Candida Adhesion Research Articles

EVALUATION OF CANDIDA SPP. ADHERENCE TO 3D-PRINTED AND HEAT-CURED PMMA RESIN DENTURES

Introduction: Despite the progress of additive manufacturing, there are different opinions regarding microbial adhesion on the surface of 3D printed dentures and the biocompatiability of the materials. The purpose of this in-vivo study was to determine the presence of Candida species in the saliva, oral mucosa and on dentures of patients wearing heat-cured polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and 3D-printed prosthetic appliances after a three-month period of observation. Materials and methods: The clinical study included 40 edentulous patients, divided into two groups - first group (A) –wearing conventional dentures and second group (B) – wearing 3D printed dentures. It was used chrom agar Candida (Bio Merieux) for identification and quantity assessment of the presence of Candida spp. and spectrophotometric analysis using VITEK MS (Bio Merieux). Results: After three months of wearing the dentures, Candida spp was not isolated in the saliva in 60% of patients in group A and 70% of group B, with no statistically significant difference between the results before the treatment and after the third month. In the third month, Candida spp was isolated from the oral mucosa of 20% of group A and in group B – 10%, with no significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). No Candida spp was isolated from 90% of denture surfaces in both groups. Conclusion: The adhesion of Candida spp. to 3D printed dentures is not higher than conventional dentures made from heat-curing resin. Also, there is no difference between the amount of Candida spp. in the saliva, oral mucosa and denture surfaces.

Investigation of adhesion status of Candida species to the surface of resin materials produced at different angles with additive manufacturing

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion of Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis yeasts to disk-shaped resin materials produced from resin which used in the production of surgical guide with 0, 45 and 90-degrees printing orientations by Liquid Crystal Display additive manufacturing technology.MethodsDisk-shaped specimens were printed with surgical guide resin using the Liquid Crystal Display production technique in 3 printing orientations (0, 45 and 90-degrees). Surface roughness and contact angle values were evaluated. Real-Time PCR analysis was performed to evaluate Candida adhesion (C. glabrata, C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis) Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of the materials were obtained.ResultsSpecimens oriented at 45-degrees demonstrated higher surface roughness (P < .05) and lower contact angle values than other groups. No significant difference was found in the adhesion of C. glabrata, C. albicans, and C. parapsilosis among specimens printed at 0, 45, and 90-degrees orientations (P > .05). A higher proportion of C. krusei and C. tropicalis was found in the specimens printed at orientation degrees of 45 = 90 < 0 with statistical significance. Analyzing the adhesion of all Candida species reveals no statistical disparity among the printing orientations.ConclusionsThe surface roughness, contact angle, and adhesion of certain Candida species are affected by printing orientations. Hence, careful consideration of the printing orientation is crucial for fabricating products with desirable properties. In 45-degree production, roughness increases due to the layered production forming steps, whereas in 0-degree production, certain Candida species exhibit high adhesion due to the formation of porous structures. Consequently, considering these factors, it is advisable to opt for production at 90-degrees, while also considering other anticipated characteristics.

Adherence of Candida albicans to fibrin-clot matrices in a rat model for type 2 diabetes

Individuals with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for the development of infective endocarditis and septic thrombosis. Adherence to fibrin clot matrices by Candida albicans is the initial step in initiation of the infective processes. Clots made from lean (Fa/fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat plasma were used to measure adherence of yeast grown at environmental temperature and human body temperature. Adherence to clots by C. albicans was influenced both by source of plasma and temperature of yeast growth. Amphotericin B was effective in diminishing the candidal binding to lean but not obese clots. The degree of fungal surface hydrophobicity did not correlate with adherence to clots. However, Candida adherence to clots from both lean and obese Zucker rats was inhibited by the pretreatment of cells with mannose. These findings indicate that treatment of thrombi-associated candidal infections with ergosterol-targeting drugs e.g., amphotericin B alone in hypercholesterolemic individuals may have decreased clinically efficacy.

Aggregation and adhesion ability of various probiotic strains and Candida species: An in vitro study

Background/purposeThe ability of probiotics to inhibit Candida adhesion is a crucial characteristic that prevents Candida colonization and infection progression. This study aimed to explore aggregation, adhesion, and cell surface characterization of probiotic and Candida strains and to evaluate the effect of probiotics and their cell-free supernatants (CFSs) as postbiotics on Candida adhesion to human oral keratinocytes. Materials and methodsEight probiotic strains and five reference Candida strains were tested for autoaggregation, coaggregation, adhesin on human oral keratinocytes (H357), and cell surface properties. The anti-Candida adhesion activities of probiotic strains and CFSs were investigated. ResultsThe results showed that most probiotics exhibited high adhesion to H357 cells, specifically oral probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SD4, Limosilactobacillus fermentum SD7, and L. rhamnosus SD11, and adhesion ability of probiotic strains was strongly related to their autoaggregation, cell surface charges, and hydrophobicity. Candida strains also revealed a high level of adhesion to H357 cells. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata showed significantly higher adhesion abilities than others. After a combination of Candida with probiotics or their CFSs, Candida adhesion was significantly reduced. The anti-Candida adhesion property of probiotics was strongly related to their autoaggregation, coaggregation, and adhesion abilities. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that oral probiotic strains may be useful probiotics for preventing and treating oral candidiasis due to their high ability of aggregation, adhesion, and anti-Candida adhesion to H357 cells.

APPLICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL NANOPARTICLES OF METALS AND THEIR OXIDES IN IMPROVING DENTAL PROSTHESES

Many nanoparticles of metals and their oxides, including silver, titanium, zinc, copper, zirconium, have antimicrobial properties. These nanoparticles are a promising strategy for the treatment and prevention of oral cavity infections and can be used in various fields of dentistry. The purpose of the work is to present a literature review on the application of applying antimicrobial nanoparticle of metals and their oxides in orthopedic dentistry, in particular, in the improvement of materials for the prosthetics of dentition defects. Literature sources were searched in the PubMed database. Articles for the years 2013–2023 were selected for their involvement in orthodontic dentistry and for the availability of microbiological test data. Recent trends indicate a shift towards enhancing the composition of fundamental materials used in dental prostheses. To mitigate infectious complications, a modification of the base plastic by incorporating nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties is proposed. Silver nanoparticles are widely utilized to modify denture materials and, when combined with polymers or applied as a surface coating on biomaterials, exhibit antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens, along with an anti-biofilm effect. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, recognized for their biocompatibility and non-toxic nature, possess significant biocidal properties effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi. They demonstrate the ability to inhibit biofilm formation by oral cavity microorganisms, not only on acrylic prostheses but also on surfaces like glass, polystyrene, and silicone. Titanium oxide nanoparticles contribute to reducing microorganism adhesion on various prosthetic materials, including acrylic resins, ceramic glass, and stainless steel. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles, distinct from other metal oxide counterparts, do not compromise the aesthetics of dentures. Simultaneously, they enhance density and reduce polymethylmethacrylate porosity, thereby decreasing candida adhesion and proliferation in the samples. Copper oxide nanoparticles exhibit dose-dependent inhibition of C. albicans and Streptococcus spp. growth, along with biofilm formation, and show cytotoxic effects only at high concentrations. Thus, there are metal and metal oxide nanoparticles that can improve the antimicrobial properties of prosthetic materials for orthopedic dentistry and thus ensure the prevention of infectious complications when using dental prostheses, but for their clinical use, the gap between experiment and practice has yet to be bridged.

The influence of salivary pH on the adhesion of Candida to acrylic prosthetic materials obtained using conventional and digital techniques

The influence of saliva pH on the adhesion of Candida albicans to PMMA-based prosthetic materials manufactured using conventional and digital techniques (3D printing, milling) was examined. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD post hoc test (a = 0.05). Materials obtained by 3D printing had the highest surface roughness, while those obtained conventionally had the highest number of CFU (colony-forming unit). The mean CFU value was highest at pH 4.5 and statistically significant compared to other pH values. No significant correlation was found between surface roughness and the average CFU value. The surface of materials obtained using the conventional and milling methods showed lower adhesion of Candida albicans.

Effectiveness of Chitosan versus Natural Aloe Vera on Candida Adherence in Denture Soft Lining Material.

Soft denture lining materials act as a cushion between the denture base and tissues. Alongside having many advantages, its main problem is candida growth due to its rubbery and porous texture. Many interventions have been performed to halt the growth of candida within soft lining materials such as the use of antifungal therapy and strict oral and denture hygiene but there are consequences such as recurrence, drug resistance, and toxicity related to these interventions. Since natural agents such as aloe vera and chitosan have been proven to have antibacterial and antifungal properties with minimum adverse effects, this study aimed to study the effectiveness of chitosan and aloe vera powders incorporated within denture soft lining materials against candida adherence. Methodology. A total of 60 soft-lining material samples were prepared that were equally divided into three groups, viz., group 1 (chitosan incorporation), group 2 (aloe vera incorporation), and group 3 (control). Candida was obtained from the microbiology lab to form a candidal suspension, diluted in 0.9% NaCl to match the McFarland standard bacteriologic solution. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours in test tubes containing 100 mL of the candidal suspension and 9.9 mL of the previously prepared Sabouraud dextrose agar. Crystal violet stain was used to stain the adhering cells by fixing them with methanol 80%. For each sample, the adhering candida cells were counted on three standard fields by using an inverted light microscope, and the mean of those fields was recorded. The mean value for samples containing aloe vera was 41.15, while the mean values for samples containing chitosan and the control group were 16.05 and 79.1, respectively. Of all the three groups, aloe vera powder had a significant efficacy against candida growth as compared to the chitosan and control groups (P value = 0.001). Both herbal agents were effective against candida growth. In comparison, aloe vera was more effective against candida growth compared to chitosan.

Effect of tea tree oil on candida adherence and surface roughness of heat cure acrylic resin

Background: Denture cleansing was an important step that could prevent the spread of infection and improve a patient's health, the durability of the dentures, and the overall quality of life; therefore, it was necessary to choose a suitable cleanser that, in addition to being effective, did not have an unfavorable effect on the qualities of the denture base resin itself when used for an extended period. For this purpose, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of tea tree oil (TTO) on Candida albicans adhesion and the surface roughness property of poly(methyl methacrylate) denture material after immersion in TTO. Methods: A total of 55 heat-cured acrylic resin specimens were used for C. albicans adherence and surface roughness tests. They were distributed into groups (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) of TTO, distilled water (DW), and 2% clorhexidine digluconate, totaling five specimens for each group. The specimens were immersed in accordance with their group for 10 minutes. Surface roughness was determined by a profilometer, and C. albicans adherence was determined by measuring optical density with a spectrophotometer. For comparisons between groups for surface roughness and disinfection tests, one-way ANOVA was performed on SPSS program, considering α = 0.05. Results: TTO had a statistically significant effect on C. albicans adhesion to heat-cured acrylic resin (P &lt; 0.05) compared with negative control. Meanwhile, no statistically significant difference was found between 0.75% and 1% TTO concentrations (P &gt; 0.05), whereas the surface roughness test showed a statistically non-significant difference between TTO concentrations and DW (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Immersion of acrylic resin in TTO was effective in decreasing C. albicans adhesion to it, and the greatest decrease was obtained by 1% TTO. The surface roughness test showed a non-significant difference in acrylic roughness after immersion in TTO.

In Vitro Evaluation of Candida albicans Adhesion and Related Surface Properties of CAD/CAM Denture Base Resins.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness, contact angle, and adhesion of Candida albicans to computer-aided designing/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and heat-polymerized (HP) denture base materials. Specimens were allocated to six groups based on the composition of studied denture base materials, HP acrylic resin, milled resins (AvaDent and IvoCad), and 3D-printed resins (ASIGA, FormLabs, and NextDent). Ten specimens per group were used for each test (n = 10/test). Surface roughness and contact angles were analyzed using profilometer and goniometer, respectively. Adhesion of C. albicans was counted using colony-forming unit (CFU/mL). Means and standard deviations were calculated, and then one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Correlation of Candida adhesion and surface parameters was determined by using Pearson's correlation analysis. No statistically significant difference was noted in surface roughness between HP, milled, and 3D-printed denture base resins except NextDent, which showed significantly higher roughness in comparison to all other resins (p = 0.001). In terms of contact angle, milled resins had the lowest value, followed by HP, ASIGA, and FormLabs, whereas NextDent showed the highest contact angle (p = 0.001). C. albicans adhesion showed no significant difference between all denture base resins. A positive and significant correlation was found between C. albicans adhesion and contact angle (p = 0.003), while no correlation was reported between C. albicans adhesion and surface roughness (p = 0.523). Adhesion of C. albicans was similar in all tested specimens. Surface roughness showed no significant difference between all groups except NextDent, which had the highest value. Milled denture base resins had the lowest contact angle among all groups.

The influence of lemongrass essential oil addition into heat cured acrylic resin against Candida albicans adhesion

Background: For decades, the use of naturally accessible materials in treating human disease has been widespread. The goal of this study was to determine the anti-fungal effectiveness /of the lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) versus Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhesion to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) materials. Material and methods: LGEO's anti-fungal activity was tested against C. albicans adhesion using the following concentration of LGEO in PMMA monomer (2.5 vol. %, 5 vol. % LGEO) selected from the pilot study as the best two effective concentrations. A total of 40 specimens were fabricated for the candida adherence test and were subdivided into four equal groups: negative control 0 vol. % addition, experimental with 2.5 vol. % and 5 vol. % of LGEO addition and positive control with 1.4 wt. % nystatin addition. The sterile PMMA specimens were incubated at room temperature for 1 hr in sterile tubes with a sabouraud dextrose broth (SDA) in which a small amount of the yeast was isolated and suspended; under the inverted light microscope, the examination was done. The data were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA test, which showed a significant result at p&lt; 0.05. Results: The findings of the C. albicans adherence test exposed a considerable reduction in the number of C. albicans cells adhering to PMMA after adding 2.5 vol. % and 5 vol. % LGEO compared to specimens from the negative control and positive control groups at p&lt; 0.05. Conclusion: Adding LGEO into a heat-cure acrylic material can result in a denture base material with anti-fungal properties versus C. albicans microorganisms. The experimental group 5 vol. % LGEO additive showed the best anti-fungal activity

An in vitro study on comparative adherence of oral Candida albicans and non–albicans Candida to human buccal epithelial cells and its antifungal susceptibility pattern

Background: Candida spp. are intra-oral commensals in 40-60% of human subjects and the precise factors involved in the development of Candidiasis are still not clear. The adherence of Candida to epithelial cells is one of the main pathogenic characteristics of the genus. Studies have shown that there are variations in the adherence capabilities of different Candida spp., which may explain why some species colonize mucosal surfaces more frequently than others. The aim of this study was to estimate the adherence properties of Candida spp. to buccal epithelial cells and to determine the antifungal susceptibility. Methods: 87 isolates of Candida spp. from known non-diabetic patients with oral Candidiasis were collected from diagnostic microbiology laboratories in central Kerala. The method of Kimura and Pearsall et al was followed with minor modifications to test the adherence. Results: All the three species exhibited adherence with varying capacity. C. albicans was significantly more adherent to buccal epithelial cells than C. tropicalis and C. krusei. Resistance was not observed among the isolates against fluconazole, voriconazole and clotrimazole. Conclusions: In conclusion Candida spp. isolated from oral candidiasis patients exhibited a higher adherence capacity to normal human buccal epithelial cells considered an essential virulence property. As anticipated C. albicans displayed higher virulence activity than non-Candida albicans species.

Is microbial adhesion affected by the build orientation of a 3-dimensionally printed denture base resin?

Statement of problemHow the build orientation of a 3-dimensionally (3D) printed denture affects microbial adhesion is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the adherence of Streptococcus spp. and Candida spp. on 3D-printed denture bases prepared at different build orientations with conventional heat-polymerized resin. Material and methodsResin specimens (n=5) with standardized 28.3 mm2 surface area were 3D printed at 0 and 60 degrees, and heat-polymerized (3DP-0, 3DP-60, and HP, respectively). The specimens were placed in a Nordini artificial mouth (NAM) model and exposed to 2 mL of clarified whole saliva to create a pellicle-coated substratum. Suspensions of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguinis, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and a mixed species, each at 108 cfu/mL were pumped separately into the model for 24 hours to promote microbial adhesion. The resin specimens were then removed, placed in fresh media, and sonicated to dislodge attached microbes. Each suspension (100 μL) was aliquoted and spread on agar plates for colony counting. The resin specimens were also examined under a scanning electron microscope. The interaction between types of specimen and groups of microbes was examined with 2-way ANOVA and then further analysis with Tukey honest significant test and Kruskal-Wallis post hoc tests (α=.05). ResultsA significant interaction was observed between the 3DP-0, 3DP-60, and HP specimen types and the groups of microbes adhering to the corresponding denture resin specimens (P<.05). The difference was statistically significant among 3DP-0, 3DP-60, and HP specimens (P<.05). The adherence of candida was 3.98-times lower on the 3DP-0 than that of HP (P<.05). However, adherence of the mixed-species microbes and streptococci on the 3DP-60 were 1.75 times and 2-fold higher, respectively (P<.05). The scanning electron micrographs showed that 3DP-0 exhibited the lowest microbial adherence compared with HP and 3DP-60. ConclusionsAdherence affinity of denture base resin is affected by the build orientation rather than by the group of different microbes. Three-dimensionally printed denture base resin fabricated at a 0-degree build orientation exhibited low affinity for microbial adhesion. Three-dimensionally printed dentures may reduce microbial adhesion when printed at a 0-degree build orientation.

Influence of Fabrication Technique on Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans to Conventional, Milled, and 3D-Printed Denture Base Resin Materials: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida albicans (C. albicans) on conventionally fabricated, milled, and 3D-printed denture base resin materials in order to determine the susceptibility of denture contamination during clinical use. Specimens were incubated with C. albicans (ATCC 10231) for 1 and 24 h. Adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans were assessed using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The XTT (2,3-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) assay was used for the quantification of fungal adhesion and biofilm formation. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.02 for windows. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc testing were performed with a statistical significance level set at α = 0.05. The quantitative XTT biofilm assay revealed significant differences in the biofilm formation of C. albicans between the three groups in the 24 h incubation period. The highest proportion of biofilm formation was observed in the 3D-printed group, followed by the conventional group, while the lowest candida biofilm formation was observed in the milled group. The difference in biofilm formation among the three tested dentures was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The manufacturing technique has an influence on the surface topography and microbiological properties of the fabricated denture base resin material. Additive 3D-printing technology results in increased candida adhesion and the roughest surface topography of maxillary resin denture base as compared to conventional flask compression and CAD/CAM milling techniques. In a clinical setting, patients wearing additively manufactured maxillary complete dentures are thus more susceptible to the development of candida-associated denture stomatitis and accordingly, strict oral hygiene measures and maintenance programs should be emphasized to patients.

Candidal Adhesion to an Oral Obturator PMMA Resin Incorporated with Vanillin

An oral obturator is a prosthesis used for a variety of dental conditions to help patients regain their abilities after trauma, surgeries, or having congenital defects. It is commonly made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. Despite that, this resin appliance can give rise to a condition for microbial adhesion and colonization on the resin surface itself and the mucosa beneath. This can place patients at a greater risk of infection. Oral infections caused by Candida species are found to be more common, particularly in immunologically compromised patients and those with other conditions in the oral cavity that often include oral prosthetic appliances. Obturator resin incorporated with vanillin has been produced and shown to have antimicrobial properties against some bacteria and yeasts. The purpose of this study was to determine the adhesion of candida to vanillin incorporated obturator resin. The auto-polymerized resin samples (Orthocryl® EQ, Dentaurum, Germany) were prepared with different concentrations of vanillin incorporation (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% vanillin w/w). All samples were coated with sterile saliva and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. The adhesion assay was done with four species of candida (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. krusei ATCC 14243, C. glabrata ATCC 15126, and C. tropicalis ATCC 1369). The resin samples were placed in a 24-well plate containing 107 CFU/mL of candidal suspension and incubated in a shaking incubator (120 r/min) at 37°C for 2 h for candidal adhesion. Non-adherent cells were removed by washing with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution. The remaining adherent cells on the obturator resin surface were quantified by the WST Microbial Cell Counting Kit (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, USA). The Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s method, was applied for statistical analysis. The results showed that the addition of 0.5% and 1% w/w vanillin to oral obturator PMMA resin could significantly reduce the adhesion of all Candida species except that of C. krusei, for which a reduction effect was observed at 1 % vanillin. The percentage reduction of candidal adhesion on obturator resin varies from 9% to 35%, which was highest on C. albicans, followed by C. glabrata (24%), and C. tropicalis (21%). No reduction effect was observed at 0.1% vanillin on all Candida species. In conclusion, vanillin-incorporated oral obturator resin displayed a reducing effect on the adhesion of all tested Candida species. C. albicans was the most susceptible species, while C. krusei was the most resistant. The mechanisms of action could possibly be the aldehyde group of the vanillin structure that causes cell membrane damage, interferes with DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, as well as enzyme activities within the yeast cell. This newly developed PMMA resin could be valuable for the prevention or as an adjunctive treatment for controlling oral candidal infection among patients who use oral obturators.

ANTI-CANDIDAL EFFICACY OF OREGANO IN DENTAL PROSTHETICS

Introduction: Denture hygiene is considered as an essential part of oral hygiene maintenance for the well-being of oral soft tissue in denture wearers. Denture induced stomatitis is common among denture wearers and that can be due to adherence of candida species.The purpose of the present study is to determine and compare the anti-candidal effect of Oregano against Candida albicans for using it efciently as a denture cleansing agent. Swab from the tissue surface of 20 complete acrylic denture wearers w Materials And Methods: ere collected and cultured to isolate the Candida albicans. The plant materials were soaked in 99.9 % ethanol and pure extracts were made by the cold maceration method. Various concentrations of Oregano (1 %, 2 %, 4 %, 8 % and 16 %) dilutions were done. Fluconazole was taken as a control to compare with the plant products. The Disc diffusion method was done to nd the zone of inhibition by pre-treating the discs with herbal extracts. The zone of inhibition was measured in millimetres. The mean value of zone of inhibition of Oregano w Results: as less when compared to the uconazole of higher concentrations. The differences between two groups were analyzed using one way ANOVA test. Oregano showed least anti-candidal Conclusion: effect when compared to uconazole, Where it can have effects on other species of candida

The Effect of Controlled Diabetic and Non-diabetic Saliva on Candida albicans Adherence to Heat Polymerized Acrylic Resin Discs

Background: Oral candidiasis is one of the most common infections in diabetic patients that may occur due to a decrease in salivary flow rate, alterations in the salivary composition, or both. This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetic and non-diabetic saliva on Candida albicans adherence to the acrylic resin disc specimens, regardless of saliva volume. Methods: In this case-control study, the population consisted of 26 subjects in 2 groups (13 diabetic patients and 13 non-diabetic patients). In both groups, unstimulated whole saliva was collected. It was investigated for pH, salivary flow rate, and adhesion of C. albicans to polymethylmethacrylate disc. After preparing the polymethylmethacrylate discs, the samples were stored in diabetic saliva, non-diabetic saliva, and distilled water (negative control group) for 60 minutes at 37ºC. Then they were immersed in the yeast suspensions containing C. albicans and stained with gram stain. Yeast cells were counted using a light microscope. Results: The pH of unstimulated whole saliva in diabetic patients was significantly lower than in the control group. There was no significant difference between the flow rates of saliva in the two groups. Findings indicated that the adhesion of C. albicans to resin in diabetic saliva was higher than in non-diabetic saliva. Conclusion: This study showed the same amount of salivary flow rate in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals, lower pH, and higher Candida adherence to heat polymerization acrylic resin in the diabetic group.

Effects of Denture Cleaning Regimens on the Quantity of Candida on Dentures: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Nursing Home Residents.

Oral care involving a denture cleaning regimen is important for reducing the incidence of systemic diseases. However, limited information is currently available on denture cleaning frequencies and regimens. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between the number of Candida spp. present on the complete dentures of nursing home residents and cleaning regimens. Residents were surveyed to assess their denture cleaning methods. Plaque was collected by applying a sterile swab to the mucosal surface of each examined complete denture worn by 77 residents, and the Candida spp. collected were cultured, identified, and quantified. The relationship between denture cleaning regimens and the quantity of Candida spp. was investigated. Correlation and multivariable analyses revealed that the strongest factor influencing the number of Candida spp. on dentures was the frequency of use of denture cleansers. The number of Candida spp. was the lowest on dentures cleaned daily with a denture cleanser. The present results demonstrated that the daily use of a denture cleanser effectively controlled the adherence of Candida spp. to dentures. Oral and other healthcare providers need to provide instructions on and assist nursing home residents with the daily care of dentures, using denture cleansers, including the environment where cleaning is performed.

Biofilm Formation on Intrauterine Devices in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Abstract Introduction/Objective Women with diabetes mellitus (DM) are more susceptible to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) than non-diabetics. This could be due to higher glucose levels predisposing VVC by damaging basic host defense mechanisms and stimulating Candida adhesion to vaginal cells. Objectives Investigating the prevalence of Candida albicans and biofilm formation in diabetic and nondiabetic IUD users. Methods/Case Report A total of 325 vaginal swabs and IUDs were enrolled in this study from the Delta region in Egypt. Females with a median age of 17 to 45 years were divided into two groups; diabetic (29.8%) and nondiabetic (70.1%). They were all vaginitis having one of these symptoms; irritation on the surface of the genital tract, uterine cervix ulcer, vaginal bleeding, and acute vaginal exudates. C. albicans were isolated and identified using cultural characters. Biofilm formation by Candida on removed IUDs and swabs was examined by XTT-reduction assay, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole and amphotericin B (AMB) to isolated strains and in vitro experimental biofilm formation was performed. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) In diabetic cases, the highest percentage (91.1%) of isolated C.albicans was found among patients with irritation on the surface of the genital tract, whereas the lowest one (83.3%) was in the symptoms of acute vaginal exudates. In nondiabetic cases, the highest percentage of isolated C.albicans (51.7%) was found among patients with symptoms of acute vaginal exudates. In contrast, the lowest one (32.5%) was in the symptoms of irritation on the surface of the genital tract. XTT method illustrated the biofilm formation; SEM revealed a heterogeneous thick biofilm. Biofilm MIC to strains with AMB &amp;gt;1μg\ml was considered resistant, while those for which AMB concentration were ≤1μg\ml were deemed sensitive. Strains with Fluconazol 64 μg\ml were considered resistant, while those for which Fluconazol concentration was ≤8 μg\ml were deemed sensitive. Conclusion There was a significant direct relationship between diabetic cases and C.albicans prevalence in the current study. Furthermore, the ability to form biofilm was found to be the same in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Candida albicans adhesion on buccal epitheliocytes as an indicator of microbiota homeostatic balance in children with chronic gastroduodenitis

Background. Recently, the incidence of mycoses in patients with a gastroenterological profile has grown due to an increase in the intensity of the impact on the human body of external factors that cause disturbances in the antimycotic defense system.&#x0D; Aim. To study the adhesion of Candida albicans on buccal epitheliocytes in children with chronic gastroduodenitis.&#x0D; Material and methods. 96 children (mean age 12.431.24 years) with recurrent respiratory diseases with morphologically proven chronic gastroduodenitis associated with Helicobacter pylori were examined. The adhesion of Candida, contamination of buccal epithelial cells with bacteria were studied. All children underwent paraclinical studies, instrumental methods of research, consultations of specialists were also prescribed. In the study of the adhesive reaction of C. albicans on buccal epitheliocytes, a Candida strain from the collection of the Federal Budgetary Institution of Science Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Pathology was used. 100 epitheliocytes were studied, the result was evaluated by the number of Candida in terms of 1 epitheliocyte. Registration of artificial colonization of buccal epithelial cells was carried out according to the method of D. Goldman and E. Goetzl (2003) modified by A.N. Mayansky. The children were divided into 2 groups: the main one the detected growth of C. albicans over 1000 CFU/g, and the comparative one the absence of excess growth of C. albicans. Statistical processing included the determination of the correlation coefficient, the arithmetic mean (M) and its standard error (m), differences in indicators according to Student's criteria (the level at p 0.05 was considered statistically significant).&#x0D; Results. Harmonious proportional development was observed in 55.21% of children, microbiota imbalance was noted: bloating and rumbling along the colon, (p=0.0087), unstable stool (p=0.0241) and constipation (p=0.6092). The spectrum of comorbid pathology revealed the presence of allergic diseases (p=0.0048), up to 10 episodes of acute respiratory viral infection (p=0.1702), more than 10 episodes of acute respiratory viral infection (p=0.0105), adenoid vegetations (p=0.531), chronic pyelonephritis in the stage of clinical and laboratory remission (p=0.0216). Assessment of the intestinal microbial landscape showed a significant decrease in the content of bifidobacteria in the main group (p=0.0482), and lactobacilli were comparable in both groups (p=0.0839). In the comparison group, in 88.63% of cases, the indices of adhesion of C. albicans on buccal epitheliocytes were 6.370.46, in the main group 11.860.74 (p=0.0362). A direct relationship between the parameters of artificial colonization of buccal epitheliocytes and the degree of microbiological changes in the intestine was found (r=0.58, p=0.0097).&#x0D; Conclusion. The study of adhesion of Candida albicans on buccal epitheliocytes in children with chronic gastroduodenitis revealed a unidirectional shift in the quantitative content of the obligate oral and intestinal microbiota, which can be used as a screening for the homeostatic balance of the microbiota.

Antifungal activity of dehydrocurvularin for Candida spp. through the inhibition of adhesion to human adenocarcinoma cells.

Cell adhesion plays a crucial role in candidiasis through invasion of the human body and obtaining resistance to drugs by forming biofilms. Cell adhesion thus is a critical target for combating candidiasis by preventing the entry of fungal hyphae into the epithelium. We report here that dehydrocurvularin (1), isolated from the marine-derived fungus Curvularia aeria, exhibited anti-fungal activities for Candida albicans and Candida auris. This compound also prevented the adherence of C. albicans to human adenocarcinoma cells. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that exposure to 1 results in decreased expression of HWP1, EFG1, and ECE1, genes involved in Candida adhesion to epithelial cells and hyphal morphogenesis.