, with incomplete intercuspation on the left side due to tooth size discrepancy, possibly attributed to inadequate elastics compliance and the presence of osteopetrotic bone. The treatment was completed in 3 years, 1 year longer than anticipated. This report represents the second published account of a patient with OP successfully managed with comprehensive orthodontic care and without osseous complications. Obtaining cephalometric measurements on OP-affected patients may be imprecise owing to the presence of extremely dense bone and difficulty to identify bony landmarks. To reduce osteopetrotic sequelae, attending clinicians should consider reduced exertional orthodontic forces and closely monitor patients for adverse alveolar events.

Characteristics Of Occlusion In Primary Dentition And Its Relationship With Caries In Preschool Children In Aydın

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of occlusion in primary dentition and examine its relationship to caries experience in preschoolers in Aydın, TÜRKİYE. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 962 children aged 3–5 years from preschoolers in a cross-sectional design. The clinical features were evaluated according to Björk et al and the caries examination was carried out with dft index. Results: The most common type of terminal plane relationship was flush type (46.7%) and primary canine relationship was Class I (69.6%). The most common type of irregularity was the prevalence of deep overbite (55.7%) followed by midline deviation (15.8%). Approximately half of the children (51.2%) had at least one carious tooth but caries experience was not related with any of the occlusal irregularities. Conclusion: Occlusal characteristics of the preschool children were defined and no relationship was found between these features and gender or caries experience.

Evaluation of Mesiodistal Angulation of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Incisal View Using Manual and Digital Methods: An In Vivo Study.

The aim of the present research was to assess the mesiodistal angulation of the maxillary anterior teeth utilizing Image J computer software, a Profile projector, and a Custom-made jig. A total of 34 subjects (17 males and 17 females) were chosen from a group of 18-30 years old with bilateral Angle Class I molars and canine relationships. One manual approach (Custom-made jig) and two digital methods (J computer software, a Profile projector) were used to record the mesiodistal angulation in incisal view. The individuals had alginate impressions made, and a facebow was used to capture the maxilla's spatial relationship with the cranium. The articulated cast with the help of mounting ring moved to the specially customized jig, then the angulations was measured in the incisal view after the casts were placed in a semi-adjustable articulator. Data were recorded and statistically analyzed. The mesiodistal angulation in the incisal view via three methods between the 17 males and 17 females has statistically significant different. Although the mesiodistal angulation for maxillary lateral incisor and canine did not show any statistically significant difference, the maximum and minimum values obtained were always greater in males in comparison with the females. This indicates that the positions of six maxillary anterior teeth in the males resulted in the creation of upward sweep of incisal edges of central and lateral incisors which was also referred to as "smiling line" producing masculine surface anatomy more squared and vigorous while feminine surface anatomy being more rounded, soft, and pleasant. There was no statistically significant difference between the right and left sides, indicating bilateral arch symmetry and the symmetrical place of the right teeth compared with the left side's corresponding teeth. On conclusion, according to the current study's findings, all three approaches can measure the mesiodistal angulations of maxillary anterior teeth in incisal view with clinically acceptable accuracy. The digital methods, which included using the Image J computer software and the profile projector, achieved more accurate results than the manual method. The outcomes of this study's mesiodistal angulations can be used as a reference for placing teeth in both fully and partially edentulous conditions. This study contributes to a better understanding of the importance of achieving the ideal occlusion in the Indian population by placing the maxillary anterior teeth at the proper mesiodistal angulation. How to cite this article: Shadaksharappa SH, Lahiri B, Kamath AG, et al. Evaluation of Mesiodistal Angulation of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Incisal View Using Manual and Digital Methods: An In Vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):320-325.

Case Study: Facemask Protocol for Growing Patient

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a 9-year-old Egyptian male with a Class III incisor relationship and skeletal Class III base, characterized by a -3 mm reverse overjet, 70% reverse overbite, and masticatory difficulties. The patient exhibited full unit Class III molar relationship, unclassified canine relationship, lower and upper crowding, concave profile, acute nasolabial angle, and competent lips. Treatment involved two phases: Phase 1 utilized an orthopaedic appliance (facemask) with banded hyrax and posterior acrylic bite planes, while Phase 2 employed upper and lower fixed pre-adjusted edgewise appliances with MBT prescription and class III elastics. This comprehensive approach aimed to address the malocclusion effectively and achieve improved dental alignment and facial aesthetics.

Realizing multispecies justice: a (dog) walk in the park?

ABSTRACT A growing body of literature is concerned with the city as a site of human and nonhuman (henceforth “animal”) entanglement. These findings have contributed to a relational ethics that calls for multispecies justice and care based on “our” shared connectivity. However, the factors impacting how mundane animal encounters are experienced, conflicted, and negotiated remain underexplored. Examining leisurely dog walks in London’s urban spaces, moments of unstructured human–animal and animal–animal encounters, and the impact of these on the moral geographies of dog guardians are investigated. “Dog-walk-and-talk” interviews with experienced dog guardians highlight how animal encounters become moments of ethical contemplation. These ethical reflections are deepened and complicated by the intimate and reciprocal care relations that guardians often share with their companion dog(s). On the one hand, guardians experienced embodied, ethical, and political encounters with animal urban denizens. This is conflicted by practices of detachment that can also follow encounters with so-called pest species. Thus, the stories told by urban dog walkers hint that the human–canine relationship impacts the realization of one’s moral obligation towards other-than-canine animals. The research therefore revisits the topic of multispecies justice and animal ethics and how it might be realized.

The Evaluation of Occlusion Characteristic and Deleterious Oral Habits in 3- to 5-year-old Children

Aim: Malocclusion is a prevalent public health concern, impacting craniofacial growth and development, and significantly affecting the quality of life of children in terms of oral health. This study investigated the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 3 to 5 years, aiming to understand its occlusal characteristics, deleterious oral habits, correlations, and their parents’ attitudes toward malocclusion. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study included 275 children aged 3-5 and their parents. The occlusion characteristics of the children participating in the study, including the relationship of the primary molar and canine teeth, overjet, crossbite, deep bite and anterior open bite, were evaluated and recorded by a researcher. A 7-item questionnaire was administered to the parents to collect sociodemographic data and oral health habits of the children's parents. The chi-square test was used for statistical assessment of results. Results: The results revealed that 40.7% of the children had malocclusion during their primary dentition period. It was found that the most common malocclusion was deep bite (15.7%) and harmful oral habits, especially bruxism (16.3%), were commonly observed among children in the researched age group. Conclusion: The results of this study will play an important role in shaping future oral health planning, especially regarding malocclusions seen in the primary dentition. It is thought that the findings from the study will guide strategies to improve oral health and preventive measures.

Individualized management of chronic periodontitis in patients with orthodontic abnormalities: a clinical case report

Relevance. Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease influenced by a variety of factors. Beyond periodontal pathogens and systemic conditions, important contributing factors include malocclusion, dental misalignment, and tooth loss. These conditions can compromise the tissue blood flow hemodynamics and precipitate occlusal trauma with signs of functional overload. Subsequently, this may intensify the inflammation and degradation of the alveolar bone, often leading to premature tooth loss.Correction of malocclusion is paramount in the effective management of periodontal diseases, requiring orthodontic treatment to resolve malocclusion and mitigate signs of functional overload. This treatment aims to redistribute occlusal forces uniformly, thus creating a conducive environment for successful prosthodontic rehabilitation and promoting optimal personal oral hygiene.Clinical case description. This article outlines a personalized approach to managing periodontal inflammation in individuals with orthodontic anomalies. Patient Z., born in 2002, was diagnosed with moderate severity chronic periodontitis (K05.31), presenting with a Class I molar and canine relationship on both sides, constricted dental arches, individual tooth macrodontia, and retrusion and torsiversion of the incisors. The assessment of the patient's periodontal status and overall health was conducted using standard clinical, radiographic, and laboratory diagnostics, whereas the orthodontic assessment involved anthropometric analysis of dental casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs. The periodontal intervention included foundational non-surgical treatments such as ultrasonic scaling both supra- and subgingivally, biofilm disruption using the Vector Paro system, and specific pharmacotherapy. The orthodontic treatment aimed to widen both dental arches and correct the inclination of the upper and lower incisors, achieving a normal occlusion with fixed orthodontic appliances (Damon Q brackets) in accordance with the treatment plan. The effectiveness of the treatment was measured by examining the improvement in gingival conditions, periodontal parameters, and radiographic evidence before and after the intervention.Conclusion. The research demonstrated that an individualized treatment protocol integrating periodontal and orthodontic care can substantially improve the overall health of the dentofacial complex, masticatory efficiency, and aesthetic aspects.

Efektifitas Plat Ekspansi dan Simple Spring

Improving occlusion and tooth alignment can be achieved through orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic appliances can also correct crowded teeth, which are common in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of using expansion plates to create space and simple springs to correct the malposition of anterior teeth in the upper and lower jaws, specifically teeth 11, 31, and 41. A 22-year-old female patient with an overjet of 4.2 mm and an overbite of 2.7 mm. First molar relationship on the right and left sides: Angle's Class I. Canine relationship on the right and left sides: Class I. Malposit ion of the patient's individual teeth: 11 (distolabioversion), 15 (mesiopalatotorsion), 23 (mesiolabioversion), 25 (mesiopalatotorsion), 31 (mesiolingualversion), 33 (mesiolabiotorsion), and 41 (distolabioversion). Lateral expansion of 0.85 mm will be performed and tooth malpositions will be corrected using an active plate in the form of a simple spring on teeth 11, 21, 31, and 41. Tooth malpositions on elements 11 distolabioversion (corrected), 31 mesiolingualversion (corrected), and 41 distolabioversion (corrected). During visits 16 to 20, the operator performed retraction by activating a labial arch. There was a change in overjet from 4.2 mm to 3.15 mm. The treatment was effective in correcting the malposition of teeth 11, 31, and 41. The patient exhibited tooth movement mesially towards the labial direction, thus correcting the patient's teeth towards the ideal position.

Prevalence of malocclusion and oral health-related factors among pre-school children in Northern Albania.

The aim of the present study was to investigate prevalence and association between malocclusion and caries among pre-school children aged 4-6 years frequenting public kindergartens in Shkodër, the largest city in North Albania. The sample for this descriptive and cross-sectional study included 389 pre-school children aged 4-6 years frequenting 20 public kindergartens in Shkodër, the largest city in North Albania. The participants were divided into two groups according to their caries experience evaluated, as determined by decayed-missing-filled index dmf (World Health Organization criteria) score. Those with dmf score of zero were considered to be free of caries. The prevalence of children with at least one malocclusion trait was 89%. The prevalence of caries was 66% (mean dmf score: 3.63). Increased overbite (43%), followed by increased overjet, were the most prevalent malocclusion traits observed in children with a dmf of zero. Among children with caries, the most prevalent trait was increased overjet (42%) and increased overbite. Almost half of the entire study population had a straight terminal plane and class I canine relationship. There was a similar prevalence of bilateral crossbite. Significant changes (p = 0.008) were observed between the groups with regards to the absence of spacing in the maxillary anterior region. Regression analysis further revealed that children with an absence of maxillary spacing were 2.564-fold more likely to have caries; those with a deepbite were 0.814-fold more likely to have caries. More than half of the children had caries. Increased overjet, overbite, crossbite and maxillary crowding were malocclusion traits observed in the population included in this study. A positive association was identified between maxillary crowding, deepbite and caries. The association between malocclusion and caries, highlights the necessity for an increased awareness of these two conditions that are commonly found among children of pre-school age.

Efficacy of Clear Aligners in Treating Class III Malocclusion With Mandibular Molar Distalization: A Systematic Review.

The primary goal of orthodontic therapy in pseudo-class III is to restore the proper dental connection by rectifying the canine and molar relationship to Class I through lower molar and premolar visualization, as well as providing normal anterior overjet. The purpose of this systematic study was to determine the efficacy of clear aligners in treating class III malocclusion with mandibular molar distalization. A wide range of searches were done on various search engines like Cochrane, Web of Science, Embase,PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to collect relevant articles related to our study. This review's article selection was guided by the PRISMA flowchart. The electronic findings provided numerous articles with nearly 78 articles regarding clear aligners in class III malocclusion with molar distalization. From this, seven full-text papers were evaluated for eligibility criteria, with two articles being rejected with justification and five articles being elaborated in the current systematic review. The current evidence of this review suggested that the clear aligners were effective in correcting class III malocclusion with molar distalization. The amount of molar distalization is about 2 to 3 mm, which helps in achieving molar and canine relationship in class I, with a high compliance level and also improvement of the facial profile.

Occlusal Characteristics of The Primary Dentition in Salah Al-Din City

Occlusal characteristics that are found in the primary dentition have a substantial role in the occlusal characteristics which will appear in permanent dentition. Consequently, a good background of Occlusal characteristics in children is substantial for dental practitioners. Use an observational, cross-sectional study on selected children randomly in Salah Al-Din to define the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in the group of Salah Al-Din's children. Objective: Collecting more data and information about the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in a group of Salah Al-Din's children. Methods: In randomly form selected 413 children between 3 and 6 years old from Salah Al-Din governorate as the sample. Under natural daylight or room light, the examination was done on all children to observe needed characteristics with the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of different types of terminal plane, primary canine relationship, anterior and posterior crossbite overjet, overbite, and primate spaces of the primary dentition were estimated. In the terminal plane we see that the flush terminal plane is the most prevalent type (63.20%). In a primary canine relationship, Class I was the most common type (80.39%). The ideal form of overjet was most common (88.86%). The most common form of overbite was the normal overbite (82.32%). Anterior and posterior have low prevalent (3.63%,1.94% respectively). Observed that primate space was present in 71.19% of the upper arch, and 60.05% is the ratio of mandible space. Conclusion: Most of the sample has desirable occlusal characteristics such as Flush terminal plane, Class 1 canine relationship, normal overjet etc., and undesirable occlusal characteristics have low prevalence as anterior open bite, reverse overjet..etc.

Orthodontic Management of Upper Central with Root Resorption due to a Retained Canine: Case Report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Impacted canines affect 2% of the world population and can cause serious consequences, one of the most serious being external root resorption, generated by the loss of cement and/or dentin. They can be diagnosed using periapical, panoramic radiographic images and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The root of the upper lateral incisor is the most affected area, although some cases of resorption in central incisors have been reported as a result of dental impactions.Objective: report a case of external root resorption in a maxillary central incisor caused by the impaction of a canine and its conservative orthodontic management.Results: After orthodontic treatment, an improvement was obtained in the facial profile, class I molar, and canine relationships. The upper left canine was replaced with the first premolar from the same quadrant, restorations were made in the anterior sector for characterization. In addition, the upper left central incisor, affected by root resorption, he was treated conservatively without the need for endodontic treatment.Conclusion: An adequate management of the impacted maxillary canines and the degree of resorption of the teeth adjacent to it, both from the aesthetic and functional point of view, is of the utmost importance in the success of the treatment to achieve long-term stability.

Full single arch distalization in Class II malocclusion using subzygomatic temporary anchorage devices: A case report

Abstract Distalization of the maxillary molars is among the most commonly employed nonextraction treatment strategies for angle Class II malocclusion. This approach is primarily recommended for subjects with dentoalveolar maxillary protrusion or minor skeletal abnormalities. A case of a 17-year-old Hispanic male patient with Class II skeletal base with Class II end on canines and molars, upper anterior crowding, severe overjet, and moderate overbite is hereby reported. He refused extraction; therefore, he was offered full single upper arch distalization using subzygomatic temporary anchorage devices (TADs). After 11 months of retraction, the TADs were removed and it was observed that the overjet and overbite were now within normal values and midline shift was also corrected. Satisfactory leveling and alignment, alleviation of crowding, and Class I molar and canine relationship were achieved. The aim of this case report was to describe full single arch distalization using subzygomatic TADs in a patient with Class II skeletal, molar, and canine relationships.

Skeletal and dento-alveolar changes obtained with customised and preformed eruption guidance appliances after 1-year treatment in early mixed dentition.

The aim of this study was to assess the skeletal and dento-alveolar changes produced by a customised eruption guidance appliance (EGA) and a preformed EGA in subjects presenting a skeletal class II pattern during early mixed dentition and to evaluate the differences between the two devices. All subjects included in the study were randomly selected from the record's archive according to the following inclusion criteria: (1) patients presenting upper central incisor and first permanent molars fully erupted; (2) early mixed dentition with age between 7 to 9 years old; (3) Angle class I or class II malocclusion; (4) increased overjet > 4 mm;(5) deep bite with at least 2/3 overlapping of the incisors; (6) no previous orthodontic treatment apart from maxillary expansion treatment. All children belonging to the case group received treatment with a 3D printed EGA whereas the other patients belonging to the control group were treated with preformed EGA. Records consisted in digital dental models and lateral cephalogram at the beginning (T0) and after 1 year of treatment (T1). Data collected on the digital models included the dentoalveolar changes in overbite, overjet, sagittal molar relationship, and dental crowding. Cephalometric tracings were computed by a single blinded observer using Dolphin Imaging software. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (version 25.00; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Comparison regarding the cephalometric changes between T1-T2 was carried out with paired t-test. Difference in distribution regarding sagittal molar and canine relationship and anterior crowding between groups at T1 and T2 has been computed with chi-square test. The independent sample t-test was used to perform the between group comparison. In the short time, both the appliances showed to be effective in correcting class II malocclusion, anterior crowding, overjet and overbite. Custom-made appliance demonstrated to be significantly more effective in correcting anterior crowding, the dento-skeletal vertical relation and position of permanent incisor compared to the preformed appliance. Adopting a customised device, effects due to an average prescription appliance used to a specific patient can be reduced, resulting in more predictable results.

Prevalence and influencing factors of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai, China

BackgroundThe main purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence and related risk factors of malocclusion in permanent dentition among adolescents in Shanghai, and provide basic data for government’s preventive strategies and intervention plans.Methods1799 adolescents aged 11–15 years old from 18 middle schools in 6 districts of Shanghai were recruited to investigate oral health status and related risk factors using cluster random sampling method in 2021. Malocclusion and caries were examined by on-site inspection. The investigation criteria referred to Bjoerk and the recommendation of the WHO. The malocclusion inspection items included molars relationship, canine relationship, overbite, overjet, midline displacement, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, scissors bite, crowding and spacing. The subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire including parents’ education level, oral health behaviors and dietary habits. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between malocclusion and risk factors.Results1799 adolescents were included in the study and the prevalence of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai was 83.5%, and the proportion of molar relationship class I, class II, and class III was 48.9%, 14.7%, and 19.0%, respectively. The most common occlusal characteristic of malocclusion was anterior crowding, followed by midline irregularities and deep overbite, with prevalence rates of 44.8%, 39.0% and 38.6%, respectively. The prevalence rate of adolescents with caries was 34.3%. Those who had dental caries and preferred soft food were more likely to have abnormal occlusal characteristics (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe prevalence of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai is high, so it is of great significance to strengthen oral health education, allocate proper preventive strategies and carry out the early correction if necessary.