Candida Tropicals Research Articles

Yeast fungi in the etiology of animal mycoses

760 samples of biological material from various regions of the Russian Federation were studied, 320 isolates of yeast fungi were isolated, which amounted to 42.10% of the total number of samples. Of the 760 samples, 29.0% belonged to cattle, 11.8% to small cattle, 13.0% to horses, 1.6% to camels, 7.2% to cats and 17.5% to dogs, 1.8% to raw milk and 0.8% to environmental objects (OVS). Most of the isolated isolates (240) of yeast fungi belonged to fungi of the genus Candida, which amounted to 75%. The species diversity of fungi of the genus Candida is represented by 15 species. The largest number of isolates belong to the species Candida albicans, Candida catenulata, Candida kefyr Candida krusei, Candida membranifaciens, Candida pararugosa and Candida tropicals. These species of fungi of the genus Candida are known as pathogens of fungal infections in humans and animals. The species diversity of species not belonging to the genus Candida is limited to 7 species in 5 genera – Geotrichum, Malassezia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces and Trichosporon. The fact of the development of resistance of some yeast species to the most commonly used antifungal drugs (fluconazole and voriconazole) has been established. It was revealed that 30% of the studied isolates of the genus Candida are resistant to fluconazole, 32% are dose–dependent, 38% are sensitive, 28% are resistant to voriconazole, 30% are dose–dependent, 42% are sensitive. Isolates not belonging to the genus Candida showed resistance to fluconazole 19%, 38% - dose–dependent, 43% - sensitive, voriconazole – 23% – resistant, 18% – dose–dependent and 59% - sensitive. The proportion of isolates of yeast fungi resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole isolated from animals is quite large, in some cases it is up to 50% (C. tropicalis). A high level of resistance was found in isolates of Candida albicans, Candida catenulata, Candida rugosa and Candida pararugosa, which can significantly complicate the treatment of infections caused by them and contribute to the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance.

Yeast species of diverse functionality in health sciences: A concise report

The health of a living being is of paramount importance in productivity, which may be human productivity, animal productivity, crop plant productivity, or aquaculture productivity. Among the several pathogenic entities responsible to affect health, yeast is emerging as an important pathogen, while on the other hand; it is also being used as a probiotic agent in treating certain diseases of human and animals. These single-cell budding microorganisms are inhabitant of soil, water, and environment, and are associated with decomposing and fermenting material, living being, and agricultural crops and produce. These are specific in their association, activities, and role and belong to different genera/species. The most common yeast species that act as agents of human disease are species of Candida particularly Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Similarly, the most evident emerging yeast pathogens are Malassezia furfur, Trichosporon beigelii, Rhodotorula species, Hansenula anomala, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida krusei. The yeast responsible for animal infection and diseases mostly belongs to Candida species, the most important being C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C.krusei besides some other candida species to cause various types of infectious diseases in animals. Cryptococcus neoformis and Cryptococcus gattii are other two important yeast of the Cryptococcus genus implicated in animal diseases. Other cryptococcus species like C. laurentii and C. albidus affect immunocompromised animals. The yeast Malassezia is also reported to cause disease in animals. Bird’s infections are mostly reported to cause by species of Candida. The yeast species useful as probiotics in the treatment of human health ailments includes Saccharomyces boulardii, while in the use of animal and poultry health is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast species known to cause disease infection in Marine animals include the ascomycetous yeasts which comprise 9 known species from four genera (viz. Candida, Meyerozyma, Kodamaea, and Wickerhamomyces), and the basidiomycetous yeasts comprises 10 known species from eight genera (viz. Vishniacozyma, Filobasidium, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, Sterigmatomyces, Cystobasidium, Rhodotorula, and Rhodosporidiobolus). The species with the highest occurrence is Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The yeast species involved in plant growth-promoting activities directly or indirectly includes the species of Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Geotrichum, Williopsis, Hanseniaspora, Meyerozyma, Torulaspora, Trichosporon, Pichia, Debaryomyces, Lachanceae and Rhodosporidiu ; While the yeast species implicated in plant disease control activities includes Candida tropicals, Candida valida, Candida saitoana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Zygosaccharomyces bailli, Aureobasidium sp, Pichia caribaea, Geotrichum candidum, Trichosporon asahii and Eremothecium cymbalariae. The diverse functionality of these yeasts is discussed in this paper.

Antimicrobial Activity of Coriander sativum

The increasing rate of drug-repellent pathogens and poisonousness of existing antiseptic compounds has strained attention toward activity of antimicrobial products which are natural. Main purpose of this research was to assess antimicrobial activity of seeds and leaves of Coriandrum sativum’s essential oil, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Coriandrum sativum’s ethanol extracts and essential oils. Numerous approaches were used in reviewing the antioxidant activity such as, p-anisidine test – malonaldhyde, DPPH and peroxide value. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts towards six microbial strains; two bacterial strains (Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus), one yeast (Candida tropicals) and three fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp and Emericella nidulans) was assessed by determination of inhibition zone and count of bacteria, yeast and spares of fungus. The antimicrobial mechanisms found in these essential oils have been explained on the basis of their content in natural compounds such as carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and c-terpinene, among others. Although these two essential oils have received much attention, scientists working in the fields of biomedicine and food science are paying increasing attention to a wider variety of aromatic natural oils in an effort to identify original and natural applications for the inhibition of microbial pathogens. In conclusion, utilization of coriander or their components as food additives will increase the antioxidant and the antimicrobial potential of the food which prevent food deterioration and improve the shelf-life of food beside its nutritional value. The results revealed that the leaves extracts have high levels of phenolics than the seeds extract. Concerning antioxidant activity, significant decreases (p>0.001) were observed in peroxide, P- anisidine and TBA values as compared to control oil. On the other hand, scavenging activity % of the four extracts on DPPH radical were higher than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) especially with high concentration (1000 μg/ ml). Regarding antimicrobial activity, the results showed that the extract of coriander seeds has the highest reduction percent in growth of all the examined microorganisms. The result also revealed that Mucor sp was resistant to the action of parsley extracts while Aspergillus flavus has the highest resistance against coriander extracts.

Evaluation of Candidal Carriage Among Smokers and Non-Smokers

Objectives: To determine the Candidal carriage among smokers and non-smokers and with different intra-oral sites including examination of various biotypes of Candida. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional based study conducted at Dr. Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences and Dow International Dental College, Karachi, from May 2017 till April 2018. Methodology: Comprised 100 patients (50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers) between 20 and 60 years of age. The collection was performed through sterile cotton swab to evaluate oral Candidal carriage and the colonizing Candida species using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and API20C AUX (BIOMERIEUX). Data was analyzed Spss version 20. Results: A total of 100 participants (50 smokers and 50 non-smokers) were evaluated for candidal carriage. The common age group was 20-30 years in both the groups, without significant difference (p-value 0.79). Frequency of candidal carriage was comparable among smokers 14 (28.0%) to non-smokers 10 (20.0%), with a statistically insignificant p-value 0.35. Based on various biotypes among smokers and non-smokers, Candida albicans was 9(18%) and 7(14%), Candida glabrata was 4(8%) and 2(4%); and Candida tropicallis was 1(2%) each for both smokers and non smokers. Dorsum of tongue harbored all prevalent biotypes i.e. Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis as statistically significant among smokers (p-value 0.04). Conclusion: Candidal carriage was comparable among smokers and non-smokers. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were the common biotypes predominantly among smokers

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites of fungi isolated from Sultanate Oman soil

Seven fungal species were isolated from soil samples collected from the University of Sultan Qaboos, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. The fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus athecius, A. terreus var. africans, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. foetidus, Fusarium chlamydosporum and F. nygamai. Phytochemical and chromatographic investigation showed variety of secondary metabolites in all of the fugal extracts (extra and intra cellular). The antimicrobial activity of internal and external extracts of the isolated fungal species were screened against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus gordonii, S. mutans. The antimicrobial activity of external secondary metabolites was generally better than the internal metabolites. The highest antimicrobial activity (32 mm, 30 mm and 29 mm) was obtained from external secondary metabolites of Aspergillus flavus against Candida tropicals, Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans, respectively.

English

Due to widespread bacterial resistance to commercial antibiotics, the search for capable substances to combating these microorganisms became a priority. In this context, the endophytic fungi gained prominence as potential producers of bioactive substances with pharmacological interest. It is considering that endophytes are still poorly studied, especially in tropical species. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of endophytic fungi associated with the medicinal plant Casearia sylvestris were isolated and evaluated. A total of 162 strains were obtained, among these strains, 34 were selected for antimicrobial assays, after molecular sorting with oligonucleotide (GTG)5. A total of 25 isolates showed some antifungal and / or antibacterial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and yeasts Candida albicans and Candida tropicallis. The results show the endophytic fungi present in C. sylvestris have a high potential to produce bioactive compounds inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms. Key words: Endophytic fungi, Casearia sylvestris, antimicrobial, secondary metabolites.

Essential oil composition and bioactivity of <i>Thuja orientalis</i> and <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i>

The chemical composition of the essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus from aerial parts of Thuja orientalis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in Ondo State, Nigeria was analysed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry technique. Toxicity of the essential oils using anti-feedant and filter paper methods on Callosobrochus maculatus was also carried out after 6 and 24 hours application. Antibacterial and antifungal activity against ten pathogens which are Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus subtillis, Staphyclococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumonia as bacteria and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida tropicallis and Fusarium solari as fungal were carried out. The results of the GC-MS showed that twentythree compounds representing 93.73% of total oil of T. orientalis with α-pinene (32.93%), Δ-3- carene (20.43%), benzyl alcohol (8.69%), myrcene (8.18%), α-terpineol (6.01%) and limonene (5.02%) as the major components. Also, five components which constituted 97.37% of the total oil of E. camaldulensis were identified with 1,8- cineole (73.94%), Limonene (9.22%), Cymene (5.90%), Geraniol (5.20%) and α-pinene (3.11%). The results of the toxicity of the Essential oils showed that 100% mortality were recorded for antifeedant of both plants, except at 0.1mL/g concentration for T. orientalis which has 96.7% and that of filter paper ranged between 83 to 100% for T. orientalis and 70 to 100% for E. camaldulensis. T. orientalis showed inhibition against all the tested organisms in the order of Klebsiella pneumonia > Bacillus subtillis > Streptococcus pneumonia > Salmonella paratyphi > Escherichia coli for bacterial and Candida tropicalis > Aspergillus flavus > Aspergillus niger > Fusarium solari for fungus. The order of activity of E. camldulensis is staphylococcus aureus > Bacillus subtillis > Salmonella paratyphi > Streptococcus pneumonia and Fusarium solari > Candida tropicalis > Aspergillus flavus with Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger showing resistance to the oil. Keywords : Essential oils, Thuja orientalis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, toxicity, bioactivity, organism.

Facile synthesis, thermal degradation and effective antimicrobial activities of Cu (II) complexes withbis[3-acetoxy-2-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-chromone

AbstractThis article reports the synthesis of bis [3-acetoxy-2-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-chromone] Cu (II) complexes 6(a–g) in 1:2 stoichiometry ratio of copper acetate and 3-acetoxy-2-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-chromone. While chelating ligands, active functionalized 3-acetoxyflavones (2-aryl/heteroaryl-3-acetoxy-4H-chromones) 5(a–g) are synthesized by Algar–Flynn–Oyamada transformation of chalcones (1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones) 4(a–g). The synthesized copper complexes are characterized by the standard techniques such as physical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-reflectance spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility and thermal analysis. Furthermore, antimicrobial activities are investigated using the standard methods. The antifungal activity was tested against Rhizoctonia solani and Candida tropicals, while antibacterial activity was screened against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Síntese de beta-N-acetilglicosaminídeos de arila modificados em C-6 como potenciais agentes antimicrobianos

We report herein the synthesis of aryl b-N-acetylglucosaminides containing azido, amino and acetamido groups at C-6 as potential antimicrobial agents. It was expected that these compounds could interfere with the biosynthesis and/or biotransformation of N-acetylglucosamine in fungi and bacteria. None of the compounds showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), filamentous fungus (Aspergillus niger) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicallis), at the concentration of 1 mg/mL in agar diffusion assay.

Degradation of Pyrene in Soils by Free and Immobilized Yeasts, Candida tropicals

The aim of this research was to ascertain the efficacy of immobilized yeasts for the degradation of pyrene in soil. Pyrene degradation by individual yeasts and their mixtures was clearly enhanced when the yeasts were immobilized with chemical and physical entrapments, and cross-shaped beads from physical entrapment were more promising than spherical beads from chemical entrapment. Immobilized yeast mixture Candida tropicals Y 219 + Y 220 showed the best degradation of pyrene, exhibiting collaboration in pyrene removal. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated good macroporous structure for mass transfer of substrates and immobilized cell growth.

Similarity between the in vitro activity and toxicity of two different Fungizone/Lipofundin admixtures.

Amphotericin B (AmB), an antifungal agent that presents a broad spectrum of activity, remains the gold standard in the antifungal therapy. However, sometimes the high level of toxicity forbids its clinical use. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and toxicity in vitro of Fungizon (AmB-D) and two new different AmB formulations. three products were studied: Fungizon, and two Fungizon /Lipofundin admixtures, which were diluted through two methods: in the first one, Fungizon was previously diluted with water for injection and then, in Lipofundin (AmB-DAL); the second method consisted of a primary dilution of AmB-D as a powder in the referred emulsion (AmB-DL). For the in vitro assay, two cell models were used: Red Blood Cells (RBC) from human donors and Candida tropicallis (Ct). The in vitro evaluation (K+ leakage, hemoglobin leakage and cell survival rate-CSR) was performed at four AmB concentrations (from 50 to 0.05 mg x L(-1)). The results showed that the action of AmB was not only concentration dependent, but also cellular type and vehicle kind dependent. At AmB concentrations of 50 mg x L(-1), although the hemoglobin leakage for AmB-D was almost complete (99.51), for AmB-DAL and AmB-DL this value tended to zero. The p = 0.000 showed that AmB-D was significantly more hemolytic. The Fungizon-Lipofundin admixtures seem to be the more valuable AmB carrier systems due to their best therapeutic index presented.

Similarity between the in vitro activity and toxicity of two different fungizone™ / lipofundin™ admixtures

PURPOSE: Amphotericin B (AmB), an antifungal agent that presents a broad spectrum of activity, remains the gold standard in the antifungal therapy. However, sometimes the high level of toxicity forbids its clinical use. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and toxicity in vitro of Fungizon™ (AmB-D) and two new different AmB formulations. METHODS: three products were studied: Fungizon™, and two Fungizon™ /Lipofundin™ admixtures, which were diluted through two methods: in the first one, Fungizon™ was previously diluted with water for injection and then, in Lipofundin™ (AmB-DAL); the second method consisted of a primary dilution of AmB-D as a powder in the referred emulsion (AmB-DL). For the in vitro assay, two cell models were used: Red Blood Cells (RBC) from human donors and Candida tropicallis (Ct). The in vitro evaluation (K+ leakage, hemoglobin leakage and cell survival rate-CSR) was performed at four AmB concentrations (from 50 to 0.05mg.L-1). RESULTS: The results showed that the action of AmB was not only concentration dependent, but also cellular type and vehicle kind dependent. At AmB concentrations of 50 mg.L-1, although the hemoglobin leakage for AmB-D was almost complete (99.51), for AmB-DAL and AmB-DL this value tended to zero. The p = 0.000 showed that AmB-D was significantly more hemolytic. CONCLUSION: The Fungizon™-Lipofundin™ admixtures seem to be the more valuable AmB carrier systems due to their best therapeutic index presented.

Application of DNA technology to study the genetic biodiversity of yeast strains (S. cerevisiae) based on RAPD markers

A genomic DNA of nine yeast strains has been extracted from total cellular DNA, previously amplified according to RAPD procedure. Two random 10-mer primers were used to assay polymorphisms among nine yeast strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicals, Rhodotuala glutinis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae GT160-34B, positive control (standard DNA) yeast, S. cerevisiae GT160-346 Mutant, S. cerevisiae strain obtained from the Egyptian Sugar and Distillation Company, Hawamdia, a diploid wild type S. cerevisiae and a haploid wild type S. cerevisiae. Different RAPD fragment patterns were observed for different nine yeast strains. Results showed that there are great differences among all nine strains. Also, data demonstrated that the RAPD marker is useful for systematic investigation at the level of yeast strains.

Encapsulation of nickel(II) and copper(II) by a tetraazamacrocyclic ligand

A tetraazamacrocyclic ligand, L, containing six non-equivalent benzene rings, derived from the condensation of benzil with 1,2- diaminobenzene, has been isolated and its complexes [MLCl2] (M = Ni2+ and Cu2+) prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, i.r., u.v.–vis., e.p.r. spectral studies, magnetic moments, redox potentials and conductivity measurements. The complexes have axially elongated octahedral geometries with two axial chlorines, and adopt the trans-configuration. These studies also indicate the covalent nature and the high-spin octahedral structure for these complexes. A cyclic voltammetric investigation reveals that the complexes exhibit a single one-electron redox couple, as anticipated for a copper(II) complex (Cu2+/Cu+) and a single two-electron redox couple for a nickel(II) complex (Ni2+/Ni0). The electrochemical processes are considered quasi-reversible. Antimicrobial activities of the ligand and the complexes have been tested against Bacillus megaterium and Candida tropicallis.

New Derivatives of Benzimidazole and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Azolium salts and neutral 2-aryl derivatives of benzimidazole, benzothiazole and benzoxazole were synthesized and compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and microanalytical methods. In this work the salts 1 and the neutral compounds 2 were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against standard strains: Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Candida albicans and Candida tropicals.The compounds 1f, 1g, 1l, lm, 1n, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2e, 2f showed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Candida albicans and Candida tropicals, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 50 to 200 μg/mL. Compounds 1f, 1g, 1l, 1m, 2b, 2c showed the highest activity. Benzothiazolium and benzoxazolium salts were more active than 1,3-disubsti-tuted benzimidazolium salts and neutral 2-substituted benzimidazole, benzothiazole and benzoxazole derivatives.

Ultrastructure, composition of neutral lipids and their fatty acids of Candida tropicalis strain D-2 mutants resistant to the polyene antibiotic nystatin

This report deals with data on the cell ultrastructure of Candida tropicals strain D-2 mutants resistant to the polyene antibiotic, nystatin, and with an analysis of the fractional composition of neutral lipids and their fatty acids. The ultrastructural organization of the mutant cells is characterized by thickening of the cell wall and formation of invaginations into the cytoplasm, the appearance of new formations, large vacuoles, and reduction of the system of mitochondrial cristae. Lipids of nys r mutants differ from those of the nys s variant in having a decreased content of steroids and some fractions of neutral lipids. Certain nys r mutants manifest difference in the relative amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (C 16:0, C 16:1, C 18:0, C 18:1).

Mechanism of uptake of liquid hydrocarbons by microorganisms.

AbstractGrowth rates of Candida tropicalis were studied in two different fermentors. One was the ordinary shaker flask containing both the aqueous culture medium and liquid hydrocarbons. The other was a specially designed rotating disk‐type fermentor containing only the aqueous culture medium, into which vapors of n‐paraffins from C6 to C18 were supplied continuously without forming the liquid hydrocarbon phase. The specific growth rates of Candida tropicalis in the rotating disk fermentor, under such conditions that supply of hydrocarbon vapor was sufficient, showed good agreement with those in the shaker flask. This seems to indicate that hydrocarbon uptake by Candida tropicals by direct contact with liquid hydrocarbon is negligible.