Candle Soot Nanoparticles Research Articles

Enhanced Performance of Laser-Induced Graphene Supercapacitors via Integration with Candle-Soot Nanoparticles.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been emerging as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors due to its cost-effective and straightforward fabrication approach. However, LIG-based supercapacitors still face challenges with limited capacitance and stability. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we present a novel, cost-effective, and facile fabrication approach by integrating LIG materials with candle-soot nanoparticles. The composite electrode is fabricated by laser irradiation on a Kapton sheet to generate LIG material, followed by spray-coating with candle-soot nanoparticles and annealing. Materials characterization reveals that the annealing process enables a robust connection between the nanoparticles and the LIG materials and enhances nanoparticle graphitization. The prepared supercapacitor yields a maximum specific capacitance of 15.1 mF/cm2 at 0.1 mA/cm2, with a maximum energy density of 2.1 μWh/cm2 and a power density of 50 μW/cm2. Notably, the synergistic activity of candle soot and LIG surpasses the performances of previously reported LIG-based supercapacitors. Furthermore, the cyclic stability of the device demonstrates excellent capacitance retention of 80% and Coulombic efficiency of 100% over 10000 cycles.

A Strategy of Candle Soot-Based Photothermal Icephobic Superhydrophobic Surface

Anti-icing/de-icing is of fundamental importance in practical applications such as power transmission, wind turbines, and aerofoils. Despite recent efforts in developing engineering surfaces to delay ice accumulation or reduce ice adhesion, it remains challenging to design robust photothermal icephobic surfaces in a durable, low-cost, easy-fabrication manner. Here, we report an intelligent candle soot-based photothermal surface (PDMS/CS60@PDMS/Al) that can utilize sunlight illumination to achieve the multi-abilities of anti-icing, de-icing, and self-cleaning. Our method lies in the construction of hierarchical micro/nanostructures by depositing photothermal candle soot nanoparticles, which endow the surface with superior superhydrophobicity and excellent photothermal performance. The underlying mechanism is exploited by establishing the heat transfer model between the droplets and the cooled surface. We believe that the smart PDMS/CS60@PDMS/Al developed in this work could provide a feasible strategy to design intelligent engineering surfaces for enhanced anti-icing/de-icing.

Multipoint Energy-Balanced Laser-Ultrasonic Transducer Based on a Thin-Cladding Fiber.

This study proposes a novel multipoint transducer system by utilizing the single-mode-multimode-thin-cladding fiber (SMTC) structure. This structure leverages the disparity in mode field diameter between the multimode fiber (MMF) and thin-cladding fiber (TCF) to generate high-amplitude ultrasonic signals safely and efficiently. The fabricated transducer exhibits signal amplitudes 2-3-fold higher compared to conventional laser-ultrasonic transducers. Simulation analysis investigates the impact of the length of the MMF and the diameter of the TCF on coupling efficiency. The coupling efficiency of individual transducer units can be accurately controlled by adjusting the length of the MMF. A three-point energy-balanced laser-ultrasonic transducer system was achieved, with improved energy conversion efficiencies, and the optimal thickness of candle soot nanoparticles (CSNPs) is experimentally determined. Additionally, we carried out experiments to compare the performance of the proposed SMTC-based transducer system under different material conditions using two different photoacoustic materials: graphite-epoxy resin and candle soot nanoparticle-polydimethylsiloxane (CSNP-PDMS) composite. CSNPs, as a cost-effective and easy-to-prepare composite material, exhibit higher photoacoustic conversion efficiency compared to graphite-epoxy resin. The proposed system demonstrates the potential for applications in non-destructive testing techniques.

Carbon nanofibers/liquid metal composites for high temperature laser ultrasound

As the demand for clean energy becomes greater worldwide, there will also be an increasing demand for next generation nuclear power plants that incorporate advanced sensors and monitoring equipment. A major challenge posed by nuclear power plants is that, during normal operation, the reactor compartment is subjected to high operating temperatures and radiation flux. Diagnostic sensors monitoring such structures are also subject to temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius, which puts them at risk for heat degradation. In this work, the ability of carbon nanofibers to work in conjunction with a liquid metal as a photoacoustic transmitter was demonstrated at high temperatures. Fields metal, a Bi-In-Sn eutectic, and gallium are compared as acoustic mediums. Fields metal was shown experimentally to have superior performance over gallium and other reference cases. Under stimulation from a low fluence 6 ns pulse laser at 6 mJ/cm2 with 532 nm green light, the Fields metal transducer transmitted a 200 kHz longitudinal wave with amplitude >5.5 times that generated by a gallium transducer at 300 °C. Each high temperature test was conducted from a hot to cold progression, beginning as high as 300 °C, and then cooling down to 100 °C. Each test shows increasing signal amplitude of the liquid metal transducers as temperature decreases. Carbon nanofibers show a strong improvement over previously used candle-soot nanoparticles in both their ability to produce strong acoustic signals and absorb higher laser fluences up to 12 mJ/cm2.

Structural optimization of photoacoustic transducer with PDMS/CSNPs nanocomposite for fatigue crack detection using laser-induced nonlinear surface waves

Laser ultrasonics is a promising non-contact inspection technique but faces challenges of low signal-to-noise and low amplitude under non-destructive thermoelastic regime. In this paper, a laser ultrasonic surface acoustic wave (SAW) modulation method and photoacoustic transducer (PAT) are proposed and combined with nonlinear wave mixing technique to inspect microscale fatigue crack. PATs comprised of candle soot nanoparticles and polydimethylsiloxane are systematically optimized and combined with a line-arrayed laser source to generate desired high-amplitude and pure fundamental SAWs. Two modulated SAWs with frequencies of 2.1 and 2.9 MHz are excited on a fatigued aluminum plate to generate nonlinear mixed components, and the ultrasonic responses over the fatigue crack regions are acquired with a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. The localization of fatigue crack with microscale is eventually achieved by mapping the nonlinear parameter of the mixed components, which proves it a reliable and non-destructive technique to inspect the fatigue crack.

Superhydrophobic and photothermal sponge for effective oil/water separation and solar‐assisted recovery of viscous oil

AbstractWith the occurrence of offshore oil spills, the recovery of viscous oil continues to be a significant issue. The multi‐functional sponge with superhydrophobic, absorption of high viscosity oil is an effective approach to settle this problem. In this work, the melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) sponge was the backbone and doped with polydopamine (PDA) to mimic mussels. Subsequently, candle soot nanoparticles (CS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were applied to modify the MF sponge into a superhydrophobic sponge (P‐CS‐PDA@MF) (WCA = 153.56°). The P‐CS‐PDA@MF sponge showed good absorption properties for many oils and organic solvents (33.87–78.90 times of its own weight). In addition, the P‐CS‐PDA@MF sponge also showed outstanding chemical stability, low density (0.013 g/cm3), emulsion‐breaking ability and flame retardancy. More interestingly, the P‐CS‐PDA@MF sponge showed superior photothermal conversion capability, the temperature of it increased to approximately 91°C within 100 s under simulated sunlight from room temperature (about 25°C), and the sorption capacity of viscous oils was significantly increased. Moreover, the P‐CS‐PDA@MF sponge exhibited a high efficiency (over 97%) for separating viscous oils/water mixtures with the aid of sunlight. This versatile and efficient multifunctional P‐CS‐PDA@MF sponge via a simple and low‐cost way shows promising prospect in oily wastewater treatment and water ecosystem remediation.

Efficient antibiotic wastewater treatment via interfacial water evaporation based soot-coated conjugated microporous polymer hollow microspheres

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) technology holds the promise of purification and removal of organic pollutants from water samples. In this work, an efficient SDIE composed of multifunctional self-floating photothermal materials based on candle soot-coated conjugated microporous polymer hollow spheres (CS-CMPsHM) for treatment of tetracycline (TC) wastewater is reported. By depositing candle soot nanoparticles, CS-CMPsHM achieved excellent interfacial evaporation performance by extending the light absorption. Additionally, the π-π interaction between CMP's unique conjugated network and TC molecules and the well-developed porosity facilitates the capture of target contaminants. The synthesized CS-CMPsHM evaporator demonstrated remarkable properties, i.e., excellent photothermal performance (with superior photothermal conversion efficiency up to 94 % and evaporation rate of 1.55 kg m−2h−1 under one sun irradiation), extremely low wet thermal conductivity (0.075 W m-1K−1), reusability, superior salt resistance, stability, adsorption of pollutants and renewable performance. Furthermore, CS-CMPsHM remains its excellent purification performance from real water samples (the Yellow River) measured by a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometer. The results of biological toxicity show that the purified water recovered by the SDIE method effectively reduced the phytotoxicity of TC. With its straightforward and scalable manufacturing process, our CS-CMPsHM demonstrates promising potential as advanced photothermal materials for the treatment of various pollutants using SDIE.

Nano self-cleaning

Nano self-cleaning system review is presented in this paper. To achieve superhydrophobicity on a surface, it needs to be both rough and possess low surface energy. In this study, paraffin wax nanoparticles were used to create a hierarchically structured surface on cotton fabric, resulting in a superhydrophobic surface. Candle soot nanoparticles were also used to deposit superhydrophobic coatings onto smooth and micro-rough steel surfaces, demonstrating significant promise for use in high-temperature and corrosive environments. The coatings exhibited outstanding chemical and thermal stabilities, as well as effective self-cleaning abilities, making them ideal for industrial applications. Results from testing showed that the coatings created with 100 mg of candle soot nanoparticles in suspension were stable when hit by water jets, and demonstrated strong water repellent and self-cleaning qualities. This study provides an affordable and efficient technique for creating superhydrophobic coatings with a wide range of potential applications. The work done & presented in this paper is the result of the mini-project work that has been done by the first sem engineering students of the college and as such there is little novelty in it and the references are being taken from various sources from the internet, the paper is being written by the students to test their writing skills in the starting of their engineering career and also to test the presentation skills during their mini-project presentation. The work done & presented in this paper is the report of the assignment / alternate assessment tool as a part and parcel of the academic assignment of the first year subject on nanotechnology & IoT.

Candle Soot Nanoparticles versus Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as a High-Performance Cathode Catalyst for Li–CO2Mars Batteries for Mars Exploration

Increased CO2 emissions on the earth causing global warming and climate change have provided a thrust to explore Li–CO2 battery chemistry, where CO2 is used as an energy carrier. In addition, the occurrence of CO2 as a major natural abundant gas in the Martian atmosphere opens the possibility of using Li–CO2 batteries for interplanetary Mars missions. In this work, we aim to investigate facile and inexpensive candle soot carbon nanoparticles as a cathode catalyst against commercially available multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for stable and high-performance Li–CO2 batteries for Mars exploration. The unique interconnected morphology and higher surface area of candle soot nanoparticles facilitate better reversibility (more than 80 cycles) compared to MWCNTs even at a high current density of 200 mA g–1 with a cutoff capacity of 500 mAh g–1. The full discharge capacity for candle soot nanoparticles was measured to be 5318 mAh g–1 with a coulombic efficiency of 42% as compared to 16% for MWCNTs. The rate capability studies were performed to establish the ability to operate the system reversibly at different current densities in a simulated Martian atmosphere. The outcome of this study paves the way toward developing a candle soot cathode-based practicable Li–CO2 battery for utilization on Mars.

Optically-generated focused ultrasound for noninvasive brain stimulation with ultrahigh precision

High precision neuromodulation is a powerful tool to decipher neurocircuits and treat neurological diseases. Current non-invasive neuromodulation methods offer limited precision at the millimeter level. Here, we report optically-generated focused ultrasound (OFUS) for non-invasive brain stimulation with ultrahigh precision. OFUS is generated by a soft optoacoustic pad (SOAP) fabricated through embedding candle soot nanoparticles in a curved polydimethylsiloxane film. SOAP generates a transcranial ultrasound focus at 15 MHz with an ultrahigh lateral resolution of 83 µm, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than that of conventional transcranial-focused ultrasound (tFUS). Here, we show effective OFUS neurostimulation in vitro with a single ultrasound cycle. We demonstrate submillimeter transcranial stimulation of the mouse motor cortex in vivo. An acoustic energy of 0.6 mJ/cm2, four orders of magnitude less than that of tFUS, is sufficient for successful OFUS neurostimulation. OFUS offers new capabilities for neuroscience studies and disease treatments by delivering a focus with ultrahigh precision non-invasively.

Flexible and high-intensity photoacoustic transducer with PDMS/CSNPs nanocomposite for inspecting thick structure using laser ultrasonics

Laser ultrasonic technique has been increasingly implemented for nondestructive testing and structural health monitoring. However, the poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and low amplitude of laser generated ultrasonic signals under thermoelastic regime severely restrict its applications. In this paper, we propose a method for fabricating flexible, high-intensity and readily transplantable photoacoustic transducer (PAT) comprised of candle soot nanoparticles (CSNPs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and utilize it to generate high SNR and amplitude ultrasonic signals for inspecting thick structures. A robotic-arm based layer-by-layer automatic scanning strategy is developed to realize candle soot nanoparticles (CSNPs) deposition with excellent homogeneity and thickness controllability, and the optimal thickness of PDMS/CSNPs nanocomposite layer to achieve high SNR and amplitude ultrasonic signal is obtained. In addition, a novel method for optimizing the PAT's structure to generate distinguishable and pure longitudinal ultrasonic signals is proposed, with amplitude over 100 times, and with center frequency (13.5 MHz) and −6 dB bandwidth (20.1 MHz) 29.8% and 35.8% higher than those generated without PAT. The optimized PAT is eventually combined with laser ultrasonic technique to successfully inspect and visualize the internal defects with various sizes (4, 2, 0.8 mm in diameter) of an aluminum component with thickness of 50 mm. With the merits of flexible and high-intensity nanocomposite PAT, the laser ultrasonics can be promisingly implemented for inspecting structure with large thickness and complex geometry under thermo-elastic mechanism.

Strain-Dependent Photoacoustic Characteristics of Free-Standing Carbon-Nanocomposite Transmitters

In this paper we demonstrate strain-dependent photoacoustic (PA) characteristics of free-standing nanocomposite transmitters that are made of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and candle soot nanoparticles (CSNP) with an elastomeric polymer matrix. We analyzed and compared PA output performances of these transmitters which are prepared first on glass substrates and then in a delaminated free-standing form for strain-dependent characterization. This confirms that the nanocomposite transmitters with lower concentration of nanoparticles exhibit more flexible and stretchable property in terms of Young’s modulus in a range of 4.08–10.57 kPa. Then, a dynamic endurance test was performed revealing that both types of transmitters are reliable with pressure amplitude variation as low as 8–15% over 100–800 stretching cycles for a strain level of 5–28% with dynamic endurance in range of 0.28–2.8%. Then, after 2000 cycles, the transmitters showed pressure amplitude variation of 6–29% (dynamic endurance range of 0.21–1.03%) at a fixed strain level of 28%. This suggests that the free-standing nanocomposite transmitters can be used as a strain sensor under a variety of environments providing robustness under repeated stretching cycles.

Realization of integrative hierarchy by in-situ solidification of ‘semi-cured’ microcilia array in candle flame for robust and flexible superhydrophobicity

Flexible superhydrophobic surfaces have recently attracted extensive interest owing to the potential for diverse curvatures and emerging flexible electronics. However, the simultaneous realization of mechanical robustness, chemical resistance, and maintained superhydrophobicity during deformation is still challenging. Herein, we introduced an environmental-friendly method to produce the integrative multi-level structures by generating the micro-cilia array in a ‘template-free’ manner, followed with in-situ thermal curing in the candle flame before the complete solidification of the micro-structured surface. Instead of weak physical adhesion (van der Waals forces), the candle soot nanoparticles penetrated into the ‘semi-cured’ micro-cilia surface, along with the high temperature to rapidly cure and generate the PDMS-connected integrative architectures, which effectively avoid the interface between the micro/nano-scaled components to eliminate the mechanical fragility. Comparative investigations confirm that the elevated robustness is attributed by the synergistic effect from the ‘semi-cured’ surface and the formation mechanism of subsequent hierarchical structures. The flexible film thus exhibits significantly improved stability against mechanical damage (ultrasonic processing, adhesive pressing, and linear abrasion), chemical corrosion, and water-jet impalement (∼10.4 m s−1 at ∼ 0.17 MPa). With the realization of co-existent features and real-life applications, the green methodology should be promising to open up an avenue that moves superhydrophobicity further to our world.

Development of a novel cellulose foam augmented with candle-soot derived carbon nanoparticles for solar-powered desalination of brackish water

Candle soot nanoparticles deposited onto hydrophilic cellulose foam greatly improved the solar-powered steam generation and yield of freshwater, resulting in the production of low-cost potable water from brackish input water.

Superhydrophobic Candle Soot as a Low Fouling Stable Coating on Water Treatment Membrane Feed Spacers.

Membrane separation processes including reverse osmosis are now considered essential techniques for water and wastewater treatment, especially in water-scarce areas where desalination and water reuse can augment the water supply. However, biofouling remains a significant challenge for these processes and in general for marine biological fouling, which results in increased energy consumption and high operational costs. Especially in flat sheet membrane modules, intense biofilm growth occurs on the feed spacer at points of contact to the membrane surface. Here, we developed an ultrastable superhydrophobic antibiofouling feed spacer that resists biofilm growth. A commercial polypropylene feed spacer was coated with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), and then, candle soot nanoparticles (CSNPs) were embedded into the ultrathin layer of PDMS, which resulted in a superhydrophobic nanostructured surface with a contact angle >150°. The CSNP-coated spacer was examined for inhibition of biofilm growth by a cross-flow membrane channel using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01), and the coating was examined for effectiveness in marine fouling by testing the adhesion of marine bacterium Cobetia marina and diatom Navicula perminuta in a dynamic accumulation assay. In all cases, the CSNP coatings showed almost complete elimination of biofilm growth under the conditions tested. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated a 99% reduction in biofilm growth on the modified spacers compared to the uncoated controls. This effect was attributed to the superhydrophobic nanostructured surface, where trapped gasses formed a plastron on the coating. This plastron was observed to be extremely stable over time and could even be replenished at elevated temperatures. Development of similar antibiofouling coatings on feed spacers or other marine applications might lead to improvements in many industrial processes including membrane filtration where increased membrane life span and reduced energy consumption are key to implementation.

Waxing the soot: Practical fabrication of all-organic superhydrophobic coatings from candle soot and carnauba wax

Commercial application of superhydrophobic coatings is hindered by insufficient durability and use of materials with high costs and limited availability. In this study, we report a robust water impact resistant all-organic superhydrophobic coating that is prepared from low-cost colloidal dispersion composed of carnauba wax and candle soot. The colloidal dispersion is stable and can be spray-coated onto virtually any surfaces. The coated surfaces exhibit superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 172° and sliding angle of 3°, and retain superhydrophobicity even after 400 cycles of continuous water spray with an impact pressure of 7.4 kPa. The synergetic combination of candle soot and carnauba wax, together with the deposition method, solvent used to disperse materials, and spray-coating distance are critically important for the superhydrophobicity and mechanical durability. The robustness of the coatings emerges from the two-tier hierarchical structure of the dried particles which is formed by evaporation induced self-assembly of wax molecules and candle soot nanoparticles. Applications in self-cleaning and oil/water separation are demonstrated, where a coated membrane can be continuously operated, solely driven by gravity, and can separate common organic liquids such as hexane and toluene from water with a separation efficiency of more than 90 % at a high flux of 1061 L / (m2 h).

Low-cost and facile fabrication of a candle soot/adsorbent cotton 3D-interfacial solar steam generation for effective water evaporation

Solar-driven water evaporation is considered an environmental-friendly method for energy-efficient clean water production. However, directly using solar energy to generate steam is impractical due to its high cost, complex systems, and low efficiency. Herein, a candle soot (CS)/adsorbent cotton (AC) 3D-interfacial solar steam generation (3D-ISSG) with simple configuration and off-grid operation was reported by depositing low cost and conveniently fabrication candle soot nanoparticles on adsorbent cotton matrix via a simple home-made process. In this system, the 3D photothermal cone was introduced to separate the contact area between bulk water and the CS/AC membrane to minimize the heat loss, accordingly achieving an efficient interface heating to further improve the water evaporation rate. The synthesized CS/AC 3D-ISSG is easy to fabricate, thus achieving a lower cost for water evaporation. The fabricated CS/AC 3D-ISSG achieved water evaporation rates of 1.27 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun with a solar thermal conversion efficiency up to 80.70%. The results of this work provide a reference for further study of photothermal materials with low cost and excellent properties and their application in clean water production.

Tunable adsorption activity of candle soot nanoparticles depending on the flame height* *The maximum adsorption capacity for IFP and OFP as predicted by the Langmuir isotherm showed OFP is better adsorbent than that of IFP.

The candle soot particles were collected from the inner and outer regions of the candle flame and their dye adsorption capacities were compared. The surface area of inner flame particles (IFP) and outer flame particles (OFP) was recorded as 48 and 88 m2 g−1, respectively. The coatings of OFP and IFP were found hydrophobic and hydrophilic, respectively. The adsorptive removal of Methylene blue (MB) (conc. 50 mg l−1) was ∼40% higher with OFP than that of IFP. Similarly, significantly higher adsorption was recorded during the adsorption of ciprofloxacin and detergent for OFP than that of IFP. The pseudo-second-order model is found most suitable to explain the kinetic data of adsorption.

A flexible laser ultrasound transducer for Lamb wave-based structural health monitoring

Lamb waves are widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) for plate-like structures. In this paper, a new and flexible ultrasonic transducer with a high photo-acoustic conversion efficiency was proposed by using candle soot nanoparticles (CSNPs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Experimental results demonstrate that the developed transducer can generate a longitudinal wave with a short duration of 0.28 μs under the illumination of a nanosecond laser pulse. The amplitude of the excited longitudinal wave is 10 times that of the signal generated by the traditional laser ultrasound technique. Further, wedge-shape transducers were developed to excite Lamb waves in a 1.5-mm thick aluminum substrate by the oblique incidence method. The specific dA0 and S0 modes of the Lamb wave with the central frequency of 647 kHz were successfully excited in the aluminum plate. Based on the synthetic aperture focusing imaging technique, a delay-and-sum signal processing method was adopted for damage location in the plate by using the A0 mode Lamb. A 3.5-mm defect was well imaged and the results demonstrate that the developed flexible photo-acoustic transducer can be a good alternative method for SHM.

Fabrication of Three Dimensional Hierarchical Carbon Microelectrodes As High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Introduction Lithium-Ion batteries (LIB) are one of the potential energy storage devices that are used in a wide range of applications from miniaturized devices to high power-driven electric vehicles[1,2]. In electric vehicle requirements, LIB has to deliver high energy/power density. It is a fact that the electrochemical performance of a LIB is majorly dependent on its active electrode materials. Hence, the design and material aspects of electrodes have become an exciting area for the scientific community to achieve high energy/power densities.In this paper, candle soot (CS) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are synthesized using facile flame synthesis and modified hummers method, respectively. Later on, these materials are integrated with three-dimensional (3-D) carbon microelectrode to fabricate hierarchical electrodes via a simple drop-casting method. As prepared electrode samples are characterized physically and structurally using SEM and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Further, these 3-D hierarchical electrodes are electrochemically characterized using them as an anode in half-cell configuration. Experimental: SU 8 3D micropillars with 50µm height, 25µm diameter, and 35µm spacing are prepared on SS wafer using UV Flood Exposure Lithography Technique. Thus, obtained micropillars are pyrolyzed under the controlled N2 atmosphere in a tubular furnace at 900ºC to obtain 3D carbon microelectrodes [3]. Later for the preparation of hybrid electrodes, the rGO and CS are drop-casted on the microelectrodes to yield 3-D hierarchical electrodes named GHE and CHE respectively. As fabricated, 3-D hierarchical hybrid electrodes are used as a working electrode, lithium foil as the counter electrode in the coin cell (CR2032) half-cell assembly for electrochemical testing. Results and discussions: Figure 1a shows the SEM image of CHE on the SS substrate. The unique and uniform mushroom topology of the CHE is presented in figure 1a. This is due to the instant vaporization of ethanol solvent during the heat treatment drop-casting technique. Figure 1 shows the interconnected CS nanoparticles present in the spaces and as well as on microelectrodes. Therefore, we could fabricate a multiscale hybrid high surface area electrodes where carbon nanoparticles are deposited on carbon microelectrodes.The electrochemical performance of CHE at different current densities is summarized in figure 1b. The cell exhibits high discharge capacities of 645, 551, 466, 356, and 264 mAhg-1 at 37.2, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mAg-1 current densities, respectively. Further detailed characterizations with SEM images, RAMAN Spectra of these hybrid electrodes including GHE and their electrochemical performance results will be presented in the conference.