Cancer Incidence In Population Research Articles

Combined chemoradiotherapy regimens and their effectiveness in the treatment of patients with non-small-cell unresectable stage III lung cancer: review of literature

The urgency of the problem of treating patients with lung cancer is caused by a steady increase in the lung cancer incidence and lung cancer mortality rates in population. Most patients with NSCLC initially present with locally advanced or disseminated disease. Currently, simultaneous chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is the standard for the treatment of locally advanced NSCLC, which appears superior to the single chemotherapy or radiation therapy, while the overall survival (OS) rate remains not high enough. Therefore, the search for optimal combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy (CRT), as well as fractionation regimens is a promising direction in the treatment of such patients. In this article, we will review the on-topic studies data that are currently available, future directions of the therapy and objectives.

Increased Incidence and Mortality of Gastric Cancer in Immigrant Populations from High to Low Regions of Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gastric cancer is the leading cause of infection-related cancer death and the third-leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The effect of immigration on gastric cancer risk is not well-defined but might be helpful for screening or surveillance endeavors. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to define the risk of gastric cancer in immigrants from high-incidence regions to low-incidence regions (including Western Europe, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, and the United States). We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, from January 1980 to January 2019, for studies that identified immigrants from high-incidence regions of gastric cancer, provided clear definitions of immigrant and reference populations, and provided sufficient data to calculate gastric cancer incidence and gastric cancer-related mortality. We performed meta-analyses of standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for first-generation immigrants from high- to low-incidence regions, stratified by immigrant generation, sex, and anatomic and histologic subtype, when data were available. We identified 38 cohort studies that met our inclusion criteria. All 13 studies of 21 distinct populations reported significantly increased SIRs for gastric cancer in first-generation foreign-born immigrants (men SIR range, 1.24-4.50 and women SIR range, 1.27-5.05). The pooled SIR for immigrants with all types of gastric cancer was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.52-1.80) for men and 1.83 (95% CI, 1.69-1.98) for women. Nine studies from 2 high-incidence populations (the former Soviet Union and Japan) reported an increased gastric cancer standardized mortality ratio in first-generation immigrants who migrated to regions of low incidence (former Soviet Union immigrants, 1.44-1.91 for men and 1.40-2.56 for women). Immigrants from regions with a high incidence of gastric cancer to regions of low incidence maintain a higher risk of gastric cancer and related mortality, based on a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Assessment of immigrant generation along with other risk factors might help identify high-risk populations for prevention and therapeutic interventions.

Lifestyle and cancer incidence and mortality risk depending on family history of cancer in two prospective cohorts.

The extent to which a favorable lifestyle may lower cancer risk in subjects with a family history of cancer is unknown. We conducted a prospective study in two Swedish cohorts, the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS; n = 25,604) and the Malmö Preventive Project (MPP; n = 16,216). The association between a favorable lifestyle (based on nonsmoking, normal weight, absence of excessive drinking, regular physical activity and healthy diet) and cancer incidence and mortality risk was assessed using Cox regression stratified by family history of cancer (all types). A favorable lifestyle was associated with a 22% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18-26%) and 40% (95% CI: 36-44%) lower risk of cancer incidence and mortality, respectively, compared to an unfavorable lifestyle. No significant effect modification by family history was observed but there was a null association between lifestyle and cancer incidence among subjects with two or more affected first-degree relatives. The observed relative risk estimates comparing an unfavorable with a favorable lifestyle corresponded to standardized 10-year cancer incidence rates of 11.2 vs. 9.5% in the MDCS, and 4.4 vs. 3.2% in the MPP, and a reduction in 20-year cancer mortality rate from 11.7% to 7.4% in the MDCS and 6.7% to 3.9% in the MPP. Improved adherence to cancer prevention recommendations may reduce cancer incidence and mortality risk in the general population, however, further studies are needed to assess the impact of lifestyle on cancer incidence among subjects with strong familial or polygenic risk for specific cancers.

Evaluating Risks, Reported Cases and Screening Recommendations for Breast Cancer in Transgender Patients

Breast cancer research has traditionally focused on biological females who identify as women. Less is known about the incidence of breast cancer in transgender populations who identify with a gender that does not correspond with their birth sex. There are data to suggest a potential link between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer in transgender patients. While there is a need for more robust studies in this area, current data suggest there is no increased risk in female-to-male transgender men, and a potential increased risk in male-to-female transgender women. These studies also suggest that transgender patients face significant disparities in care. Clinicians require improved education to understand the potential risks associated with HRT, standards of cancer screening for transgender patients, and proper sensitivity in communication with this patient population. This review examines the existing literature, outlines the current data on the potential risks associated with HRT, and provides a 3-pronged approach to communicate risk, screen, and diagnose breast cancer in transgender patient populations. Note: All authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

183 – Gastrointestinal Cancer Incidence and Trends in United States Rural and Urban Populations

183 – Gastrointestinal Cancer Incidence and Trends in United States Rural and Urban Populations

Analysis of the incidence in malignant neoplasms in firstdegree relatives of probands with glial brain tumors

The article presents a simplified analytical method of evaluating the cancer incidence in first-degree relatives with glial brain tumors. The method is based on the use of population cancer incidence rates in the Belarus population and the estimated numbers of first-degree relatives in the time interval corresponding to the average life span in the Belarus population. This method was employed to analyze the cancer incidence in the patients of first-degree relatives who were treated at the N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre. Their diagnosis was the glial brain tumor. The number of the investigated first-degree relatives was 1012, of them 502 were males and 510 – females. As of December 31, 2015, this group had 63 cases of malignant neoplasms. According to the findings of the analysis performed, the first-degree relatives are at an increased risk for brain, rectum, thyroid and corpus uteri cancers. However, the statistically significant risk was found only for brain cancer incidence. The standardized incidence rate in first-degree relatives was 3.39 for this site (95 % CI 1.10–7.92), which is consistent with the data obtained by specialists of other countries (USA, Sweden and others).The agreement of the standardized incidence values suggests that the simplified analytical method provides an adequate account of the incidence among the patients of first-degree relatives with an established diagnosis of malignant neoplasm.

Reduced Cancer Incidence in Huntington's Disease: Analysis in the Registry Study.

People with Huntington's disease (HD) have been observed to have lower rates of cancers. To investigate the relationship between age of onset of HD, CAG repeat length, and cancer diagnosis. Data were obtained from the European Huntington's disease network REGISTRY study for 6540 subjects. Population cancer incidence was ascertained from the GLOBOCAN database to obtain standardised incidence ratios of cancers in the REGISTRY subjects. 173/6528 HD REGISTRY subjects had had a cancer diagnosis. The age-standardised incidence rate of all cancers in the REGISTRY HD population was 0.26 (CI 0.22-0.30). Individual cancers showed a lower age-standardised incidence rate compared with the control population with prostate and colorectal cancers showing the lowest rates. There was no effect of CAG length on the likelihood of cancer, but a cancer diagnosis within the last year was associated with a greatly increased rate of HD onset (Hazard Ratio 18.94, p < 0.001). Cancer is less common than expected in the HD population, confirming previous reports. However, this does not appear to be related to CAG length in HTT. A recent diagnosis of cancer increases the risk of HD onset at any age, likely due to increased investigation following a cancer diagnosis.

Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in native and alien populations of the Republic of Buryatia

Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in native and alien populations of the Republic of Buryatia

Implementation of the Results of Laboratory Immunohistochemistry Assay Anti–PD-L1 Using Ventana's Platform: Preliminary Study of NSCLC in 14 Designated National Referral Cancer Hospital in Indonesia

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cancer incidence in population and in hospitals. According to GLOBOCAN 2012 , the incidence of lung cancer in male is 25.8/100,000 with a death rate of 23.2/100,000 while in female 8.1/100,000 with a mortality rate of 7.3/100,000. From the national data, out of 14 provinces (2008-2012) in Indonesia, incidence of lung cancer in male was ranked first, 2.31/100.000. Meanwhile in female was the fifth, 1.08/100.000. Immunotherapy is a novel treatment for many types of malignancy including lung cancer. Currently one of monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death 1 (PD-L1) has been approved for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a companion diagnostic by Dako. Ventana's benchmark XT is widely used immunohistochemistry platform. However, data on its reliability and reproducibility with 22C3 antibody in Indonesia are scant. Aim: Immunohistochemistry Dako's anti PD-L1 can be applied in Ventana platform. This protocol could be used in preliminary study for lung cancer in 14 designated national referral cancer hospital in Indonesia. Methods: Lung cancer is the most common cancer incidence in population and in hospitals. According to GLOBOCAN 2012 , the incidence of lung cancer in male is 25.8/100,000 with a death rate of 23.2/100,000 while in female 8.1/100,000 with a mortality rate of 7.3/100,000. From the national data, out of 14 provinces (2008-2012) in Indonesia, incidence of lung cancer in male was ranked first, 2.31/100.000. Meanwhile in female was the fifth, 1.08/100.000. Immunotherapy is a novel treatment for many types of malignancy including lung cancer. Currently one of monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death 1 (PD-L1) has been approved for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a companion diagnostic by Dako. Ventana's benchmark XT is widely used immunohistochemistry platform. However, data on its reliability and reproducibility with 22C3 antibody in Indonesia are scant. Results: The Ventana's Ultraview 22C3 optimized protocol stratified the PD-L1 expression. Three out of 10 cases were strongly positive. Some of these had squamous differentiation. Weakly positive was only found in 1 case of adenocarcinoma. The last 6 cases showed negative expression on PD-L1 which 2 of these cases were the specimens from cryosurgery. Conclusion: The results of laboratory immunohistochemistry assay demonstrate than Dako's anti PD-L1 primary antibody can be applied to Ventana's benchmark XT platform. Start conducting study of lung cancer in Indonesia's in 14 designated national referral cancer hospital in provinces profile of PD-L1 expression in Dharmais NCC. The detection of PD-L1 protein expression in NSCLC using Ventana platform can be used to determine which NSCLC patient is eligible for anti-PD1 based immunotherapy.

Association of tooth loss with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in a rural Chinese population.

BackgroundTooth loss has been reported to be associated with the risk of liver cancer in several prior studies in economically advantaged countries. Whether this relationship is also evident in economically disadvantaged populations is not known.MethodsWe analyzed data from the Nutrition Intervention Trials, two randomized placebo-controlled trials of vitamin/mineral supplementation in Linxian, China. Participants who reported having lost permanent teeth were examined to determine the number of teeth remaining. In the 30-year follow-up period, 329 liver cancers were diagnosed and 368 chronic liver disease deaths occurred. Tooth loss was categorized based on loess smoothed age-specific predicted quartiles. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the two outcomes.ResultsOverall, persons in the highest quartile of age-specific tooth loss had an increased risk of liver cancer (HR = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.67) which was not statistically significant. Results varied by sex and body mass index (BMI), however. Women in the highest quartile of age-specific tooth loss had a significantly increased risk (HR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.59), while men did not (HR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.75, 1.57), and persons with a BMI > 23.0 kg/m2 (HR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.00, 2.92) had a significantly increased risk, while persons with a BMI <23.0 kg/m2 did not (HR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.82, 1.5). No relationships with chronic liver disease mortality were observed.ConclusionsIn a rural, economically disadvantaged population, persons with the highest levels of age-specific tooth loss had an increased risk of liver cancer. The results, which were stronger among women and persons with greater BMI, suggest that periodontal disease may increase risk of liver cancer.

A prospective cohort examination of haematological parameters in relation to cancer death and incidence: the Busselton Health Study

BackgroundCancer risk is associated with serum iron levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether haematological parameters reflect serum iron levels and may also be associated with cancer risk.MethodsWe studied 1564 men and 1769 women who were enrolled in the Busselton Health Study, Western Australia. Haematological parameters evaluated included haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell distribution width (RCDW). Statistical analyses included t-tests for quantitative variables, chi-square tests for categorical variables and Cox proportional hazards regression modelling for cancer incidence and death.ResultsThere was marginal evidence of an association between MCV (as a continuous variable) and non-skin cancer incidence in women (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.013, 1.302; p = 0.030) but the hazard ratio was attenuated to non-significance after adjustment for serum ferritin (SF), iron and transferrin saturation (TS) (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.972, 1.264; p = 0.126). There was strong evidence of an association between MCHC and prostate cancer incidence in men; the estimated hazard ratio for an increase of one SD (0.5) in MCHC was 1.27 (95% CI 1.064, 1.507; p = 0.008). These results remained significant after further adjustment for SF and iron; the estimated hazard ratio for an increase of one SD (0.5) in MCHC was 1.25 (p = 0.014, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.48).ConclusionsThe MCHC and MCV were associated with cancer incidence in a Western Australian population, although only MCHC remained associated with prostate cancer after adjusting with serum iron and TS (circulating iron) and SF (storage iron). Haematological parameters are thus of limited utility in population profiling for future cancer risk.

Prospective Study of Coffee Consumption and Cancer Incidence in Non-White Populations.

Background: Coffee intake has been associated with risk of various cancers, but the findings, mostly from studies in white populations, are inconsistent. We examined the association of coffee consumption with overall cancer incidence and specific cancer sites in a large prospective study of African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites.Methods: 167,720 participants of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles were included. Baseline coffee intake was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sixteen cancers associated with coffee intake were calculated using Cox regressions.Results: During a mean follow-up of 15.3 years, 34,031 incident cancer cases were identified among study participants. Coffee intake was associated inversely with liver (≥4 cups/day vs. none: HR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.87; Ptrend < 0.001), ovarian (HR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.17-0.65; Ptrend = 0.007), and thyroid (HR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.87; Ptrend = 0.007) cancers and melanoma (HR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-0.99; Ptrend = 0.002). Coffee intake was also inversely associated with endometrial cancer among women with a body mass index >30 kg/m2 (HR = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.14-0.72; Ptrend = 0.04). The associations were similar across five ethnic groups (Pheterogeneity > 0.06) and were mainly observed among those who drank caffeinated coffee.Conclusions: On the basis of our prospective data in diverse populations, we found a decreased risk of liver, ovarian, thyroid, and endometrial cancers and melanoma associated with higher coffee intake.Impact: These results suggest that coffee drinking may protect against liver, ovarian, thyroid, and endometrial cancers, and melanoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(8); 928-35. ©2018 AACR.

Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation and Cancer Risk

Previous randomized clinical trials have reported inconsistent results on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cancer incidence. To examine whether high-dose vitamin D supplementation received monthly, without calcium, is associated with a reduction in cancer incidence and cancer mortality in the general population. This is a post hoc analysis of data from the Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that recruited participants from family practices and community groups in Auckland, New Zealand, from April 5, 2011, through November 6, 2012, with follow-up completed December 31, 2015. Participants were adult community residents aged 50 to 84 years. Of 47 905 adults invited from family practices and 163 from community groups, 5110 participants were randomized to receive vitamin D3 (n = 2558) or placebo (n = 2552). Two participants withdrew consent, and all others (n = 5108) were included in the primary analysis. Data analysis was by intention to treat. Oral vitamin D3, in an initial bolus dose of 200 000 IU and followed by monthly doses of 100 000 IU, or placebo for a median of 3.3 years (range, 2.5-4.2 years). Post hoc primary outcome was the number of all primary invasive and in situ malignant neoplasms (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) diagnosed from randomization until the study medication was discontinued on July 31, 2015. Of the 5108 participants included in the analysis, the mean (SD) age was 65.9 (8.3) years, 58.1% were male, and 4253 (83.3%) were of European or another race/ethnicity, with the remainder being Polynesian or South Asian. Mean (SD) baseline deseasonalized 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 26.5 (9.0) ng/mL. In a random sample of 438 participants, the mean follow-up 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration consistently was greater than 20 ng/mL higher in the vitamin D group than in the placebo group. The primary outcome of cancer comprised 328 total cases of cancer (259 invasive and 69 in situ malignant neoplasms) and occurred in 165 of 2558 participants (6.5%) in the vitamin D group and 163 of 2550 (6.4%) in the placebo group, yielding an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.01 (95% CI, 0.81-1.25; P = .95). High-dose vitamin D supplementation prescribed monthly for up to 4 years without calcium may not prevent cancer. This study suggests that daily or weekly dosing for a longer period may require further study. anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12611000402943.

PO-067 Thyroid cancer incidence in belarusian residents exposed to chernobyl fallout

IntroductionThe accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was the largest radiation-ecological catastrophe, which was accompanied by a massive release of the radioactive isotope of iodine. The aim of this work was to investigate the incidence of thyroid cancer in Belarus and assess the risk of developing this disease in various groups of affected cohorts.Material and methodsThe data from the State Register of persons affected by the Chernobyl accident (from 1987 to 2015) and the data of the Belarusian Cancer Registry (from 1978 to 2015) were used in the study. The analysis was conducted using crude rates (CR), age-specific rates (AsR) and age-standardised rates (ASR) and standardised incidence ratio (SIR). Affected population was divided into four groups: liquidators (99 498 persons), evacuees (13 096 persons), residents of contaminated areas (139 811 persons) and their offspring (30 475 persons), which were analysed by sex, age at time of the disaster, year of being in contaminated area, duration of staying in contaminated area, density of radiation contamination and individualised doze in thyroid gland.Results and discussionsIt was shown the intensive increase in the incidence rates of thyroid cancer in the Belorussian population after the Chernobyl accident, which finished after 2001 (CR1986=1.5±0.24, CR2001=10.3±0.63, CR2015=12.5±0,71). Thyroid cancer growth was most significant in most contaminated Gomel, Mogilev and Brest areas. It was shown that the maximum increase in incidence was observed in persons aged 0–4 years at the time of the accident. In the affected population, significantly high risk of thyroid cancer was noted in all groups. The risk was highest in the evacuees in 1995–1999 (SIR=13.0 (9.21–17.70)) and was significantly higher than in the liquidators (SIR=4.4 (3.63–5.25)) and in the cohort of living in contaminated areas (SIR=2,4 (1.88–2.98)). The risk was higher in men than in women, for those who were children at the time of the accident and who were in the most contaminated areas. The dose-response relationship was shown for the evacuees (rSpearman=0.9, p=0.037) and for persons living in contaminated areas (rSpearman=1.0, p<0.001). For the group of liquidators, the dose-effect relationship was not noted (rSpearman=−0.48, p=0.329).ConclusionIn our work we have shown that Chernobyl disaster increased thyroid cancer incidence in both whole population and most affected groups. Especially in people who were children at the time of disaster.

Global cancer incidence in older adults in 2012

Introduction Population aging has substantially contributed to the rising number of new cancer cases worldwide. Little has been done to study cancer incidence in older population globally. We thus presented the cancer incidence in people aged 65 years and older along with the projected number of new cancer cases in 2035 by world regions. Methods We extracted incident cancer cases for 184 countries from the GLOBOCAN 2012 database. We presented the number and the proportion of new cases, and the truncated age-standardized incidence rates among 65+ for all-sites combined and the 5 most common cancers by world regions. We also calculated the future incidence in 2035 by applying projected population estimates, assuming no changes in rates. Results In 2012, 6.7 million new cancer cases or (47.5% of all cancers) were diagnosed among older adults worldwide, with 48% occurring in the less developed regions. Over two thirds of all new cases were found in Europe and Asia including China. Lung, colorectal, prostate, stomach and breast cancers represented 55% of the global incidence among the elderly, yet distinct regional pattern was observed e.g. cervix uteri cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. By 2035, 14 million new cancer cases (68% all cases) are expected in older population. The highest increase is predicted in the Middle East and Northern Africa (+157%), and in China (+155%). Less developed regions will see an increase of 144% of new cancer cases compared to 54% in more developed regions. Conclusion The expected increase of cancer incidence at older ages will have a major impact on the society and challenge oncological practices and health care systems in all global regions in particular those with limited economic resources.

Cancer incidence surrounding the former Apollo nuclear facility 1990-2010.

Environmental radiation releases from a nuclear fuel fabrication facility in Apollo, Pennsylvania may have exposed the surrounding population to ionizing radiation. This study characterizes cancer incidence in the population living near the nuclear facility between 1990 and 2010. Cancer incidence in the minor civil divisions surrounding the Apollo facility was compared to a standard population of the state of Pennsylvania adjusted for calendar year, age, sex, and race. Bias due to residential misclassification was considered by adjustment of case count. We also evaluated whether birth cohort effects or changes in population distribution over time affected the standardized incidence rate ratio (SIR). From 1990 to 2010, the observed rate of cancer incidence among males in the Apollo area was 1.56 (95% CI 1.47-1.66) times the expected cancer rate, and among females was 1.38 (95% CI 1.30-1.47) times the expected cancer rate. Accounting for residential misclassification, the SIR for males and females combined was 1.16 (95% CI 1.10-1.21). Residents who were members of earlier birth cohorts had similar SIRs to those born later. This research suggests that cancer incidence among the population surrounding the former Apollo nuclear facility is greater than expected based on statewide rates.

Risk of thyroid cancer in relation to height, weight, and body mass index in Japanese individuals: a population-based cohort study.

Greater height and body mass index (BMI) have been associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer incidence in Western countries. However, few epidemiological studies have assessed the association between anthropometric factors, such as BMI, height, or weight, and thyroid cancer incidence in Asian populations. Using the population‐based Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study database, we investigated the relationship between anthropometric factors and thyroid cancer incidence. Data on anthropometric factors were collected through a self‐administered questionnaire at baseline. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model, and the exposure level was categorized into quintiles. A total of 49,062 men and 53,661 women enrolled between 1990 and 1994 were included in our analyses, and 191 cases (37 in men and 154 in women) of thyroid cancer were identified, with 1,695,702 person‐years of follow‐up until 2010. Compared with the male group with height ≤160 cm, HRs of the male groups with height 165–168 cm and ≥169 cm were 3.92 (95% CI; 1.33–11.55, P = 0.013) and 4.24 (95% CI; 1.32–13.61, P = 0.015), respectively, and the HR per 5‐cm increase in height was 1.12 (95% CI 1.06–1.18, P < 0.001). In contrast, the association between anthropometric features and the risk of thyroid cancer did not significantly differ among women. In this population, an increase in risk for increased height was observed in men, but no associations between anthropometric indexes and thyroid cancer risk were observed in women.

Incidence of gallbladder cancer and overall survival in different racial populations in northern California

Incidence of gallbladder cancer and overall survival in different racial populations in northern California

Breast Cancer Incidence and Risk Reduction in the Hispanic Population.

Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer amongst women worldwide and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality overall. It is also the foremost reason for cancer-related mortality in Hispanic females in the United States (US). Although the current incidence of breast cancer is significantly lower in Hispanics compared to that of non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and Blacks, (91.9, 128.1, and 124.3 per 100,000, respectively, annually), this may increase if Hispanics develop similar lifestyle behaviors to other American women, in categories such as weight management, age at first birth, number of children, and breastfeeding habits. Stage-for-stage mortality for Hispanics is similar to NHWs, but the mortality rate is not declining as rapidly in this ethnic group. Hispanic women share many of the same risk factors for developing breast cancer as NHWs and Blacks. This suggests that many of the risk reduction strategies used in other racial populations may also benefit this group. Providing education about breast cancer and implementing risk reduction strategies in culturally-aware environments could help keep incidence low and reduce cancer-related mortality. Since Hispanics are the largest minority group in the US, this could have a significant impact on the incidence and mortality nationally.

The effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on gastric cancer prevention in healthy asymptomatic populations.

Although many epidemiologic studies have evaluated the effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric cancer, the effect is still uncertain in general populations. We evaluated whether H.pylori eradication would affect the incidence of gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic populations. We performed a retrospective cohort study in 38984 asymptomatic individuals, who underwent health screening examinations more than twice between 2005 and 2016. We investigated the incidence of gastric cancer among 3 groups: those without H.pylori infection (Hp-negative group), those with H.pylori eradication (eradication group), and those without H.pylori eradication (non-eradication group). The cumulative incidence of gastric cancer was 54.5 cases per 100000 person-years during a median of 6.4years. In a multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model, the cumulative incidence of gastric cancer in the non-eradication group was significantly higher than those in the Hp-negative (hazard ratio [HR] 4.12, P<.001) and eradication groups (HR 2.73, P=.001). However, the cumulative incidence of gastric cancer was not significantly different between the eradication and Hp-negative groups. Other risk factors for gastric cancer occurrence were age, smoking, family history of gastric cancer, and gastric atrophy. The standardized incidence ratios of the age groups above 40 and below 70 in the eradication group were all significantly decreased. Helicobacter pylori eradication reduced the cumulative incidence of gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic population, and the effect of H.pylori eradication on the prevention of gastric cancer was observed in all ages.