Approach For Cancer Prevention Research Articles

Injectable and Degradable Zwitterionic Cryogels as Cancer Vaccine Platforms to Prevent Cancer Recurrence after Surgery.

Cancer has become a highly prevalent disease and poses serious threats to human health. Conventional cancer treatments still face high risks of recurrence. Training the immune system to recognize and eliminate tumors via external stimulation, such as vaccines, emerges as a promising approach for cancer prevention and treatment. However, injectable vaccines may have limited immune activation, causing difficulties in maintaining long-term immune surveillance of tumorigenesis by tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. Here, degradable zwitterionic cryogels were prepared using the cryogelation technique. The cryogenic preparation maintained the biological activities of tumor antigens and immune adjuvants loaded in the cryogels. The macroporous structure endowed the injectability of cryogels into the body via conventional syringes. In the presence of proteases, the cryogels degraded, allowing sustained release of antigens and adjuvants, ensuring continued dendritic cell (DC) recruitment and antigen presentation to maturing tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the cryogel cancer vaccines elicited robust immune activation and effectively modulated tumor microenvironments. The combination with photothermal therapy significantly inhibited tumor growth, showing great potential for preventing postoperative recurrence. Additionally, the zwitterionic cryogels were biocompatible without obvious toxicities during degradation. The cryogels could serve as effective vaccine platforms to prevent cancer recurrence after surgery.

Oncogenic HRAS Induces Metformin Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer by Promoting Glycolytic Metabolism.

Metformin administration has recently emerged as a candidate strategy for the prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the intricate relationship between genetic alterations in HNSCC and metformin sensitivity is still poorly understood, which prevents the stratification of patients, harboring oral premalignant lesions that may benefit from the chemopreventive activity of metformin. In this study, we investigate the impact of prevalent mutations in HNSCC on response to metformin. Notably, we found that the expression of oncogenic HRAS mutants confers resistance to metformin in isogenic HNSCC cell systems, and that HNSCC cells harboring endogenous HRAS mutations display limited sensitivity to metformin. Remarkably, we found that metformin fails to reduce activation of the mTOR pathway in HRAS oncogene-expressing HNSCC cells in vitro and in vivo, correlating with reduced tumor suppressive activity. Mechanistically, we found that this process depends on the ability of HRAS to enhance glycolytic metabolism, thereby suppressing the requirement for oxidative phosphorylation to maintain the cellular energetic balance. Overall, our study revealed that HNSCC cells with oncogenic HRAS mutations exhibit diminished metformin sensitivity, thus shedding light on a potential mechanism of treatment resistance. This finding may also help explain the limited clinical responses to metformin in cancers with RAS mutations. Ultimately, our study underscores the importance of understanding the impact of the genetic landscape in tailoring precision cancer-preventive approaches in the context of HNSCC and other cancers that are characterized by the presence of a defined premalignant state, and therefore, are amenable to cancer interception strategies. Prevention Relevance: Our findings highlight the challenges of using metformin for cancer prevention in RAS-mutant cancers, where elevated glycolysis may reduce drug efficacy. This underscores the need to explore metformin's potential in early, premalignant stages, before metabolic shifts render it less effective.

Insight into the molecular mechanism of anti-breast cancer therapeutic potential of substituted salicylidene-based compounds using cell-based assays and molecular docking studies

Targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling pathways is an effective cancer prevention and therapy approach. The mechanism of action of synthesized salicylidene-based compounds was investigated in regulating key molecular targets of breast cancer development. Compounds (1), (4), (5), and (7) were found to be more cytotoxic to MCF-7 and 4T1 cells compared to non-cancerous Chang liver cells, while these compounds were cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 cells, but with poor selectivity. The colony formation assay indicated that bioactive compounds induced significant damage to breast cancer cells, as observed by a reduction in the number of colonies compared to control cells. By inducing a concentration and time-dependent increase of luminescence and fluorescence of phosphatidylserine, and activating the expression of caspases-3, -7, -8, -9 in breast cancer cells, (1) and (7) have shown to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis. The downregulation of NF-kB-p65 and an upregulation of TP53 expression after exposure to bioactive compounds, demonstrated the suppression of two key targets of breast cancer development. Molecular docking studies revealed that selected protein targets strongly interact with bioactive compounds, and the estimated inhibition constants (Ki) of JAK2, STAT3, COX-2, HPV31 E6, EGFR1, TP53, and PARP1 were significantly decreased compared to acetylsalicylic acid. This could be a clear indication that these protein targets are implicated with antiproliferative efficacy, thereby warranting the potential of (1) and (7) to be used as anti-breast cancer drug candidates.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Shadows: Uncovering their Function in Non-Coding Region of Esophageal Cancer.

Esophageal cancer is a complex disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in non-coding regions of the genome have emerged as crucial contributors to esophageal cancer susceptibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of SNPs in non-coding regions and their association with esophageal cancer. The accumulation of SNPs in the genome has been implicated in esophageal cancer risk. Various studies have identified specific locations in the genome where SNPs are more likely to occur, suggesting a location-specific response. Chromatin conformational studies have shed light on the localization of SNPs and their impact on gene transcription, posttranscriptional modifications, gene expression regulation, and histone modification. Furthermore, miRNA-related SNPs have been found to play a significant role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). These SNPs can affect miRNA binding sites, thereby altering target gene regulation and contributing to ESCC development. Additionally, the risk of ESCC has been linked to base excision repair, suggesting that SNPs in this pathway may influence disease susceptibility. Somatic DNA segment alterations and modified expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) have also been associated with ESCC. These alterations can lead to disrupted gene expression and cellular processes, ultimately contributing to cancer development and progression. Moreover, SNPs have been found to be associated with the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR, which plays a crucial role in ESCC pathogenesis. This review concludes with a discussion of the current and future perspectives in the field of SNPs in non-coding regions and their relevance to esophageal cancer. Understanding the functional implications of these SNPs may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and the development of personalized approaches for esophageal cancer prevention and treatment.

Precision preclinical modeling to advance cancer treatment.

A new era of cancer management is underway in which treatments are being developed for the entire continuum of the disease process. The availability of genetically engineered and naturally occurring preclinical models serve as instructive platforms for evaluating therapeutic mechanisms. However, a major clinical challenge is that the entire malignancy process occurs across multiple scales including genetic mutations, malignant changes in cell behavior, dysregulated tumor microenvironments, and systemic adaptations in the host. A multi-disciplinary group of investigators coalesced at the National Cancer Institute Oncology Models Forum (NCI-OMF) with the overall goal to provide updates on the use of precision preclinical models of cancer. The benefits and limitations of preclinical models were discussed in order to identify strategies for maximizing opportunities in modeling that could inform future cancer prevention and treatment approaches. Our shared perspective is that the continuum of single cell, multi-cell, organoid, and in situ models are remarkable resources for the clinical challenges ahead. We provide a roadmap for parsing already available models and include preliminary recommendations for the application of next generation preclinical modeling in cancer intervention.

Myricetin inhibits CYP3A4, GST, and MRP1 in hepatic cancer cells

AbstractHerbal and nutritional supplements are widely used to prevent and treat many diseases, including cancer. Tumor cells modify metabolic enzyme systems like CYP3A4 and GST. They also overexpress MRP1, an ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G (ABCG2) member. Drug efflux may increase, reducing tumor cell drug accumulation and developing drug resistance that leads to significant obstacles in cancer care. Natural products' ability to overcome cancer's multidrug resistance is interesting. Their ability to affect several targets makes them valuable in addressing drug resistance from diverse approaches. The potential of natural flavonoid; Myricetin (MYR) to modulate CYP3A4, GST, and MRP1 activity and expression in hepatic cancer cells was evaluated to prove its targeting and preventing these pathways of multidrug resistance. The cell proliferation of MYR was determined using an MTT assay. Specific enzyme assays, efflux assay, and gene expression using RT-PCR were used to evaluate MYR effect in hepatic cell lines HepG-2 and Huh-7. MYR has a noteworthy cytotoxic effect compared to doxorubicin (DOX) with IC50 > 100 μM in HepG-2 and Huh-7 cells. MYR showed potent inhibition of CYP3A4 and GST enzyme activity and MRP1 efflux function and downregulated their gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in both cells. MYR100 dose was the most significant effective dose. MRY100 decreased CYP3A4 activity by 67.5% (P < 0.05) and 55% (P < 0.01) and downregulated the gene by 0.2-fold (P < 0.001) and 0.3-fold (P < 0.001) in HepG-2 and Hub-7 cells, respectively. After treatment with MRY100, GST activity decreased significantly in both cells, reaching 47.6% (P < 0.001) and 33.2% and GST gene downregulation was 0.12 and 0.21-fold (P < 0.001). MRY100 inhibited MRP1 efflux pump 2.3 times (P < 0.001) and 1.9 times (P < 0.001) more effectively than PC, resulting in a 0.23-fold and 0.12-fold downregulation of MRP1 genes in HepG-2 and Hub-7 cells. The result will validate the use of MYR to interact with the metabolism phases and could be used as adjuvant therapy in cancer prevention and treatment approaches.

Challenges associated with follow-up care after implementation of an HPV screen-and-treat program with ablative therapy for cervical cancer prevention

BackgroundCervical cancer is a preventable cancer; however, decreasing its prevalence requires early detection and treatment strategies that reduce rates of loss to follow-up. This study explores factors associated with loss to follow-up among HPV-positive women after implementation of a new HPV-based screen-and-treat approach for cervical cancer prevention in Iquitos, Peru.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with “obstetras” (i.e., midwives) (n = 15) working in cervical cancer prevention and women (n = 24) who were recorded as lost to follow-up after positive HPV results. We used the Health Care Access Barriers Model to guide analyses. We utilized manifest content analysis to describe barriers to follow-up according to the obstetras and thematic analysis to report themes from the women’s perspectives. We also report the steps and time taken to contact women.ResultsWe found an incomplete and fragmented patient monitoring system. This incomplete system, in conjunction with challenges in contacting some of the women, led to structural barriers for the obstetras when attempting to deliver positive results. Women in this study expressed a desire to receive treatment, however, faced cognitive barriers including a lack of understanding about HPV results and treatment procedures, fear or anxiety about HPV or treatment, and confusion about the follow-up process. Women also reported having important work matters as a barrier and reported frequently using natural medicine. Reported financial barriers were minimal.ConclusionThis study highlights the barriers to follow-up after implementation of a primary-level HPV-based screen-and-treat approach. While some barriers that have previously been associated with loss to follow-up were not as prominently observed in this study (e.g., financial), we emphasize the need for screen-and-treat programs to focus on strategies that can address incomplete registry systems, structural challenges in results delivery, cognitive barriers in understanding results and treatment, and work-related barriers.

A computational approach for screening of phytochemicals from Oxalis corniculata as promising anti-cancer candidates

Objectives.In silico techniques are a highly efficient, cost-effective, and rapid approach to identify potent herbal lead compounds with therapeutic potential against cancer. Phytochemicals are abundant in plants and may represent a promising cancer prevention and treatment approach. The plant species Oxalis corniculata has long been employed in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer properties of the crude extract obtained from this plant. However, further research is essential to elucidate precisely the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these activities.Methods.The study investigated the potential of bioactive compounds from O. corniculata to bind with different targets of anti-cancer drugs. Employing molecular docking and drug-likeness, 19 bioactive compounds from the plant were tested as potential anti-cancer leads. Compounds that exhibit both favorable drug-likeness and binding energies comparable to those of standard drugs like curcumin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel were selected for further evaluation of their pharmacokinetic properties.Results and Conclusions.Among the 19 selected phytoconstituents of O. corniculata, compounds 15 and 16 exhibited the most effective binding energy (−8.68, −8.22 and −8.70, −8.22, −8.52 kcal/mol, respectively) with key cancer targets including Programmed death-ligand 1 (PDB: 7bea), B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (PDB: 8c7y) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PDB: 7kk4). Pharmacokinetic and toxicity analysis provided additional insights into the potential of these compounds as anti-cancer drugs. The computational analysis holds promise in accelerating the development of novel drug therapies aimed at treating various cancer types.

Awareness of cervical cancer risk factors and preventive approaches, and perceived causes of cervical cancer among secondary school girls: a cross-sectional study in Northern Uganda

Background The majority of women in low- and middle-income countries have low awareness of cervical cancer. This study sought to establish awareness of cervical cancer risk factors and preventive approaches, as well as sources of information and perceived causes of cervical cancer among secondary school girls in northern Uganda. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in rural northern Uganda. We collected data using an investigator administered pre-tested questionnaire. Analysis was done with STATA version 14.0. Multivariate analyses with logistic regressions models were used to determine magnitudes of association between independent and outcome variables. Odds ratios and accompanying 95% confidence intervals are reported. Statistical significance was considered if the two sided p-value <.05. Results Most participants (97%; n = 624) had heard of cervical cancer before this study. The most common source of information about cervical cancer was friends (31.1%; n = 194). More than half of the participants (59%; n = 380) had heard about a vaccine that prevents cervical cancer, but only a third (33%; n = 124) had ever received a dose of the vaccine. The majority of participants (89%; n = 550) reported that cervical cancer could be prevented; however only half (52%; n = 290) knew that vaccination of girls aged 9–13 years could prevent cervical cancer. The majority of participants did not recognize the risk factors for cervical cancer; for example, only 15% (n = 98), 7% (n = 45), and 1.4% (n = 9) recognized early onset of sexual intercourse, infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and smoking respectively. On adjusting for age, students’ class, and religion, students in schools with school health programs were twice (aOR = 2.24: 95%CI; 1.24–4.06) more likely to know that cervical cancer is preventable. Conclusion Secondary school girls need information on cervical cancer risk factors and approaches to prevention so that they may avoid exposures to the risk factors and promptly seek and undertake preventive approaches including HPV vaccinations.

Inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer metastasis by knocking down APE1 through regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells-induced immune disorders.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a highly immunogenic malignancy. Immunologic tolerance facilitated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is implicated in primary or secondary resistance mechanisms in NSCLC. The potential role of APE1 in regulating NSCLC metastasis by targeting MDSCs remains uncertain. This study utilized a plasmid, Plxpsp-mGM-CSF, to induce elevated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression in A549 cells. Tumor transplantation experiments involved A549, A549+GM-CSF, and A549+GM-CSF-siAPE1 cell lines. Evaluation encompassed MDSCs, Treg cells, IgG, CD3, and CD8 levels. Notably, lung cancer tissues and cells displayed markedly reduced APE1 expression. siAPE1 transfection significantly curtailed tumor growth compared to the A549+GM-CSF group. APE1 knockdown orchestrated immune system modulation in lung tumor mice, characterized by diminished MDSCs but augmented Treg cells, IgG, CD3, and CD8. Additionally, APE1 knockdown led to reduced levels of pro-MDSC cytokines (HGF, CCL5, IL-6, CCL12) and a concurrent upregulation of the anti-MDSC cytokine IL-1ra. Furthermore, APE1 knockdown impeded cell viability in both A549 and H1650 cells. Transplantation of A549-GM-CSF amplified MDSC levels, fostering accelerated tumor growth, while mitigating MDSC levels through APE1 knockdown hindered tumor progression and alleviated inflammatory infiltration in lung cancer tissues. Strategies targeting the APE1/MDSC axis offer a promising approach for lung cancer prevention and treatment, presenting novel insights for NSCLC management.

Recent Advances in Machine Learning Methods for LncRNA-Cancer Associations Prediction

: In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have played important roles in various biological processes. Mutations and regulation of lncRNAs are closely associated with many human cancers. Predicting potential lncRNA-cancer associations helps to understand cancer's pathogenesis and provides new ideas and approaches for cancer prevention, treatment and diagnosis. Predicting lncRNA-cancer associations based on computational methods helps systematic biological studies. In particular, machine learning methods have received much attention and are commonly used to solve these problems. Therefore, many machine learning computational models have been proposed to improve the prediction performance and achieve accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of cancer. This review provides an overview of existing models for predicting lncRNA-cancer associations by machine learning methods. The evaluation metrics of each model are briefly described, analyzed the advantages and limitations of these models are analyzed. We also provide a case study summary of the two cancers listed. Finally, the challenges and future trends of predicting lncRNA-cancer associations with machine learning methods are discussed.

Risk factors associated with liver cancer in all US participants.

e16276 Background: Liver cancer incidence rates have risen in recent years, more than tripled since 1980, and the liver cancer-caused death rates have more than doubled during the same time. The objective of this research was to identify significant risk factors (both genetic and environmental) that may contribute to the liver cancer development. Methods: The study cohort was obtained from the All of Us (AoU) population with the latest data (data cutoff date 07/01/22) of 413,457 participants. The baseline survey data, genomics data, and electronic medical data have been queried for studying the risk factors to the liver cancer. Baseline demographics, comorbidities, AUDIT-C score (positive score, defined as &gt; = 5 for men and &gt; = 4 for women, was considered as with high risk of alcoholic hepatitis), social determinants of health (SDoH), and genetic variants were evaluated using the logistic regression models respecting the prevalence of liver cancer. Results: The study cohort included total 254,356 participants with their EMR data, genomics data, and AUDIT-C answers (median age 55 years, 61% women, 45% from minority groups, 19% Hispanics). Among them, 1,048 patients were diagnosed liver cancer. Using the logistic regression models, SDoHs showed association with the development of liver cancer. Retired groups demonstrated higher risk (adjusted odds ratio or aOR: 1.34, 95%CI:1.09-1.67) as well as the unemployed groups (aOR: 1.19, 95%CI: 0.98-1.46). C &gt; G variants at 22:43928847 (aOR: 1.18, 95%CI: 1-1.39), G &gt; G variants at 22:43937814 (aOR: 1.35, 95%CI: 0.97-1.82), and G &gt; A variants at 22:43932850 (aOR: 1.18, 95%CI: 0.99-1.39) of gene PNPLA3 were associated with higher risks. C &gt; T variants at 19:19268740 of gene TM6SF2 demonstrated higher risks (aOR: 1.23, 95%CI: 0.97-1.54) as well. The following demographic and comorbidities factors significantly contributed to the development of liver cancer: 45 to 65 age group (aOR: 6.89, 95%CI: 4.05-13), greater than 65 (aOR: 9.99, 95%CI: 5.84-18.91), hepatitis c virus infection (aOR: 12.46, 95%CI: 10.51-14.75), diabetes with chronic complications (aOR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.25-1.78 ), diabetes without chronic complications (aOR: 1.81, 95%CI: 1.53-1.2.14). Conclusions: This study reveals that multiple risk factors are significantly associated with the liver cancer ranging from common genetic variants, socioeconomic conditions, age, viral infection, and diabetes. Thus, it is very important to take a comprehensive approach for the liver cancer prevention.

Significant results from a major multi-year, multi-cancer follow-up study with an enrollment of over 19,000 individuals.

10539 Background: Multi-cancer screening has become a major approach for early stage cancer screening and prevention. However, there has been very few reported multi-year, multi-cancer follow-up studies to validate the effectiveness of multi-cancer screening. We report a number of significant, major findings from what we believe the first large scale, multi-year, multi-cancer follow-up study. Methods: In this study, cancer differentiation analysis (CDA) technology, a bio-physics based detection platform, has been used to screen over 200,000 individuals in a general population. Based on the CDA test values, individuals have been classified into high risk, medium risk and low risk (for cancer) groups. Up to January 31, 2024, a total of 19,141 individuals have been enrolled, with 1,122 in high risk, 15,784 in medium risk, and 2,235 in low risk group. In this follow-up study, enrolled individuals were initially contacted within 6 months (high risk individuals were contacted within 15 days after the test report became available) and subsequently on an annual basis, and their health conditions were recorded. Results: Up to January 31, 2024, 256 individuals have been confirmed with cancer, 1,607 confirmed with pre-cancer diseases and benign tumors, and finally, 1,378 confirmed with diseases. When enrollment is normalized (number of individuals enrolled into each group is equal), for confirmed cancer group, 91.4% is in high risk group, 7.5% in medium risk group and only 1.1% in low risk group. The above result is very significant, indicating that multi-cancer screening using CDA technology is very effective. As shown, there are 23 types of cancer (Table). There are close to 30 types of pre-cancer diseases and benign tumors confirmed. Above results showed that CDA technology is indeed very effective in screening out multiple cancer types (including some cancer types which do not yet have other effective IVD tests such as thyroid cancer and esophageal cancer). The results also show that this approach is very helpful for cancer prevention as it screened out large number of pre-cancer diseases and benign tumor types. Conclusions: A large scale, multi-year, multi-cancer follow-up study has been carried out. Results showed that CDA technology is effective for multi-cancer screening in a general population.[Table: see text]

Oral dysbiosis and risk of gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Poor oral health and oral dysbiosis were found to be associated with cancers, especially of the gastrointestinal (GI)system. But the cause-and-effect relationship and the effect of the risk are not yet known due to scarcity of literature. Understanding such risk relationship can contribute to an integrated multi-disciplinary approach for GI cancer prevention. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the role of oral dysbiosis on increasing the risk of digestive system cancers. To evaluate the effect of poor oral health on increasing the risk of gastrointestinal cancers. We conducted a systematic search following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in databases PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley's online library and Web of Science from inception to February 2023 to include recent cohort studies that assessed the association between poor oral health and the risk of cancer. We assessed bias using the New Castle Ottawa scale. We used inferential statistics to describe the effect of oral dysbiosis on gastrointestinal cancers. We performed a sub-group analysis to assess the effect of oral conditions on individual cancers. We included 10 longitudinal studies in the meta-analysis. The overall effect size of poor oral health and GI cancer risk was hazard's ratio (HR) =1.30 (95% CI: [1.14, 1.46]) (p<0.001) (I2 = 68.78). Sub-group analysis indicated that poor oral health increases the risk of esophageal cancer HR=1.61 (95% CI: [1.37, 1.85]), stomach cancer HR=1.33 (95% CI: [1.08, 1.58]), pancreatic cancer HR=1.90 (95%CI; [1.29, 2.50]) and colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma HR=1.16 (95% CI: [1.08, 1.23]). The meta-analysis indicated that poor oral health was significantly associated with increasing the risk of GI cancers.

Positive Nipple Margins in Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: Management of Nipples Containing Cancer or Atypia.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is an oncologically safe approach for breast cancer treatment and prevention; however, there are little long-term data to guide management for patients whose nipple margins contain tumor or atypia. NSM patients with tumor or atypia in their nipple margin were identified from a prospectively maintained, single-institution database of consecutive NSMs. Patient and tumor characteristics, treatment, recurrence, and survival datawere assessed. A total of 3158 NSMs were performed from June 2007 to August 2019. Nipple margins contained tumor in 117 (3.7%) NSMs and atypia only in 164 (5.2%) NSMs. Among 117 nipple margins that contained tumor, 34 (29%) margins contained invasive cancer, 80 (68%) contained ductal carcinoma in situ only, and 3 (3%) contained lymphatic vessel invasion only. Management included nipple-only excision in 67 (57%) breasts, nipple-areola complex excision in 35 (30%) breasts, and no excision in 15 (13%) breasts. Only 23 (24%) excised nipples contained residual tumor. At 67 months median follow-up, there were 2 (1.8%) recurrences in areolar or peri-areolar skin, both in patients with nipple-only excision. Among 164 nipple margins containing only atypia, 154 (94%) nipples were retained. At 60 months median follow-up, no patient with atypia alonehad a nipple or areola recurrence. Nipple excision is effective management for nipple margins containing tumor. No intervention is required for nipple margins containing only atypia. Our results support broad eligibility for NSM with careful nipple margin assessment.

A contemporary review of breast cancer risk factors and the role of artificial intelligence.

Breast cancer continues to be a significant global health issue, necessitating advancements in prevention and early detection strategies. This review aims to assess and synthesize research conducted from 2020 to the present, focusing on breast cancer risk factors, including genetic, lifestyle, and environmental aspects, as well as the innovative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in prediction and diagnostics. A comprehensive literature search, covering studies from 2020 to the present, was conducted to evaluate the diversity of breast cancer risk factors and the latest advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in this field. The review prioritized high-quality peer-reviewed research articles and meta-analyses. Our analysis reveals a complex interplay of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors for breast cancer, with significant variability across different populations. Furthermore, AI has emerged as a promising tool in enhancing the accuracy of breast cancer risk prediction and the personalization of prevention strategies. The review highlights the necessity for personalized breast cancer prevention and detection approaches that account for individual risk factor profiles. It underscores the potential of AI to revolutionize these strategies, offering clear recommendations for future research directions and clinical practice improvements.

The Multiprong Approach in Breast Cancer Prevention: Current Scenario and Future Directions!

Abstract Breast cancer stands as the most diagnosed cancer among women globally, accounting for one in four cancer cases. Despite this, there is a scarcity of literature addressing prevention strategies and approaches aimed at reducing the risk of breast cancer acquisition, as well as secondary prevention strategies aimed at mitigating morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. The objective of this review is to underscore novel approaches and strategies for the prevention and management of breast cancer. This review is particularly important in the context of resource-poor and developing countries facing challenges in curbing the burden of this disease. This review highlights the importance of addressing multifactorial risk factors with a multiprong approach strategy. This approach encompasses dietary and lifestyle modification, alongside pharmaceutical interventions. Furthermore, recent advances and future directions, including nutrigenomics and early detection strategies, are elucidated. Coordinated and planned efforts at all levels are imperative, encompassing the effective utilization of health education, health promotion, capacity building, and the integration of emerging modalities like precision medicine, targeted approaches, nutrigenomics, and advanced screening tools such as thermography. Exploration of avenues like chemoprevention, precision medicine, and immunoprevention, including targeted approaches, holds promise for further investigation in the future.

Classification of chronic gastritis: historical digression and current state of the issue. A review

For more than a century, physicians have noted the relationship of chronic gastritis with the development of gastric cancer, which prompted great interest in the study and systematization of chronic gastritis in order to better understand the prognosis and develop approaches for cancer prevention. The accumulated knowledge about the etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of gastritis has made it possible to coordinate the general ideas about gastritis in the classifications used by practicing physicians today, and the systems developed and implemented into practice for assessing atrophy/intestinal metaplasia (OLGA/OLGIM) undoubtedly can help the doctor in determining the tactics of curation of the patient.

Regular Use of Aspirin and Statins Reduces the Risk of Cancer in Individuals with Systemic Inflammatory Diseases.

Individuals with systemic inflammatory diseases derive chemoprotective benefits from aspirin and statins, providing a precision cancer prevention approach to address the personal and public challenges posed by cancer.

Abstract 2242: Clinical trials knowledge among Hispanic/Latino gastrointestinal cancer survivors in Puerto Rico

Abstract The discovery of innovative cancer prevention and treatment approaches relies on voluntary participation in clinical trials (CTs); however, participation remains low among minorities/ethnic groups. Knowledge of CTs has been reported as a barrier to CT participation. Yet, there is limited understanding regarding CTs knowledge and participation among gastrointestinal (GI) cancer survivors in Puerto Rico (PR). Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death in PR, accounting for 13% among men and women. We aimed to describe the knowledge and factors associated with cancer-related CTs among Hispanic/Latino GI cancer survivors in PR. We analyzed preliminary data from an ongoing cross-sectional study targeting Hispanic/Latino GI cancer survivors aged 21+ years in PR. The study employed an interviewer-administered questionnaire to assess participants' awareness, knowledge, and participation in cancer-related CTs, and the social determinants of health (SDoH) associated with CT participation. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population. Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used accordingly to assess significance. A generalized linear model was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for significant variables. As of November 9, 2023, 59 Hispanic/Latino GI cancer survivors had completed the questionnaire. Women accounted for 56% of the sample, and the median age of study participants was 65 years (IQR: 19). Racial identity among participants was primarily white (63%), followed by other races (18%) and African-American (18%). Most participants were in complete or partial remission from cancer (83%). A significant proportion of the respondents reported having at least 12th grade (81%) and an annual income of $20,000 or higher (67%). Most participants (76%) accurately identified the correct definition of a CT. Participants with 12th grade or more had 1.5 (95% CI:1.1-1.9) times the possibility to correctly identify the CT definition compared to to those with less than 12th grade. Similarly, respondents with an annual income equal or higher than $20,000 had 1.4 (95% CI:1.1-1.8) times the possibility to correctly identify the CT definition compared to their counterpart. Furthermore, 93.2% of respondents had a score of at least 80% of correct responses regarding their knowledge of CTs. Although nearly 100% of the respondents knew about CTs, only 20% had participated. Despite a high level of knowledge regarding CTs in PR, a significant gap remains between knowledge and participation. Factors such as education and income might play a role in understanding the CT definition. However, the barriers preventing participation, including SDoH need further exploration. Enhancing participation among Hispanic/Latino GI cancer survivors in PR is essential for advancing cancer research and improving outcomes for this at-risk population. Citation Format: Hilmaris Centeno-Girona, Marievelisse Soto-Salgado, Mariela Bournigal-Feliciano, Sofia F. Contreras-Fernández, Karina Torres-Mojica, Victoria Williams, Arnethea L. Sutton, Katherine Tossas, Robert Winn, Marcia R. Cruz-Correa. Clinical trials knowledge among Hispanic/Latino gastrointestinal cancer survivors in Puerto Rico [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2242.