Estimates Of Cancer Incidence Research Articles

Impact of New Standardized Population for Estimating Cancer Incidence in Indian Context- an Analysis from National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP).

Objective:Standardization adjusts for variations in population age-distribution and provides a summary measure for the comparison of populations and comparisons of time-trends in population. Globally, several standard population were used by many countries for comparison of rates. Segi World Standard Population (WSP) is suitable for international comparison. However, national standard population would be more appropriate for Intra-national comparison as the standard should be similar to the population of interest. This study aimed to develop Indian Standard Population (ISP) for estimating Age Adjusted Rate (AAR) and, to understand the outcome on the cancer incidence rate using ISP in Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs). Methods:The Indian Standard Population was estimated based on the average age structure of three Censuses (1991,2001 and 2011). Age Adjusted Rate has been estimated using two standard populations of WSP and ISP for magnitude of change and comparison between 15 PBCRs in India. Results:The implementation of ISP led to overall 20% reduction in AAR for all sites of cancers in both sexes and minor relative changes in the ranking among PBCRs. Time trends in cancer incidence rate showed same temporal pattern curve using both ISP and WSP, AARs. Conclusion:The ISP would be more representative of the age-structure of Indian registries population and this would give more realistic comparison across the different PBCRs in India.

Organ dose measurements using an adult anthropomorphic phantom and risk estimation of cancer incidence from CBCT exposures

Cone-beam CT (CBCT) has become an essential tool for pre-treatment verification of the patient's position and for targeting the tumor volume localization in Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT). CBCT imaging is employed generally on a daily-basis, for each treatment fraction, and several times per patient, to ensure the correct patient's set-up. This leads to cumulative imaging doses to the tissues surrounding the exposed target-organs. The objective of this work is to determine the patient organ doses from a thorax CBCT scan in order to estimate risk of cancer incidence due to CBCT exposures.A thorax CBCT scan was performed in an anthropomorphic phantom of an adult male (CIRS ATOM) and the organ doses were assessed from point measurements using Thermo Luminescent Detectors (TLDs). The measurements were performed using a CBCT imaging system mounted on a LINAC (EdgeTM, Varian Medical Systems). The lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer incidence was determined using the BEIR risk models. Considering a single thorax CBCT scan, the highest organ doses were calculated for heart and left lung which registered values of 5.84 ± 0.99 mGy and 4.90 ± 0.83 mGy, respectively. In contrast, the lowest organ dose was determined for right lung, with an absorbed dose of 3.07 ± 0.52 mGy. Regarding risk estimation, after a complete course of IGRT treatment for lung cancer (24 fractions) and assuming that, at least, one CBCT scan is performed per fraction, the LAR of cancer incidence varies between 27 to 309 cases per 100.000 exposed persons, depending on the organ evaluated. This work highlights the need to determine radiation induced cancer risks arising from CBCT repeated exposures in order to optimize the selected scanning protocols and consequently the radiological protection of patient. Furthermore, accurate organ dose calculation is fundamental to reduce the uncertainties associated with radiological risk estimation in imaging procedures.

Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancers in the Americas: Incidence and mortality patterns and trends.

Trends in gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality in populations across the Americas can provide insight into shifting epidemiologic patterns and the current and potential impact of preventative and curative programs. Estimates of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancer incidence and mortality for the year 2018 were extracted from International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN database for 185 countries. Recorded registry-based incidence from 13 countries was extracted from IARCs Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series and corresponding national deaths from the WHO mortality database. Among females, the highest estimated incidence for gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancer in the Americas were found in Bolivia (21.0 per 100,000), Chile (11.7) and Peru (6.0). In the US, the highest incidence rates were observed among Hispanics (1.8). In the Chilean population, gallbladder cancer rates declined in both females and males between 1998 and 2012. Rates dropped slightly in Canada, Costa Rica, US Whites and Hispanics in Los Angeles. Gallbladder cancer mortality rates also decreased across the studied countries, although rising trends were observed in Colombia and Canada after 2010. Countries within Southern and Central America tended to have a higher proportion of unspecified biliary tract cancers. In public health terms, the decline in gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality rates is encouraging. However, the slight increase in mortality rates during recent years in Colombia and Canada warrant further attention. Higher proportions of unspecified biliary tract cancers (with correspondingly higher mortality rates) suggest more rigorous pathology procedures may be needed after surgery.

Epidemiology Incidence and Mortality Worldwide Common cancers in males and Their Relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI): An Ecological Study Updated in the World

This article provides a status report on the global burden of common cancers in male in worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality. Based on the results of cancer records in 2018, 9456418 cases of malignancy were recorded in males, with cancer (1368524 cases, 14.5 %), prostat cancer (1276106 cases, 13.5%), colorectal cancer(1026215 cases, 10.9%), stomach cancer(683754 cases, 7.2%) and liver cancer (596574 caces, 6.3%) were the five most common cancers in men worledwide. the total of deaths due to cancer in human in 2018 is 5385640. the five cases of death due to cancer in men worldwide are lung cancer (1184947 case, 22%), liver (548375 cases, 2.10%), stumach cancer (513555 cases, 9.5%), colorectal cancer (484224 case, 9%) and prostat cancer (358989 cases, 7.7 %). our resulth showed that there was a positive correlation between the incidence of lung cancer ( r= 0.629, p<0.0001), prostat cancer (r= 0.534, p<0.0001), colorectal cancer (r=0.745, p<0.0001) and stomach cancer (r=0.268, p<0.0001) with HDI index, while there was no significant relationship between liver cancer and the HDI (r=0.079, p>0.05). the results also showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between mortality from lung cancer (r=0.632, p<0.0001) and colorectal (r=0.627, p<0.0001) with HDI, wereas this correlation was negative for prostate cancer (r=-0.187, p<0.05).

Japanese structure survey of radiation oncology in 2012.

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the ongoing structure of radiation oncology in Japan in terms of equipment, personnel, patient load and geographic distribution to identify and overcome any existing limitations. From March 2013 to August 2016, the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology conducted a questionnaire based on the Japanese national structure survey of radiation oncology in 2012. Data were analyzed based on the institutional stratification by the annual number of new patients treated with radiotherapy per institution. The estimated annual numbers of new and total (new plus repeat) patients treated with radiation were 213 000 and 251 000, respectively. Additionally, the estimated cancer incidence was 865 238 cases with ~24.6% of all newly diagnosed patients being treated with radiation. The types and numbers of treatment devices actually used included linear accelerator (LINAC; n = 864), telecobalt (n = 0), Gamma Knife (n = 44), 60Co remote afterloading system (RALS; n = 23) and 192Ir RALS (n = 130). The LINAC system used dual-energy functions in 651 units, 3D conformal radiotherapy functions in 759 and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) functions in 466. There were 792 Japan Radiological Society/Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology-certified radiation oncologists, 1061.6 full-time equivalent (FTE) radiation oncologists, 2124.2 FTE radiotherapy technologists, 181.3 FTE medical physicists, 170.9 FTE radiotherapy quality managers and 841.5 FTE nurses. The frequency of IMRT use significantly increased during this time. In conclusion, the Japanese structure of radiation oncology has clearly improved in terms of equipment and utility although there was a shortage of personnel in 2012.

Japanese Structure Survey of Radiation Oncology in 2011.

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the evolving structure of radiation oncology in Japan in terms of equipment, personnel, patient load and geographic distribution to identify and overcome any existing limitations. From March 2012 to August 2015, the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology conducted a questionnaire based on the Japanese national structure survey of radiation oncology in 2011. Data were analyzed based on the institutional stratification by the annual number of new patients treated with radiotherapy per institution. The estimated annual numbers of new and total (new plus repeat) patients treated with radiation were 211 000 and 250 000, respectively. Additionally, the estimated cancer incidence was 851 537 cases with approximately 24.8% of all newly diagnosed patients being treated with radiation. The types and numbers of treatment devices actually used included linear accelerator (LINAC; n = 836), telecobalt (n = 3), Gamma Knife (n = 46), 60Co remote afterloading system (RALS; n = 24), and 192Ir RALS (n = 125). The LINAC system used dual-energy functions in 619 units, 3D conformal radiotherapy functions in 719 and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) functions in 412. There were 756 JRS or JASTRO-certified radiation oncologists, 1018.5 full-time equivalent (FTE) radiation oncologists, 2026.7 FTE radiotherapy technologists, 149.1 FTE medical physicists, 141.5 FTE radiotherapy quality managers and 716.3 FTE nurses. The frequency of IMRT use significantly increased during this time. To conclude, although there was a shortage of personnel in 2011, the Japanese structure of radiation oncology has clearly improved in terms of equipment and utility.

Estimación de la incidencia del cáncer en la Comunidad de Madrid en 2015

El cáncer es actualmente uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en todo el mundo. Además, el número de casos de cáncer presenta una tendencia creciente, debido al envejecimiento de la población. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar la incidencia de cáncer en la Comunidad de Madrid en 2015, por tipo de tumor y por sexo. Para ello, se han utilizado los datos de mortalidad para la Comunidad de Madrid y para España correspondientes al año 2015, y la estimación de incidencia de cáncer para España también para 2015 realizada por los registros poblacionales de cáncer españoles. El método utilizado en la estimación de la incidencia de cáncer se basa en aplicar las razones de incidencia/mortalidad de España a la mortalidad de la Comunidad de Madrid, por edad y sexo, globalmente y para los principales tipos de cáncer. Se estima que en 2015 los cánceres más frecuentes en las mujeres madrileñas fueron el cáncer de mama, el cáncer de colon, el de pulmón y el de cuerpo uterino. En varones, los cánceres más frecuentes fueron el cáncer de próstata, el de pulmón, el de colon y el de vejiga urinaria. Globalmente, en comparación con las tasas estimadas para España, la incidencia de cáncer en mujeres y hombres de la Comunidad de Madrid es inferior a la del promedio de España. Para algunos tumores, sin embargo, la Comunidad de Madrid presenta tasas superiores a las de España, siendo el caso del cáncer de pulmón y el melanoma cutáneo en mujeres, y del cáncer de páncreas y el melanoma cutáneo en los varones.

Comparing Radiotherapy Infrastructure in Chile with International Standards and Planning for Future Needs

Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and death. Approximately 60% of patients will require radiotherapy during the course of their illness. European standards of care estimate a need of one radiation oncologist for every 130-300 new radiation oncology patients per year, with at least one Linear Accelerator (LINAC) for every 250-400 patients that require treatment. Aims: Describe at the national and subregional level the available infrastructure and medical human resources at radiation oncology facilities in Chile estimating the current infrastructure gap and future needs according to expected population and cancer incidence growth to year 2025. Department heads of every radiation oncology units in the private and public sector in Chile were individually contacted to collect information on Full Time Equivalent (FTE) radiation oncologists in their center, number, and age of radiation oncology units and total number of radiation oncology courses delivered in each center. Population estimates for ear 2025 where retrieved from the national statistics institute. Cancer incidence estimations where extracted from the National Cancer Registries. In 2018 Chile has 22 radiation oncology facilities with 41 operative LINACS and 74 FTE radiation oncologists (FTE), amounting to 4,1 radiation oncologists for every 1 million inhabitants. In year 2017 one FTE treated on average 220 annual patients. There are 2,51 LINACS for every 1000 treated patients, treating 397 annual patients on average. Of the 41 LINACS operative in the country, 15 of them have been operative for more than 10 years and could reasonably be considered in need of replacement in the near future. Interestingly, 10 of the 15 obsolete LINACS are in the private sector, which has 25 LINACS, which means private clinics have been slower to update their infrastructure than the public sector. With an estimated cancer incidence of 216.9 every100.000 people the current need is approximately 62 LINACS and 80 FTE. Estimating incidence to year 2025 a total of 68 LINACS and a minimum of 88 FTE would be required to meet national needs. Chile currently has a reasonable physician radiation oncology staffing but is lacking on treatment units and replacement of obsolete units. By 2025 an almost doubling of the total number of LINACS will be required considering the need for replacement of obsolete units if Chile is to compare to international standards of care.

How have advances in CT dosimetry software impacted estimates of CT radiation dose and cancer incidence? A comparison of CT dosimetry software: Implications for past and future research.

ObjectiveOrgan radiation dose from a CT scan, calculated by CT dosimetry software, can be combined with cancer risk data to estimate cancer incidence resulting from CT exposure. We aim to determine to what extent the use of improved anatomical representation of the adult human body “phantom” in CT dosimetry software impacts estimates of radiation dose and cancer incidence, to inform comparison of past and future research.MethodsWe collected 20 adult cases for each of three CT protocols (abdomen/pelvis, chest and head) from each of five public hospitals (random sample) (January-April inclusive 2010) and three private clinics (self-report). Organ equivalent and effective dose were calculated using both ImPACT (mathematical phantom) and NCICT (voxelised phantom) software. Bland-Altman plots demonstrate agreement and Passing-Bablok regression reports systematic, proportional or random differences between results. We modelled the estimated lifetime attributable risk of cancer from a single exposure for each protocol, using age-sex specific risk-coefficients from the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII report.ResultsFor the majority of organs used in epidemiological studies of cancer incidence, the NCICT software (voxelised) provided higher dose estimates. Across the lifespan NCICT resulted in cancer estimates 2.9%-6.6% and 14.8%-16.3% higher in males and females (abdomen/pelvis) and 7.6%-19.7% and 12.9%-26.5% higher in males and females respectively (chest protocol). For the head protocol overall cancer estimates were lower for NCICT, but with greatest disparity, >30% at times.ConclusionWhen the results of previous studies estimating CT dose and cancer incidence are compared to more recent, or future, studies the dosimetry software must be considered. Any change in radiation dose or cancer risk may be attributable to the software and phantom used, rather than—or in addition to—changes in scanning practice. Studies using dosimetry software to estimate radiation dose should describe software comprehensively to facilitate comparison with past and future research.

The burden of Burkitt lymphoma in Africa

BackgroundBurkitt lymphoma (BL) is a relatively common cancer of childhood in tropical Africa, although its precise incidence and continent-wide geographic distribution have not been previously systematically studied.MethodsUsing the methods employed to produce national estimates of cancer incidence for the “Globocan” series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, along with detailed information on cancer incidence by histological subtype from cancer registries in Africa, we estimate the numbers and rates of incidence by sex, age group, country and region of Africa.ResultsWe estimate that the number of new cases that occurred in 2018 to be about 3900, two thirds in males, and 81% in children aged 0–14. On a national basis, the geographic distribution of incidence rates among children in sub-Saharan Africa resembles that of the prevalence of infection with Falciparum malaria. An estimated 81% of cases are associated with infection with Epstein Barr virus (EBV).ConclusionsBL comprises almost 50% of childhood of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Africa, almost all of which are associated with EBV, with the geographic distribution – at least in sub Saharan Africa - mediated by infection with malaria.

Gallbladder cancer in Morocco: the epidemiological evidence

Introduction: Gallbladder cancer is the 22nd most common cancer in men and women and the 16th leading cause of cancer-related death in Northern Africa, with an estimated 2 479 new cases of gallbladder cancer (1 568 women and 911 men) and 2 313 cancer deaths in 2012 (GLOBOCAN 2012). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of gallbladder cancer in Morocco. Methods: This is a retrospective study of gallbladder cancer cases, diagnosed and treated at Al Azhar Oncology Center in Rabat between 2005 and 2015. Results: There were 44 new cases of gallbladder cancer diagnosed at Al Azhar Oncology Center; 27 (61.4%) in women and 17 (38.6%) in men, giving a female-male ratio of 1.6 and accounting for 9.7% of all new cases of gastrointestinal cancer and 0.6% of all cancers reported during the study period. The average age at diagnosis of gallbladder cancer was 59.2±7.5 years for all patients (range 46-75 years), 60.8±8.1 years for men and 58.2±7.1 years for women. The risk of developing gallbladder cancer increases with age. Nearly 93% of cases were diagnosed in people aged 50 years and older. Among all detected cases, 2 (4.5%) were diagnosed with metastatic disease and 8 (18.2%) died during the study period, accounting for 6.8% of all gastrointestinal cancer deaths and 1.3% of all cancer deaths. Conclusion: The most recent estimates of gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality in the world reveal sharp differences between developed and developing countries possibly related to missed opportunities for early diagnosis and incomplete reporting of gallbladder cancer in Africa.

Incidence rates and temporal trends of cervical cancer relating to opportunistic screening in two developed metropolitan regions of Brazil: a population-based cohort study.

Brazilian opportunistic screening programs for cervical cancer have limited impact. In the regions of two cities (Campinas and Curitiba) with high human development indices, consistent information from 96-97% of all cervical cancer cases managed within the public healthcare system is available. To estimate the incidence rate (IR) and temporal trends in these regions, covering 2001-2012. A population-based cohort study was conducted under the assumption that all cervical cancer cases were managed in cancer referral center hospitals. 3,364 records (1,646 from Campinas; 1,718 from Curitiba) were analyzed to provide estimates of IR, age-standardized IR (ASR) and cervical cancer trends (shown per 100,000 women/year). Longitudinal patterns were analyzed using linear regression and shown as annual percentage change (APC); P < 0.05 for significance. Annual IR and ASR estimates for cervical cancer ranged from 3.8 to 8.0 over 2001-2012, decreasing over more recent years, and were similar for the two regions. The age-specific IR was about 50% lower among women aged 45 years or older (IR-2001/IR-2012: Campinas = 14.8/8.0; Curitiba = 18.7/8.3; P < 0.001). There was an increasing APC trend in Campinas among women aged 15-24 years, and a decreasing IR trend for squamous-cell histology in both regions (P < 0.05). Cervical cancer incidence estimates showed slowly decreasing trends in both regions, most evidently for women aged 45 years or older and for squamous-cell histology. These findings reflect the opportunistic nature of the population screening program, despite the comparatively high economic development level in the two regions.

The burden of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in Africa

Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCCC) is a relatively common cancer in Africa, although its precise incidence and geographic distribution have not been previously systematically studied. MethodsUsing the methods employed to produce national estimates of cancer incidence for the “Globocan” series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, along with detailed information on cancer incidence by histological subtype from cancer registries in Africa, we estimate the numbers and rates of incidence by sex, age group, country and region of Africa. ResultsWe estimate that the number of new cases occurring in 2018 to be about 6 200, with all but about 50 in sub Saharan Africa, and 55% in females.On a national basis, the geographic distribution of incidence rates resembles that of the prevalence of infection with HIV, with a strong correlation between them, especially in males. ConclusionsWe estimate that about one third of the total cases of SCCC occurring in Africa are HIV-related.

The descriptive epidemiology of lung cancer and tobacco control: a global overview 2018.

To present the most recent national estimates of lung cancer burden globally in 185 countries and tobacco smoking prevalence (%) by sex. Estimates of lung cancer incidence and mortality for 2018 were extracted from the Globocan database; observed incidence, from the last volume of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, and tobacco prevalence, from the World Health Observatory/WHO database. In 2018, over two million new lung cancer cases and 1.7 million deaths were estimated to occur worldwide, representing 14% of the new cancer cases and 20% of the cancer deaths. Incidence rates showed marked variation between countries. Stable or decreasing incidence rates were predominant among males, while among females increasing rates were common. The continuing rise in lung cancer among women reinforces the need for strengthening implementation of the preventive actions committed to by governments in the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control.

Estimating the total incidence of global childhood cancer: a simulation-based analysis.

Accurate estimates of childhood cancer incidence are important for policy makers to inform priority setting and planning decisions. However, many countries do not have cancer registries that quantify the incidence of childhood cancer. Moreover, even when registries do exist, they might substantially underestimate the true incidence, since children with cancer might not be diagnosed. We therefore aimed to provide estimates of total childhood cancer incidence accounting for underdiagnosis. We developed a microsimulation model to simulate childhood cancer incidence for 200 countries and territories worldwide, taking into account trends in population growth and urbanicity, geographical variation in cancer incidence, and health system barriers to access and referral that contribute to underdiagnosis. To ensure model results were consistent with epidemiological data, we calibrated the model to publicly available cancer registry data using a Bayesian approach in which the observed data are fixed and the model parameters (cancer incidence and probabilities of health system access and referral) are random variables. We estimated the total incidence of childhood cancer (diagnosed and undiagnosed) in each country in 2015 and projected the number of cases from 2015 to 2030. Our model estimated that there were 397 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 377 000-426 000) incident cases of childhood cancer worldwide in 2015, of which only 224 000 (95% UI 216 000-237 000) were diagnosed. This finding suggests that 43% (172 000 of 397 000) of childhood cancer cases were undiagnosed globally, with substantial variation by region, ranging from 3% in western Europe (120 of 4300) and North America (300 of 10 900) to 57% (43 000 of 76 000) in western Africa. In south Asia (including southeastern Asia and south-central Asia), the overall proportion of undiagnosed cases was estimated to be 49% (67 000 of 137 000). Taking into account population projections, we estimated that there will be 6·7 million (95% UI 6·3-7·2) cases of childhood cancer worldwide from 2015 to 2030. At current levels of health system performance, we estimated that 2·9 million (95% UI 2·7-3·3) cases of childhood cancer will be missed between 2015 and 2030. Childhood cancer is substantially underdiagnosed, especially in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (including western, eastern, and southern Africa). In addition to improving treatment for childhood cancer, health systems must be strengthened to accurately diagnose and effectively care for all children with cancer. As countries expand universal health coverage, these estimates of total incidence will hopefully help guide efforts to appropriately increase health system capacity to ensure access to effective childhood cancer care. Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, National Cancer Institute, SickKids, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Union for International Cancer Control.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a risk factor for cancer: a nationwide population-based study in Korea.

Specific differences in cancer risk have been observed between systemic lupus erythematosus patients and the general population. Although meta-analyses have estimated cancer incidence in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, results have been inconclusive. Hence, we aimed to assess malignancy risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, compared to the risk in the general population. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients ( n = 21,016; mean age 41.67 ± 13.14 years; female 90.22%) were selected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database between 2008 and 2014. Age- and sex-matched controls were randomly sampled in a 5:1 ratio ( n = 105,080). During the 7 years of follow up, malignancy was detected in 763 (3.63%) systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 2667 (2.54%) controls. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients had a higher risk of malignancy than controls (odds ratio 1.44; 95% confidence interval 1.327-1.559), after multivariate adjustment. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients had a higher odds ratio for developing cervical, thyroid, ovarian, and oral cancer, as well as lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma than controls. Based on subgroup analysis, male systemic lupus erythematosus patients and patients younger than 40 years showed the highest lymphoma risk. Systemic lupus erythematosus might be an independent risk factor for cancer. Therefore, the importance of cancer screening programs should be emphasized in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Our study is the first large nationwide cohort study for evaluating the risk of cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Association Between Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Web-Based Data in China: Infodemiology Study.

BackgroundCancer poses a serious threat to the health of Chinese people, resulting in a major challenge for public health work. Today, people can obtain relevant information from not only medical workers in hospitals, but also the internet in any place in real-time. Search behaviors can reflect a population’s awareness of cancer from a completely new perspective, which could be driven by the underlying cancer epidemiology. However, such Web-retrieved data are not yet well validated or understood.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore whether a correlation exists between the incidence and mortality of cancers and normalized internet search volumes on the big data platform, Baidu. We also assessed whether the distribution of people who searched for specific types of cancer differed by gender. Finally, we determined whether there were regional disparities among people who searched the Web for cancer-related information.MethodsStandard Boolean operators were used to choose search terms for each type of cancer. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to explore correlations among monthly search index values for each cancer type and their monthly incidence and mortality rates. We conducted cointegration analysis between search index data and incidence rates to examine whether a stable equilibrium existed between them. We also conducted cointegration analysis between search index data and mortality data.ResultsThe monthly Baidu index was significantly correlated with cancer incidence rates for 26 of 28 cancers in China (lung cancer: r=.80, P<.001; liver cancer: r=.28, P=.016; stomach cancer: r=.50, P<.001; esophageal cancer: r=.50, P<.001; colorectal cancer: r=.81, P<.001; pancreatic cancer: r=.86, P<.001; breast cancer: r=.56, P<.001; brain and nervous system cancer: r=.63, P<.001; leukemia: r=.75, P<.001; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: r=.88, P<.001; Hodgkin lymphoma: r=.91, P<.001; cervical cancer: r=.64, P<.001; prostate cancer: r=.67, P<.001; bladder cancer: r=.62, P<.001; gallbladder and biliary tract cancer: r=.88, P<.001; lip and oral cavity cancer: r=.88, P<.001; ovarian cancer: r=.58, P<.001; larynx cancer: r=.82, P<.001; kidney cancer: r=.73, P<.001; squamous cell carcinoma: r=.94, P<.001; multiple myeloma: r=.84, P<.001; thyroid cancer: r=.77, P<.001; malignant skin melanoma: r=.55, P<.001; mesothelioma: r=.79, P<.001; testicular cancer: r=.57, P<.001; basal cell carcinoma: r=.83, P<.001). The monthly Baidu index was significantly correlated with cancer mortality rates for 24 of 27 cancers. In terms of the whole population, the number of women who searched for cancer-related information has slowly risen over time. People aged 30-39 years were most likely to use search engines to retrieve cancer-related knowledge. East China had the highest Web search volumes for cancer.ConclusionsSearch behaviors indeed reflect public awareness of cancer from a different angle. Research on internet search behaviors could present an innovative and timely way to monitor and estimate cancer incidence and mortality rates, especially for cancers not included in national registries.

Report of cancer epidemiology in China, 2015

Objective: Data from local cancer registries were pooled to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015. Methods: Data submitted from 501 cancer registries were checked & evaluated according to the criteria of data quality control, and 368 registries' data were qualified for the final analysis. Data were stratified by area (urban/rural), sex, age group and cancer sites, and combined with national population data to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized. Results: Total population covered by 368 cancer registries were 309 553 499 (148 804 626 in urban and 160 748 873 in rural areas). The percentage of morphologically verified cases (MV) and the percentage of death certificate-only cases (DCO) accounted for 69.34% and 2.09%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence ratio was 0.61. About 3 929 000 new cancer cases were reported in 2015 and the crude incidence rate was 285.83 per 100 000 population (males and females were 305.47 and 265.21 per 100 000 population). Age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 190.64 and 186.39 per 100 000 population, respectively, with the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 21.44%. The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 304.96/100 000 and 196.09/100 000 in urban areas and 261.40/100 000 and 182.70/100 000 in rural areas, respectively. About 2 338 000 cancer deaths were reported in 2015 and the cancer mortality was 170.05/100 000 (210.10/100 000 in males and 128.00/100 000 in females). Age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 106.72/100 000 and 105.84/100 000, respectively, with the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 11.94%. The cancer mortality and ASMRC were 172.61/100 000 and 103.65/100 000 in urban areas and 166.79/100 000 and 110.76/100 000 in rural areas, respectively. The most common cancer cases including lung, gastric, colorectal, liver and female breast, the top 10 cancer incidence accounted for about 76.70% of all cancer new cases. The most common cancer deaths including lung, liver, gastric, esophageal and colorectal, the top 10 cancer deaths accounted for about 83.00% of all cancer deaths. Conclusions: The burden of cancer showed a continuous upward trend in China. Cancer prevention and control faces the problem of the disparity in different areas and different cancer burden between men and women. The cancer pattern in China presents the coexistence of the cancer patterns in developed and developing countries. The situation of cancer prevention and control is still serious in China.

Analysis of Mouth Cancer Incidence Estimates in Brazil and Paraiba State (2003 - 2017)

Analysis of Mouth Cancer Incidence Estimates in Brazil and Paraiba State (2003 - 2017)

Nanocrystalline solid dispersions (NSD) of hesperetin (HRN) for prevention of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females as per the global cancer project (GLOBOCAN 2018) estimates of breast cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In 2018, there will be 2,088,849 new cases of breast cancer and 626,679 cases of deaths due to breast cancer in 5 regions (Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania) at 20 sites of the world. Epidemiologic studies on diet and cancer have guided the search for some nutraceuticals acting as anti-cancer agents. Hesperetin (HRN), the aglycone of hesperidin, a glycoside found in citrus fruits, has been reported to have anti-cancer effects by apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell proliferation in cancer cells. However, poor solubility of HRN has limited its absorption while deviating from its therapeutic benefit. The present study aimed to develop nanocrystalline solid dispersions (NSD) of HRN and evaluating the oral bioavailability in rats. The study also evaluated the efficacy of NSDs against the carcinogenic activity of DMBA in female rats. NSDs were optimized using design of experiments (DoE) and multivariate analysis (MVA) tools. The optimized NSD formulation showed an average particle size (Zavg) of 558.2 ± 68.1 nm and ~70% release in 30 min. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study also construed remarkable improvement (3.3 and 2.1-fold increase in Cmax and AUC0–∞) in rate and extent of absorption and 4-fold reduction in Tmax by the optimized NSD formulation. In vivo chemoprevention study construed superior efficacy of the NSD formulation by reducing the tumor burden, delaying the onset of tumors and reducing the tumor weight and volume in DMBA-induced breast cancer rats. In conclusion, we present a simple NSD formulation of HRN with enhanced bioavailability and superior chemopreventive efficacy.