Cane Harvesting Research Articles

Behavioral aspects of Sphenophorus levis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), damage to sugarcane and its natural infection by Steinernema carpocapsae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae)

In Brazil, the sugarcane billbug Sphenophorus levis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) bores sugarcane rhizomes in its larval stage, causing high losses to the crop. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) could be applied in the sugarcane fields to control the larvae and pupae of S. levis inside rhizomes. However, it is not clear whether this insect leaves an opening in the rhizome that would allow EPNs to enter and reach the insects in their immature stages. In addition, there is still no record of the natural occurrence of EPNs in the immature stages of S. levis or on the losses this insect can cause to sugarcane crops. This work aimed to investigate aspects of S. levis behavior on sugarcane plants and to determine the cane damage and crop loss percentage it causes through observations and regular evaluations of plants in the field; as well as to assess the natural occurrence of EPNs in the insect population found inside the cane rhizomes. For every 1% increase in its damage to the rhizomes, S. levis caused a 1% loss in the cane crop due to reductions of 0.318% in the weight of the stems and of 0.68% in the number of shoots generated by the rhizomes. The insect leaves openings that link the tunnels inside the root to the outside; these openings are made by adults during oviposition or by last-instar larva to allow the adults to exit. Almost 90% of the openings were made below the ground, allowing EPNs to enter the tunnels to reach the insect life stages inside the root. Steinernema carpocapsae was found to cause natural infection in S. levis inside the root, providing up to 60% pupal mortality. This information may help to establish the level of economic damage caused by S. levis and highlights EPNs as a potential alternative for S. levis control; their application just after cane harvesting is suggested in order to reduce the S. levis population in the next plant generation.

Impact of Green Cane Harvesting on Pest Management in Sugarcane

Green cane harvesting is a new agricultural practice that provides many benefits to sugar cane production in Brazil by allowing cane straw to remain on the soil surface. However, this system has complicated the management of weeds, pests and diseases. This review will highlight the impact of green cane harvesting on the management of weeds, insect pests, and pathogens in sugar cane production, and cover novel techniques and practices used to manage pests in this production system. Brazil has a unique agroecosystem that includes tropical and subtropical climates and distinct technical challenges relative to other agricultural regions around the world. Sugarcane stands out as an economically important crop in Brazilian agriculture, both in terms of its planting area and the complexity of the production system (e.g., constant changes in planting, cultural practices, and harvest managements). Brazilian sugarcane production in the 2018/2019 season was 620.44 million tons produced over more than 8.5 million hectares distributed mainly in the states of São Paulo, Goiás, and Minas Gerais. Currently, 38% of this production is intended to produce sugar and 62% to ethanol, generating 29.04 million tons of sugar and 33.14 billion liters of ethanol, making Brazil the largest sugar and ethanol producing country in the world. The sugarcane agroindustry continues to expand in Brazil, showing a great capacity to aggregate value to byproducts of ethanol and sugar, such as vinasse (fertilizer), filter cake (fertilizer and soil conditioner), bagasse (raw-material for industries; animal feed; and electrical energy generation), and plant straws (electrical energy generation). The adoption of mechanized harvests without burning has allowed accumulation of sugarcane straw residues over the cropping area (green cane harvesting). Approximately 84% of the sugarcane production area in Brazil follows green cane harvesting practices. This harvesting system has made the management of weeds, pests and diseases even more complex in sugarcane fields than before. Green cane harvesting has made pest and weed management (mainly) more complex. The presence of residues on the soil directly affects the action of pre-emergent herbicides that are most commonly used in sugarcane and increases the incidence of some important pests such as S. levis and M. fimbriolata. Integration of management programs for weeds, pests, and diseases generates economic benefits and control efficacy (broad spectrum action), maximizing their individual efficacy level, reducing the dependence on only one of them and the risk of selection of resistant pest populations. Monitoring, planning, and evaluation of the history of the sugarcane fields are essentials and assist in decision making regarding the method and time of control to be used. The efficiency of this system assists in the maintenance of high yields, health, and longevity for sugarcane fields.

The geographies of intermediation: Labor intermediaries, labor migration, and cane harvesting in rural western India

In this paper, I explain the role of labor intermediaries in the weaving of capital–labor relations in capitalist agro-business. I do so by focusing on migration infrastructure or the vertical network of labor intermediaries who facilitate labor recruitment from migrant home villages and migrant labor disciplining on cane fields in rural western India, where the laborers are brought seasonally to harvest sugarcane. I show how the role of labor intermediaries cannot be understood by containing them within the villainous stereotypes associated with brokers. Intermediaries are embedded within the labor geographies of commodity production where capital accumulation requires the downward transferring of the risk of financial loss from capitalist agro-business to intermediaries and laborers. I collected data for this research by conducting interviews and focus-group discussions in the Yavatmal and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra state in rural western India during summer 2014 and 2015–2016.

Model Of Sugar Industrial Waste Management Based On Cleaner Production (Case Study: Sei Semayang Plantation and Sugar Mill)

Controlling the amount and level of sugar industry waste must be done carefully, ranging from sugar cane harvesting in the field to the processing of cane into sugar mill. The aim of this research is constructing model and getting strategy and policy of sugar industry waste management based on clean production using dynamic system. This research was conducted at Sei Semayang plantation and sugar mill, PTPN II, North Sumatera in January until July 2013.Dynamic model system of waste management based on clean production was analyzed using Powersim program, license by sofware house Powersimtm, USA. The research shows Dynamic model of sugar industry waste management can be done by combining environmental subsystem model and socio-economical subsystem. The scenario and policy of sugar industry waste management based on clean production results in waste minimilization, production process efficiency and increase of agricultural contribution, that it increases the surrounding community’s income and involvement, and the company’s income.

Alternative sugarcane production for conservation of sandy soils: sugarcane straw, intercropping and nitrogen

ABSTRACT The expansion of sugarcane cultivation in the Center-South region of Brazil has led to the use of, mainly, areas with low-yielding sandy soils. In this context, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the maintenance of the sugarcane straw, Brachiaria grass intercropping in sugarcane fields and nitrogen fertilization and on sandy soils in the state of Paraná. The field experiment was installed in the Paranavaí-PR city, at a unit of the Interuniversity Network for the Development of the Sugarcane Sector (RIDESA). The soil was classified as Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo distrófico. The treatments in the plant cane stage, consisting of four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) and monoculture or Brachiaria grass intercropping in sugarcane fields were arranged in a 4x2 factorial design. At plant cane harvest, the effect of unremoved straw was included as a new factor to be evaluated in the ratoon crops. The treatments in the ratoon crops were arranged in a 4x2x2 factorial design, consisting of four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1), monoculture or Brachiaria grass intercropping in sugarcane fields and the presence or removal sugarcane straw. The sugarcane straw on soil surface can increase the agronomic development of sugarcane and, the other hands, Brachiaria grass intercropping in sugarcane fields can reduce. Sugarcane was responsive to N rates and, in the highest rates, compensated the sugarcane straw absence and reduced Brachiaria grass intercropping competition.

Mass concentration and size distribution of particles released from harvesting and biomass burning of sugarcane

AbstractWe evaluated size distribution and mass concentrations of fine (particulate matter < 2.5 μm, PM2.5) and coarse (particulate matter = 2.5–10 μm, PM2.5‐10) particles released during sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvesting operations, including cutting of green cane (GH), burning of standing cane (SB), cane harvest cutting after SB (BH), and ground burning of harvest residues left in the field (GB). Total number of PM2.5 released from GB was 1.63 times greater than that from SB. Total time of burning (flaming + smoldering) phase during GB was 1.5 to 2.1 times longer than SB. The flaming phase for both GB and SB was shorter than the smoldering phase but emitted 5.2 to 7.5 times more PM2.5. Average particle density of PM2.5 from burning operations was 1.12 g cm−3 for GB and 0.52 g cm−3 for SB. The GH and BH released lower PM2.5 but higher PM2.5‐10 as compared to SB and GB. Overall, biomass burning, regardless GB and SB difference, released significantly higher PM2.5 than harvest‐cutting operations.

Pros and Cons of Sugarcane Straw Recovery in São Paulo

Brazilian sugarcane production is converting from the traditional manual slash-and-burn to mechanized green cane harvest. The resulting sugarcane trash is mostly left on the field and plowed under at the end of a growth cycle, but it could also be recovered and used to increase the energy efficiency of ethanol. In this paper, we explore in a simulation study if straw recovery negatively impacts yields, fertilizer use, nutrient cycling, GHG emissions, and erosion; if there is an optimal recovery rate; and if different recovery rates are advisable for different soil types. We also compare the traditional slash-and-burn management to the green cane management system. Our results show that when performing straw recovery, trade-offs between different factors such as up to 1.3 t/ha lower yields or an up to 30 kg/ha higher demand for fertilizer N under low recovery rates, and higher erosion rates under high recovery rates have to be accepted. Most balanced would be a recovery rate of 40–60%, but the rate should also be adapted to soil type, with less recovery e.g. on soils prone to erosion, and to economic considerations. A comparison between green cane harvest without straw recovery and the traditional slash-and-burn method shows lower erosion rates and higher soil organic carbon contents, but also a higher fertilizer consumption due to nitrogen immobilization on areas under green cane management. Due to these trade-offs, one method cannot be unequivocally commended over the other.

Soil chemical and biological fertility, microbial community structure and dynamics in successive and fallow sugarcane planting systems

ABSTRACTSugarcane yields are declining under successive planting (monoculture) compared to other planting systems in Florida Histosols. To evaluate soil properties related to the sugarcane yield decline, an on-farm study was conducted on soil chemical, biological, and microbial indicators variation with soil samples collected from successive green cane or burnt cane harvest, flooded fallow, and rice and sweetcorn rotation planting sites. Overall, harvest residue incorporated in the soil in green cane harvest and corn rotation increased organic matter, total carbon and C:N ratios which resulted in higher microbial biomass parameters and total PLFA biomass. However, successive planting with burnt cane harvest reduced total soil carbon and hence microbial biomass. Findings suggested that these parameters should be considered for further research to determine specific causes of sugarcane yield decline in successive planting.

Evaluation of Cutting Blades Impact on Productivity and Performance of Sugar Cane Harvesting Machine

Field experiments were carried out to determine effects of cutting blade types on sugar cane mechanical harvest. The evaluation of used sugar cane harvester is carried out through four levels of forward harvesting speed of 2.4, 3.2, 4.1 and 5.2 km/h, three cutting blade types namely: smooth blades, serrated blades and fast exchange blade, and four levels of blade angles of 0, 10, 17.5 and 22.5˚ on the area of sugarcane cutting, productivity, percent of sugarcane cut stalks, percent of damage cutting blades, total losses, total cost and criterion function cost. The results concluded the following: maximum of the area of sugarcane cutting was 4522.8 m²/h and productivity of 49.6 ton/h and percent of sugar cane cut stalks of 96.1% were recorded at using serrated blades type with 17.5° tilt angle. Also, the minimum of percent of damage cutting blades was 9.7%, total losses of 1.9%, losses cost of 18.9 L.E/h and criterion function cost of 192.4 L.E/h. Finally, the performance characteristics of used machine were influenced by the investigated variables.

Design of a laboratory-scale sugarcane weighing system

Recently, sugarcane harvesters have been increasingly used in sugarcane harvesting. Loading trucks were traveling along the harvesters to collect the harvested cane billets. Since cane harvesters are expensive machines, there is an idea of collaborative farming by combining multiple fields from different owners to reduce operating costs and time. However, it is difficult to fairly classify yields from different fields. Site-specific yield monitoring system is not common in typical harvesters. Farmers only know the weight on each truck without its collecting location when selling the sugarcane to the factory. This research was the feasibility study to develop a hydraulic weighing system in laboratory scale for further applying to the side-tipping loading trucks. A low-cost hydraulic weighing system was fabricated. A microcontroller was used to read signals from pressure and gyroscopic sensors and then to calculate the applied load. Accuracy and precision of the system were examined. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the relationship between the actual and determined loads was 0.978. The standard error of prediction (SEP) of the system was 2.348 kg. The results show that there was feasibility to apply the system on farm scale; however, further study with a larger scale should be conducted.

Determination of field capacity for the sugarcane harvester using GNSS data

Harvesting is an important activity in the sugar production industry. Due to the labor shortage and time limitation during harvesting season, farmers have adopted cane harvesters to substitute the farm workers in this restless period. Cane harvesters are huge and expensive machines with high field capacity. Because of inappropriate working conditions in Thailand, the actual field capacity is much lower than that in its specification. The objective of this research is to study the factors affecting the field capacity of the sugarcane harvester. A GNSS logging system was used to record the machine’s position and traveling speed during operation. Crop yield for each field was also collected. Field dimension and other working parameters such as working time and the number of turns were derived from the GNSS data. A field capacity prediction model was developed. The study shows that the optimal working speed, crop yield, and the number of turns per field area were significant factors to predict the harvester’s field capacity. The coefficient of determination (R2 value) of the model was 0.625. It was suggested to include more machine and field variation for further robust model development and uses in the optimization of field operation performance.

Changes in Soil Pest Populations Caused by Sugarcane Straw Removal in Brazil

The adoption of green cane harvesting system without burning has triggered the increase of pest infestations in sugarcane fields. This makes straw removal a promising alternative for pest control in sugarcane fields. However, further research is needed to understand the impacts of straw removal on pest infestation under field conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of root spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata) and sphenophorus (Sphenophorus levis) under different rates of straw removal and contrasting edaphoclimatic conditions in the Sao Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. Eight field experiments were conducted throughout the sugarcane cropping cycle (two crop seasons) and were arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates. The experimental design included four straw removal rates: total removal, low removal, high removal, and no removal. The incidence of pests was evaluated during September and March (spring/summer seasons in the Southern Hemisphere) for root spittlebug and April to August (autumn/winter) for sphenophorus populations. Straw removal reduced root spittlebug infestation and this effect was more evident in clayey soils. The incidence of root spittlebug was three times higher in clayey soils compared to sandy soils. Straw removal did not influence sphenophorus population but reduced damages in sugarcane plants especially in clayey soils. The damage caused by sphenophorus was three times higher in clayey than in sandy soils. This study emphasizes that straw removal by itself is not a feasible strategy to control the root spittlebug and sphenophorus infestations in sugarcane cultivated areas of Brazil, thus an integrated management strategy should be a high priority.

Significant enzymatic activities in the residues hydrolysis of the sugar cane harvest

In the production of ethanol from agroindustrial crop residues, one of the critical stages in the process is the conversion of lignocellulosic material to simple sugars, which can be done chemically or enzymatically. In this research, the enzymatic activities of commercial enzymes were evaluated for their influence on the degradation of lignocellulosic materials from sugar cane harvest residues (leaves and top cane). Eight substrates were pretreated with different delignification methods. Likewise, five enzymatic preparations were configured. An analysis of the enzyme-substrate interactions was conducted through fuzzy system analysis. The results showed regions of maximum enzymatic activity for residues of the sugarcane harvest, between 20-30 Filter Paper Units (FPU) /mL values lower than 500 pNPG (p-Nitrofenol-α-D-Glucopyranoside) U / mL of activity beta-glucosidase and hemicellulase activity between 50 and 70 IU / mL, confirming that the use of large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes is not necessary.

Optimización de la capacidad de cogeneración mediante la adición de residuos de cosecha al bagazo en industria azucarera típica peruana

En este trabajo se realizó la evaluación energética de la mezcla apropiada de residuos de cosecha/bagazo de caña de azúcar, para mejorar la capacidad cogeneradora tanto de electricidad como de vapor para el proceso de producción de azúcar en una industria azucarera típica peruana. El Perú posee tradición en la industria azucarera caracterizado por su alta productividad de plantación de caña; el problema actual es la deficiente forma de cosecha de caña (pre-quemado de caña en campo) y, la obsolescencia de tecnología utilizada en el proceso de cogeneración.
 La metodología inicia con la cosecha mecanizada en área piloto de plantación de caña, seguido de los procesos de preparación y secado de los residuos de cosecha. Muestras de residuos se llevan al laboratorio para su caracterización fisicoquímica y energética a diferentes condiciones de humedad, obteniendo ratios de poder calorífico y contenido elemental. Se seleccionó la mezcla adecuada de residuos/bagazo que alimenta a la caldera para luego proceder a las pruebas energéticas de la Planta de Cogeneración.
 Como resultados se tiene un combustible mezcla residuos/bagazo optimizado (comparativamente a bagazo solo), en razón que: maximiza la eficiencia energética, minimiza costos de cogeneración, mejora la disponibilidad de caldera y disminuye la polución ambiental. La mezcla objetivo se logra a proporción volumétrica 1 a 4 con la que se obtiene: incremento de la producción eléctrica de 13 a 18 MW, incremento de eficiencia energética en 22.5% y reducción del costo de cogeneración en 19%.

Production and use of biogas from vinasse: Implications for the energy balance and GHG emissions of sugar cane ethanol in the brazilian context

Indicators, such as the energy balance (EB) and greenhouse gases emissions avoided (GHGEA), are frequently used to evaluate the benefits and sustainability of biofuels. Many important papers and reports have been published in recent years to demonstrate the environmental and energetic benefits of biofuels, such as ethanol from sugar cane. EB and GHGEA often include other sugar cane products, such as electricity and bagasse. The anaerobic digestion of vinasse can generate considerable amounts of biogas but is not a common practice in Brazil. This study evaluates the potential benefits to the EB and GHGEA of ethanol by the production of biogas from vinasse and its use to produce electricity or biomethane. Biomethane can be injected on the Natural Gas Grid or used as a fossil diesel oil replacement in the mill operations of harvesting and transportation of sugar cane. The results show that biogas from vinasse can represent improvement in both indicators, which ranges from 3.5% improvement in EB by electricity generation with biogas to 27.5% improvement in GHGEA by replacing diesel in the mill operations. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog,39:e13226, 2020

ANÁLISE CARDÍACA DE RATOS SUBMETIDOS A EXPOSIÇÃO CRÔNICA DO HERBICIDA ÁCIDO DICLOROFENOXIACÉTICO (2,4-D)

One of the most commonly used herbicides in Brazil during the sugar cane harvest is dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). It is known that ingestion of this herbicide can cause cardiovascular damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the oral use of 2,4-D on the heart of rats submitted to chronic exposure, using anatomical parameters and CKMB dosage. 30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups: GCO (n=10), GBCO (n=10), and GACO (n=10). The animal feed was exposed to 2,4-D for 15 minutes/day and offered to the animals for 6 months. After this period, the animals were euthanized, the hearts dissected and weighed: atrium, left and right ventricle, the length of the tibia was used as the normalizer. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture for CKMB dosage. The results did not indicate atrial hypertrophy, right ventricular or left ventricular, or an increase in CKMB in the blood. We conclude that 2,4-D did not promote anatomical structural alterations or cardiac injury at the concentration evaluated.

Consumo operacional de combustível de uma colheitadeira de cana-de-açúcar

Studies have shown that using higher operational capacity harvesters render less fuel consumption per harvested area and, as a result, less operating expenses. This paper aims to obtain the effective fuel consumption per hour of the CASE IH A4000 harvester during the mechanical harvest of raw sugar cane. The study took place in a sugar cane plantation with mechanical harvest in an area belonging to a producer for Coagro (Cooperativa Agroindustrial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Ltda.) (Agroindustrial Cooperative of the State of Rio de Janeiro), in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. The variety of sugar cane was evaluated at RB867515 in its third cut. The system of automatic data acquisition was built from a volumetric flow sensor to determine the fuel flow, in addition to a data collector (Datalogger) and a global positioning system (GPS) device. To determine the fuel consumption per hour, data from the fuel flow sensor were used. The consumption per hour of fuel was 33.9 L.h-1. The effective consumption was estimated in 1.84 L. ton-1. The consumption per hour and the effective consumption of the CASE IH A4000 were more than double of what the manufacturers stipulated, which means, the consumption is much higher than desirable.

Harvesting Systems, Soil Cultivation, and Nitrogen Rate Associated with Sugarcane Yield

The adoption of mechanical harvesting of green cane gives rise to concerns as to whether systems developed under burnt cane harvesting are applicable to a green cane harvesting system. In particular, tillage, which is an integral part of the burnt cane system, may no longer be necessary, and the nitrogen fertilizer rates required may need to be replaced due to the large amounts of organic matter being returned to the soil after green cane harvesting. Mechanical harvesting is relatively new in Brazil and little is known about its effect on other sugarcane production strategies. This work aimed to evaluate sugarcane performance under not only different harvesting and cultivation systems, but also different nitrogen fertilizer rates over a 3-year period. The experimental design was a split plot with harvesting systems (burnt vs. green) as main plots, cultivation (interrow vs. no cultivation) as sub plots, and nitrogen rates as sub-sub plots. The harvesting systems produced similar sugarcane yields throughout the experimental period, which demonstrates that the harvest systems do not influence sugarcane yield. Mechanical tillage practices in interrow after harvesting had no impact on stalk yield or sugar quality, indicating no necessity for this operation in the following crop. Ratoon nitrogen fertilization promoted an increase of stalk and sugar yield, with highest yields obtained at the rate of 130 kg ha−1 N. However, there was no interaction between harvesting system and nitrogen rate.

Influence of Sugarcane Straw on Aminocyclopyrachlor Leaching in a Green-Cane Harvesting System

The straw on the soil in the green cane harvesting system acts as a physical barrier to the action of the pre-emergence herbicides. However, some herbicides have physico-chemical characteristics to pass through the straw in water solution. The aim was to evaluate the influence of different densities of sugarcane straw on the leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor in a tropical soil (Oxisol—Typic Hapludox) in a system of green cane harvesting. The experiment was carried out using glass columns filled with soil, with and without sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10, and 20 t ha−1) on the top of the soil. 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor was applied followed by 200 mm of simulated rain for 48 h. The herbicide was detected in all soil layers (0–30 cm), and in the leachate (> 30 cm), in small trace amounts (≤ 0.21%) in all treatments, showing that aminocyclopyrachlor undergoes a high degree of leaching in the clayey soil. In the absence of straw, 39% of the herbicide remained in the upper layer (0–5 cm). In the presence of straw, the herbicide was distributed through the soil profile, mainly from 0 to 25 cm. Forty percent more herbicide was retained in the straw with 20 t ha−1 of sugarcane straw. Thus, it is concluded that the straw in high amounts retains aminocyclopyrachlor, but does not prevent it from reaching the soil; the high solubility of the herbicide and intense rainfall in a short period of time are factors that contribute to the herbicide passing through this barrier.

Trichoderma elicitors create a potential chemical barrier through induced systemic resistance against Colletotrichum falcatum and minimise sucrose losses in sugarcane

Red rot disease caused by Colletotrichum falcatum leads to acute sucrose losses in sugarcane. Minimising sucrose losses through Trichoderma elicitors will fetch an eco-friendly technology to sugarcane growers. An experiment was conducted for evaluating the effects of elicitors from Trichoderma strains (STr 83, STr 108 and STr 116) against Colletotrichum falcatum for minimising sucrose losses. Following Trichoderma elicitor perception, a chemical barrier against C. falcatum was activated in sugarcane through enhanced accumulation of phenols, enhanced polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxidase dismutase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, tyrosine ammonia lyase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase activities arrayed in setts at 45 days after pathogen inoculation (dpi). Phenol fluxes and enhanced activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxidase dismutase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, tyrosine ammonia lyase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase in foliar tissues were carried forward till 330 dpi (harvest stage). STr 83 elicitors exhibited maximum increase in phenols (106%), chitinase (540%), 1, 3 β-glucanases (160%) and activities of polyphenol oxidase (125%), peroxidase (346%), superoxide dismutase (54%), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (162%) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (206%) at 210 dpi. This chemical barrier orchestrated the diverse biochemical pathways for induced systemic resistance and minimised sucrose losses by 0.19–0.26 t ha−1 at cane harvest stage.