Background: Precision oncology is transforming early cancer detection among average-risk individuals. Advances in next-generation sequencing have led to significant insights into the cancer genome and the identification of biomarkers to improve early detection. Aim: This article examines emerging technologies and interventions in cancer prevention and early detection, focusing on the latest advancements in screening methodologies. Methods: The review analyzes various single- and multi-cancer early detection tests, discussing their methodologies, biomarker identification, clinical trial results, and the challenges associated with current screening approaches. Results: Innovative tests, such as multi-cancer early detection (MCED) assays, have shown superior sensitivity compared to traditional methods by identifying circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) before symptoms arise. While promising, these technologies face challenges, including the potential for false positives and negatives, overdiagnosis, and disparities in access to testing. Conclusion: Emerging technologies in cancer detection hold great potential to revolutionize screening practices. However, careful consideration of their clinical utility and potential harms is necessary to ensure equitable access and effective implementation.