Candle Rapeseed Meal Research Articles

Evaluation of Tower and Candle rapeseed (canola) meal and Bronowski rapeseed protein concentrate as protein supplements in practical dry diets for juvenile chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

A laboratory study and a pilot-scale hatchery experiment were carried out to determine the acceptability of rapeseed products as protein supplements in diets for chinook salmon. Replacement of 10 and 13% of the protein in a modified Abernathy dry diet with protein from Tower or Candle rapeseed meal or Bronowski rapeseed protein concentrate did not alter growth rate, food or protein utilization, body composition, thyroid or pituitary cytology, osmoregulatory capacity, health or mortality of chinook salmon. However, growth rate and food (protein) utilization were reduced when 25% of protein was replaced by rapeseed meal, but not when replaced by Bronowski rapeseed protein concentrate. Condition factors of chinook fed rapeseed products at the intermediate or highest levels were often significantly elevated. Hatchery performance of chinook salmon fed a dry diet where 13% of protein was provided from Tower meal was similar to that when Oregon moist pellets were fed except for a compensatory increase in thyroid activity in the former fish. It is concluded that rapeseed products of the canola type are good protein supplements for chinook salmon and can comprise 13 to 16% of dietary protein (16 to 20% of dietary dry matter).

EVALUATION OF CANDLE RAPESEED MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR SWINE

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate rapeseed meal (RSM) produced from seed of Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’ in comparison with B. napus L. ’Tower’, soybean meal and fababeans (Vicia faba) as protein supplements for growing swine. In experiment 1 Candle RSM (5, 10 or 15%) was substituted for soybean meal or fababeans in barley- and wheat-based diets for 120 pigs from 23 to 88 kg liveweight. The effects of supplementary iodine (0.14 mg I/kg diet) and amino acids (0.15% lysine and 0.05% methionine) on the nutritive value of Candle RSM were also studied. The results of experiment 1 indicated that daily feed intake and carcass value index were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by diets. The growth and feed utilization responses of pigs fed diets which contained soybean meal and fababeans as the sole source of supplementary protein were similar and the replacement of these protein supplements with Candle RSM, unless supplemented with amino acids, resulted in a reduction in rate of growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Gains adjusted by regression for feed intake variations showed benefit from lysine. Diets containing 15 % of either Candle or Tower RSM, plus lysine, were utilized about 95% as efficiently as soybean meal diets. Supplementation with iodine produced no significant response. The digestibility coefficients of the protein and energy of Candle RSM and soybean meal were determined in experiment 2. The apparent digestibility of protein in Candle RSM was 81% and energy digestibility was 71%. The digestible energy content was 14.12 MJ/kg (3370 kcal/kg), dry matter basis.

APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF TOWER AND CANDLE RAPESEED MEALS BY HOLSTEIN BULL CALVES

Four Holstein bull calves, 18–20 wk of age and averaging 190 kg were used to determine the apparent digestibility of soybean meal (SBM), Tower and Candle rapeseed meals (RSM). Diets containing the RSM were lower (P < 0.05) in dry matter (DM) digestibility than the SBM diet. Apparent digestibilities of DM, acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and energy were not different (P > 0.05) among the three oil meals. However, the rapeseed meals tended to result in lower DM and energy digestibilities compared to that of the SBM sample. Apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the SBM than the Candle RSM and similar to Tower RSM. However, the data would suggest that the differences in apparent protein digestion coefficients are due to differences in protein contents of the experimental diets and the daily N consumption by the calves.

Apparent Amino Acid Availability and Apparent Metabolizable Energy Values of Tower and Candle Rapeseeds and Rapeseed Meals

An experiment was conducted to measure the amino acid (AA) availability and metabolizable energy of whole and ground Tower and Candle rapeseeds (RS). This was done by the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) method of total excreta collection using mature White Leghorn cockerels. Since the AA availability values were not corrected for metabolic plus endogenous AA losses they were called apparent AA availability (AAAA) values. A sample of soybean meal (SBM) and Tower and Candle rapeseed meals (RSM) were also included in the experiment. The AAAA values for the whole and ground RS of any particular cultivar did not differ significantly. The values for Tower RS were higher than those for the Candle RS or the two RSM. However, compared with those of the RS and RSM, the SBM showed somewhat higher AAAA values. The AME values of whole Tower and Candle RS were much lower than the corresponding values obtained with ground seed. Furthermore, Candle RS, whole or ground, was lower in AME content than the corresponding values for Tower rapeseed. The Tower and Candle RSM were similar in their AME contents but lower than the SBM. The AAAA and AME results with RS showed that while grinding increased the AME values of the seeds, it did not enhance their AA availabilities.

A COMPARISON OF RAPESEED MEAL AND SOYBEAN MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN AND PROTECTED LIPID AS A SOURCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL ENERGY FOR CALF STARTER DIETS

Thirty male Holstein calves were utilized in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment designed to compare rapeseed meal (cv. Candle) and soybean meal as protein supplements and 0, 10, and 20% levels of protected lipid as a form of supplemental energy for starter rations. The six rations were fed free choice from 21 to 70 days of the experiment with whole milk fed at 10% of body weight from 0 to 42 days. Starter intake was similar for the two protein sources but significantly less for the ration containing 10% protected lipid compared to either the 0 or 20% levels. Body weight gain was faster for calves fed the starter containing 20% protected lipid compared to those fed the 10% level. Efficiency of feed conversion was greater for calves receiving protected lipid. There were no differences between protein source in dry matter intake, body weight gain, efficiency of feed conversion, apparent dry matter digestibility or dressing percent. Plasma glucose and percent hematocrit were significantly lower and percent kidney fat significantly higher for calves fed starter rations containing soybean meal. The relative availability of copper was reduced significantly when soybean meal or 20% protected lipid formed part of the starter diet. It was concluded from this study that Candle rapeseed meal was a suitable source of supplemental protein for calf starter diets and that the inclusion of protected lipid improved feed conversion of calves from 43 to 70 days of age.

THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF RAPESEED MEAL FOR CAGED LAYERS

A total of 1536 SCWL pullets of two commercial genotypes (768 of each) were fed soybean meal (SM), Tower or Candle rapeseed meal (RSM) during either the growing and laying period or both. RSM can replace a major portion (74%) of the soybean meal of starter and grower diets without adversely affecting mortality or feed consumption. Differences were observed between the two genotypes for all traits measured during the laying period, except for mortality. Switching the birds from a SM grower diet to a 15% RSM layer diet resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in mortality. In general, the feeding of Tower RSM during both the growing and laying period resulted in heavier birds, earlier sexual maturity, higher egg production and improved feed efficiency compared to when diets containing Candle RSM were fed.

The Nutritional Value of Tower and Candle Rapeseed Meals for Turkey Broilers Housed under Different Lighting Conditions

A total of 1200 poults were housed in a split plot arrangment to evaluate four different dietary treatments and three light treatments. Pre-starter and starter diets contained 0 or 10% Tower rapeseed meal (RSM), Candle RSM, combination of Tower and Candle RSM (50:50), and 0 or 20% of these RSM treatments, respectively. Grower, developer, and finisher diets contained 0 or 30% of these RSM treatments, respectively. The light treatments tested were continuous (23L:1D), intermittent (4L:2D), and total darkness. Tower and Candle RSM, singularly or in combination, when included in turkey diets resulted in significantly lower mortality, higher live weights, improved feed conversion, higher percentage Grade A carcasses, and improved monetary returns. There were no significant differences observed for any of these traits for turkeys raised under continuous or intermittent lighting or total darkness. There was, however, some indication that the turkeys tended to perform better under intermittent lighting. No light X diet interaction was observed for any of the traits measured indicating that the turkeys responded in a similar manner regardless of the diet or light treatment.

ACCEPTANCE OF RAPESEED MEAL (CV. CANDLE) BY HORSES

Nineteen yearling horses were fed diets supplemented with four different levels of Candle rapeseed meal. For the four groups, no significant differences were found for voluntart feed intake, average daily gain or feed conversion efficiency. These results suggest that Candle rapeseed meal is an acceptable supplement for horses.

Effect of Dietary Rapeseed Products on the Selenium Content of Meat and Eggs

A series of experiments was conducted in which practical use levels of Tower and Candle rapeseed meals were included in diets for broiler chickens, laying hens and growing-finishing pigs to determine the efficacy of these products in providing selenium to the animals. Organic selenium from rapeseed was better utilized than the inorganic selenium from sodium selenite. At use levels of 15-20% rapeseed meal in corn, soybean type diets for broiler chickens, laying hens or growing-finishing pigs no inorganic selenium need be added to prevent Se deficiency, and the meat and eggs produced would appear to be at desirable levels of Se for human consumption.

EFFECTS OF STEAM PELLETING DIETS CONTAINING TWO VARIETIES OF RAPESEED MEAL ON PIG PERFORMANCE

An experiment was conducted during the late fall and winter months with 96 Yorkshire barrows and gilts to study the effects on pig performance of feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM) and lysine-HCl (0.1%) supplemented corn-SBM-Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn-SBM-Candle RSM diets, in the form of mash (corn was medium-ground) and steam pellets. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, efficiency of feed conversion (feed to gain ratio, F/G) and carcass backfat thickness were measured in pigs reared from 23 kg to 91 kg liveweight. The energy level in the RSM diets was not adjusted to equal that in the corn-SBM diet. Pigs fed Tower RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) feed intake and backfat thickness and pigs fed Candle RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and higher (P < 0.01) F/G compared to the pigs fed SBM. The pigs fed corn-SBM-Tower RSM had a higher (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and lower (P < 0.01) F/G ratio than those fed Candle RSM diets. Steam pelleting of the corn-SBM and corn-SBM-RSM diets improved ADG, feed intake and F/G of the pigs, with the effects being greatest for the RSM diets.

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF SOYBEAN MEAL AND RAPESEED MEALS

The effects of the age of bird and level of feed input on the true metabolizable energy (TME) values of soybean meal and rapeseed meals (RSM), Tower and Candle, were investigated using adult Single Combed White Leghorn (SCWL) cockerels. Feed was administered to each bird in pellet form. In the 10-mo-old birds the input level was 28 g while levels of 15, 30, 45 and 60 g were employed with the 2-yr-old birds. The effect of rapeseed and soybean gums on the TME and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values of their meals as well as the effect of processing method on the TME of RSM were also determined. The TME values obtained with 10-mo-old birds were not significantly different from those determined with the same birds at the age of 2 yr. No regurgitation of feed was encountered at any of the four feed input levels. Although there were some differences in the TME values at the different feed input levels of the feedingstuffs being tested, the value was significantly (P < 0.05) affected only in the case of Candle RSM. The TME values of both Tower and Candle RSM were particularly high at the 60-g input level, most likely due to incomplete excreta output. Soybean and rapeseed gums did not affect the TME and AME values of the meals, possibly due to the low level added (1.5%). Solvent-extracted Tower RSM was significantly higher in TME than pre-press solvent Tower meal; this difference may have been due in part to the difference in lipid content of the two meals.

THE EFFECTS OF LEVELS OF ISOLATION, OR VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN, HIGH FIBRE HULL FRACTION OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEALS ON RAT OR PIG PERFORMANCE

Forty-eight crossbred pigs of average initial weight 21 kg were fed 10% Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and 10% Candle RSM as partial replacements for soybean meal (SBM). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric. Pigs fed the SBM diet consumed less feed, gained significantly (P < 0.01) faster and were more efficient at converting feed to gain than those fed the RSM diets. Performance of pigs fed Candle RSM was not significantly different to that obtained with Tower RSM. In a second experiment, dehulled Tower RSM and Tower RSM hulls were mixed in amounts to produce RSM with crude fibre levels of 6.8, 10.8, 13.5 and 15.8%. The simulated RSM and Tower and Candle RSM were used to completely replace SBM in the diets of weanling (75 g) Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats fed SBM had significantly (P < 0.05) higher average daily gain (ADG) than those fed Tower or Candle RSM, or diets containing the rapeseed meats. There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in ADG, feed intake or feed to gain ratio of rats fed either Tower or Candle RSM. Feed intake, feed to gain ratio and fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations increased while average daily gain decreased with increasing level of hulls in simulated RSM diets. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in thyroid weight between rats fed SBM, Tower RSM or Candle RSM.

UTILIZATION OF MEAL FROM A NEW RAPESEED VARIETY, BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS CV. CANDLE, IN LAYER DIETS

A new Brassica campestris variety of rapeseed, cv. Candle, is currently being evaluated as an animal feed ingredient for use in Canada. This rapeseed has a lighter-colored seed coat and slightly less fiber than established varieties. Isocaloric (2,805 kcal metabolizable energy/kg), isonitrogenous (17% crude protein) corn–soy based mash diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10 or 15% Candle rapeseed meal. Each diet was offered to eight replicate groups of 12 caged commercial White Leghorn hens, Feed intake, egg production, egg weight and egg shell deformation were measured during each of ten 28-day periods of lay. Rapeseed meal had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on any of these parameters. Unlike older varieties, Candle meal did not depress egg weight when used at levels up to 10% of the diet, although at 15% inclusion there was an indication of reduced egg size. Diet had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on mortality or incidence of liver hemorrhage. From a consideration of all production characteristics, it would appear to be safe to recommend a level of 5–10% Candle rapeseed meal in diets for laying hens.

A COMPARISON OF CANDLE AND TOWER RAPESEED MEALS IN LAMB, SHEEP AND BEEF STEER RATIONS

The meal from Candle, a new strain of rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, glucosinolates and fiber was compared with the meal from Tower rapeseed that is low in erucic acid and glucosinolates. Sheep were fed equal quantities of chopped timothy hay and one of the test rapeseed meals. The digestibility coefficients of the diets containing Candle rapeseed meal with respect to dry matter, nitrogen, organic matter, energy, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were significantly greater than those for diets containing Tower rapeseed meal. Lambs were fed a creep ration containing barley or corn and up to 32% rapeseed meal. While there were no differences in lamb growth rates before weaning, those consuming Candle rapeseed meal in the creep rations after weaning tended to grow faster and with greater feed efficiency (kg DM/kg gain; Mcal gross energy/kg gain) than did those receiving Tower rapeseed meal and the corresponding grain. These differences were not statistically significant. Corn silage, barley and Tower or Candle rapeseed meals were fed to growing beef steers in rations formulated to produce weight gains of 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 kg/day. Those animals receiving Candle rapeseed meal tended to have poorer feed efficiencies at the low rate of gain and better feed efficiencies at the intermediate and high rates of gain although differences in growth were not significant. It was concluded from those experiments that Candle rapeseed meal was as good as, if not better than, Tower rapeseed meal in ruminant rations.