Cancer In Indonesia Research Articles

Computational Study of 1-(3-Nitrobenzoyloxymethyl)-5-Fluorouracyl Derivatives as Colorectal Cancer Agents

Cancer is one of the chronic diseases with a reasonably high increase at this time. One type of cancer with the highest mortality rate is colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is cancer that occurs in the colon and rectum. Based on GLOBOCAN data (2018), cases of colorectal cancer in Indonesia reached 8.6% or 30,017 people and were the second most common cause of death in men and the third in women. The development of cancer drugs to obtain drugs with better activity, lower toxicity, and working more selectively through structural modifications is still being carried out until now. This study aims to determine the pharmacokinetic properties and stable interactions between the thymidylate synthase and one of the 78 derivatives of 1-(3-nitrobenzoiloximethyl)-5-fluorouracyl (NB5FU) by in silico, namely molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. The result shows that the NB5FU78 derivative compounds have better pharmacokinetic properties than NB5FU. Lipinski's rules of five criteria that fill the requirements have a smaller free bond energy value than NB5FU. Based on the results of molecular dynamics simulations carried out for 5 ns, the NB5FU78 derivative has a stable interaction with the thymidylate synthase (TS) receptor with total bond energy of -36.36 kcal/mol.

BODY IMAGE DIFFERENCES IN BODY IMAGE BETWEEN BEFORE AND AFTER MASTECTOMY TO BREAST CANCER CLIENTS AT RSUD DR. SAIFUL ANWAR MALANG

ABSTRACT
 Indriyanto, Slamet. 2021. Differences in Body Image Between Before And After Mastectomy To Breast Cancer Clients At RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. Thesis. Bachelor of Nursing, Maharani Health College Malang. Supervisors: (1) Ns. Wiwik Agustina, S.Kep., M. Biomed, (2) Ns. Rahmawati Maulidia, M.Kep.
 Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in Indonesia and mastectomy is a rational and effective treatment procedure to prevent the spread and disposal of cancer cells. Body image undergoes many changes during breast cancer therapy and treatment, the impact of these changes affects client perception, sexuality, and social function. The purpose of this study is to identify body image before and after the mastectomy, and whether there is a change in body image between before and after the mastectomy. The study used the BREAST-Q Version 2.0 Mastectomy Module and Pre-Post Operative Scales questionnaire. The design of this study is comparative study with cross sectional analysis. The results of the study, obtained body image before mastectomy almost all respondents (90%) with negative body image. While body image after mastectomy, obtained by all respondents (100%) have a negative body image. Wilcoxon signed rank test results showed a difference in body image between before and after the mastectomy, with a value of p: 0.005 smaller than α= 0.05 Body image has changed before the mastectomy, even decreasing after the mastectomy. 
 Keywords: Breast Cancer, Body image, Mastectomy.
 
 
 

Analysis of Health Belief Model regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Female Employees at Sukabumi Regency Government

The high rate of cervical cancer case confirms it as the second most common cancer in Indonesia which required specific management and primary prevention efforts for everyone. The appeal issued by the Ministry of Health regarding HPV vaccination which will be mandatory as an effort to reduce cervical cancer rates in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the health belief model as the influential factor for the willingness to get HPV vaccination as an effort to prevent cervical cancer among female employees in Sukabumi Regency government in 2022. This was a quantitative study with cross-sectional design. Data were collected among 213 respondents who were selected using purposive sampling technique. The results showed that 50.7% of respondents were willing to get HPV vaccination. Meanwhile, 49,3% of respondents were not willing to get HPV vaccination. There was a relationship between perceived susceptibility, benefit, obstacle, cues to action, and self-efficacy with the willingness to get HPV vaccination. Meanwhile, the perceived severity was not related to the willingness to get HPV vaccination. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that cues to action (POR=5,477; 95% CI=2,6-11,2) had the most significant effect on willingness to get HPV vaccination. It is expected that the current study can be used as an input for the government of Sukabumi Regency to plan for health promotion programs for every agency regarding cervical cancer, especially HPV vaccination.

Stratified K-fold cross validation optimization on machine learning for prediction

Cervical is the second most common malignant tumor in women, with 341,000 deaths worldwide in 2020, almost 80% of which occur in developing countries. One of the causes is infection with Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18. The increasing incidence of cervical cancer in Indonesia makes this disease must be treated seriously because it is one of the main causes of death. In addition to the virus, external factors can be one of the causes. The high mortality rate in patients is caused by the patient's awareness of the emergence of cervical cancer which is only seen when it enters the final stage. One of the efforts to reduce the number of sufferers is to implement cervical cancer detection. Early detection of cervical cancer can also be identified by looking at external factors, such as behavioral factors, intentions, attitudes, norms, perceptions, motivations, social support, and empowerment. However, the data used has an imbalance in the distribution of the target class, namely more negative samples than positive ones. To overcome this, a technique called Stratified K-Fold Cross-Validation (SKCV) is used. Evaluation of the accuracy value using the Confusion matrix to determine the performance of each model. The best performance of the five classification algorithms used is 96 percent (RF), 94 percent (LR), 92 percent (XGBoost), 90 percent (KNN), and 88 percent (NB). The results show that the model formed by RF-based SKCV has the highest accuracy of other models.

Effects of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium on MMP-9 and GLUT-1 expression and histology changes in rats with cervical carcinoma

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in Indonesia. It can be treated with molecular therapies targeting Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and Glucose transporter (GLUT-1), which are enzymes that are involved in tumour cell invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (andaliman) is an Indonesian herb with anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the histological changes andaliman treatment caused in MMP-9 and GLUT-1 expression. This study used five groups of rats: control (C-), cancer model (C+), cancer-bearing rats with a 100-mg dose of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium methanol extract (ZAM)/BW (ZAM100), cancer-bearing rats with a 200-mg dose of ZAM /BW (ZAM200) and cancer-bearing rats with a 400-mg dose of ZAM/BW (ZAM400). Immunohistochemical methods were used to stain cervical tissue with MMP-9 and GLUT-1 antibodies, and a TUNEL assay was performed to investigate cell apoptosis. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium methanol extract administration did not affect rat body weight but had a significant effect on cervical cancer growth. There was an increase in MDA levels associated with SOD deficiency in tumour tissue. SOD activity increased due to ZAM administration, allowing cells to be protected from oxidant disruption and oxidative stress. ZAM ameliorated cervical carcinoma tissue damage and reduced the expression of MMP-9, GLUT-1 and apoptosis in serum and tissue (p < 0.01) In short, the higher the ZAM dose, the lower the expression of MMP-9, GLUT-1 and apoptosis, indicating that ZAM is effective to treat cervical cancer.

Risk Factors Of Sexual Patterns In Fertile Women Of Cervic Lessions

Background: The incidence of cervical lesions that can progress to cervical cancer is estimated at 100 per 100,000 population. In 2013, cervical cancer was the most common cancer in Indonesia (0.8%). The incidence of cervical cancer in Magelang Regency in 2018 reached 2.3%, higher than the incidence in Central Java Province. This study aims to determine the magnitude of the risk factors for cervical lesions due to sexuality patterns in the Magelang Regency area. The purpose of this study was to determine several risk factors for the occurrence of cervical lesions and to find out what factors had the most influence on these events in Magelang Regency in 2020. By knowing the risk factors, the public knew to anticipate them. Methods: This study uses an analytical survey. The population of this study were all women who had partners of childbearing age. Samples were taken using accidental sampling, namely patients who did VIA examinations at independent practice midwives in the Magelang Regency area. Results: factors that did not affect the incidence of cervical lesions were the respondent's age, first experience of sexual intercourse (p 0.548), family planning methods (p 0.451) and genital hygiene (p 0.512). The factors that contributed to the incidence of cervical lesions were the number of sexual partners (p 0.164, OR 0.378), use of assistive devices (p 0.000, OR 8.634) and frequency of sex (p 0.000, OR 2.888) Conclusion: The biggest contributor to these factors is the use of sexual aids

PENYULUHAN DAN PRAKTEK SADARI UNTUK DETEKSI DINI KANKER PAYUDARA PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI PANTI ASUHAN AL-AKBAR PEKANBARU

Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood, where there is dynamic and rapid growth and development in physical, psychological, intellectual, social, sexual behavior associated with the onset of puberty. Problems related to adolescent reproductive health include breast cancer and cervical/cervical cancer. Cancer is one of the biggest causes of death in the world. Based on data from the Global Burden of Cancer (GLOBACAN) released by the World Health Organization (WHO) states that the number of cases and deaths from cancer until 2018 was 18.1 million cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Cancer deaths is estimated to continue to increase to more than 13.1 million in 2030. According to the Ministry of Health (2019), the incidence of breast cancer is 42.1/100,000 population with an average death rate of 17/100,000. Meanwhile, according to the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of cancer in Indonesia reached 1.79/1000. This service aims to determine the description and early detection of breast cancer in adolescents. The method used in the service is to conduct counseling and practice BSE on young women at the Al Akbar Orphanage Pekanbaru. It is hoped that with this BSE counseling and practice, the knowledge level of young women will increase and make them more concerned about their health condition. The results of this service will be published in the community service proceedings. Keywords: Early detection, breast cancer, young women

Breast Cancer in the Balinese Elderly Population: Analysis of the Hospital-Based Cancer Registry

Background: The elderly population in Indonesia will continue to increase over the next few decades. Breast cancer is 22.9% of all female cancers, and aging is one of the biggest risk factors. The challenge in managing older cancer patients is the ability to accurately assess whether the expected benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Epidemiological data is very important for research and the advancement of medical science in the future. Currently, the incidence of breast cancer in Indonesia is 26 per 100,000 population, but the incidence of breast cancer in the elderly is unknown.Methods: This is a descriptive study of all breast cancer cases recorded in the cancer registry of Sanglah General Hospital, the largest cancer registry in Bali. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0 (SPSS).Results: From 1997 until 2013, 1,020 cases of breast cancer among Balinese women of various ages were recorded, of which only 78 cases (7.6%) were attributed to the elderly (age ≥ 65 years). At the time of diagnosis, distant metastasis was recorded for 28.9% of the elderly, compared with 24.4% for the younger group of patients (age < 65 years). Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) was also recorded higher in the elderly (49.4% vs. 47.5%). A lower proportion of primary surgical treatment was recorded for the elderly than for the younger group of patients (69.7% vs. 76.2%). A lower proportion of adjuvant therapy, either by chemotherapy or radiotherapy, was also recorded for the elderly (45.5% vs. 53.4% and 2.6% vs. 4.9%, respectively), but the proportion of adjuvant hormonal therapy was recorded higher in the elderly (1.3% vs. 0.7%). In contrast, palliative care was recorded higher in the elderly (7.7% vs. 5.7%). Unfortunately, no data about survival were available.Conclusions: There is a tendency for older women in Bali to have more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis and receive less surgical treatment as the primary therapy, but they are more likely to receive adjuvant hormonal therapy and palliative care than their younger counterparts. This information should be of major interest to clinicians.

Lived Experience’s on Male Spouse of Patients with Lung Cancer in Indonesia

Patients with advanced lung cancer might have a higher number of supportive care needs, when a married, middle-aged woman is diagnosed with this disease, her spouses most often become the primary caregiver. However few studies have explored the lived experiences of Male Spouses. This study aimed to explore the lived experience of male caregivers among lung cancer patients. The phenomenological method is adopted to obtain the male lived experiences of caregivers.” In-depth face-to-face interviews with the caregivers were the main source of data for this study. Five male caregivers completed the interview; all of the participant's spousal was diagnosed with lung cancer and are under a chemotherapy program. Content analysis of five participant interviews revealed four themes: (1) Facing difficulties, (2) Social activities interrupted, (3) a Sense of being responsible and needed and (4) Gaining support from family and God. This study explored the male caregiver lived experiences of five Indonesian patients with lung cancer. The findings pointed to the importance of considering multiple issues influencing male caregiver conditions while providing care.

The association of age, gender, tumor site, and smoking habit with histopathologic types of colorectal carcinoma patients in Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia

Background: Colorectal carcinoma is the world's third most common type of cancer. The incidence in India is around 7/100,000. From GLOBOCAN data, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Indonesia is 17.2 per 100,000 adult population, with a mortality of 8.4% of all cancer cases. Several parameters were related to the risk of colorectal carcinoma. This study aims to evaluate the association of age, gender, tumor site, and smoking habit with histopathologic types of colorectal carcinoma patients in Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia. Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 158 cases of colorectal carcinoma using a descriptive categorical sampling technique at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia, from January-March 2022. The variables assessed in this study were age, gender, tumor site, smoking habit, and histopathologic types of colorectal carcinoma. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 for Windows. Results: There were 158 cases of colorectal carcinoma. According to age, most patients were 45-60 years old (41.1%), while 18-44 years and over 60 years had almost the same proportion. In this study, most of the tumors were found in the distal part, namely the rectum (30.4%), rectosigmoid (18.4%) and sigmoid (17.1%). Most of the subjects were smokers (78.5%). Meanwhile, according to the histological type, 85.4% were adenocarcinomas, followed by mucinous adenocarcinomas (13.3%) and signet ring cell types (1.3%). There is no significant relationship between age, gender, tumor location, and smoking habits with the histopathological type of colorectal carcinoma (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between age, gender, tumor location, and smoking habits with the histopathological type of colorectal carcinoma.

The role of post-operative glutamine serum level and one-year survival rate of stage III of colorectal cancer patients: a single center study

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) occurs, accounting for 11.5% of all patients with cancer in Indonesia. The less the spread of cancer, the higher the life expectancy of patients with cancer. Glutamine is involved in tumor cell proliferation and growth. This study aims to verify the correlation of serum glutamine levels with the one-year survival rate of patients with stadium III colorectal cancer at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia. Method: A quantitative analytic-observational longitudinal study (Cohort) was conducted from May 1st, 2020, to September 30th, 2021. Inclusion criteria were the CRC patients with stage III and could be followed up for one year. Exclusion criteria were the CRC patients who had other systemic problems. The patient’s blood glutamine levels were taken three months postoperatively measured by Glutamine Assay kit (Colorimetric) ab197011 and evaluated clinically for one year. Glutamine levels in the blood are low if they are less than 52 ng/µL. The parameters assessed were glutamine serum level and survival rate of colorectal cancer patients. Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test and the Kaplan Meier method was employed to obtain the survival curve. Analysis to compare survival rate with glutamine levels used the Cox regression model. Results: A one-year survival rate in patients with stadium III colorectal cancer was 95.5% at post-operative glutamine levels of ≥ 52 ng/µL and 65.4% at post-operative glutamine levels of < 52 ng/µL. The mean progressive free survival rate was 11.818 months (95%CI=11.470-12.166) at post-operative glutamine levels of ≥ 52 ng/µL and 10.038 months (95%CI=8.913-11.164) at post-operative glutamine levels of < 52 ng/µL. The overall free survival rate was 11.955 months (95%CI=11.868-12.042) at post-operative glutamine levels of ≥ 52 ng/µL and 10.885 months (95% CI=10.128-11.641) at post-operative glutamine levels of < 52 ng/µL. Patients with glutamine levels of <52 ng/µL were 8.959 times more probable to die than patients with post-operative glutamine levels of ≥ 52 ng/µL. Conclusion: This study shows a significant relationship between serum glutamine levels and the one-year survival rate of patients with stadium III colorectal cancer at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Toxicity of Cisplatin and Herbal Medicine Complexed with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Folic Acid Nanoparticles as Anticancer Candidates

The prevalence of cancer in Indonesia has increased by 8.8 percent in the last two years (2018 and 2020) in terms of adding new cases and mortality. Because of therefor cancer treatment becomes important in reducing the high number of additional new cases and mortality due to cancer patients. Intensive cancer treatment is by surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs used for cancer treatment include herbal plant-based cancer drugs (Cancer Fit) and cisplatin its buy from online shop. This study aims to compare the toxicity of herbal drugs (Cancer fit) with cisplatin, a combination of BSA nanoparticles and folic acid as anticancer candidates. The research method is through the synthesis of nanoparticles with the desolvation method, then characterization is carried out using XRD and FT-IR tests. After that proceed to the toxicity test with the BSLT method. The results obtained from XRD analysis on BSA and folic acid nanoparticles from cisplatin (As-NP-BSA-CP) showed a peak of 34.45 while BSA and folic acid nanoparticles from herbal medicine (As-NP-BSA-Oh) obtained a peak of 22.77. The purpose of XRD analysis was to determine the crystalline characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles and to analyze the crystalline index. FT-IR analysis on (As-NP-BSA-CP) showed that there are functional groups O-H alcohol, C-H, C-C, NO2 that play a role in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Meanwhile, (As-NP-BSA-Oh) showed that the functional groups were C-H alkene, C-O alcohol, and C-N amine/amide. The toxicity level of As-NP-BSA-CP LC50 is 69.14 ppm while the toxicity level of As-NP-BSA-Oh LC50 is 44.14 ppm. Nanoparticles consisting of a combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA), folic acid and cisplatin drugs or herbal drugs can be used as candidates for anticancer drugs.

Toxicity of Cisplatin and Herbal Medicine Complexed with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Folic Acid Nanoparticles as Anticancer Candidates

The prevalence of cancer in Indonesia has increased by 8.8 percent in the last two years (2018 and 2020) in terms of adding new cases and mortality. Because of therefor cancer treatment becomes important in reducing the high number of additional new cases and mortality due to cancer patients. Intensive cancer treatment is by surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs used for cancer treatment include herbal plant-based cancer drugs (Cancer Fit) and cisplatin its buy from online shop. This study aims to compare the toxicity of herbal drugs (Cancer fit) with cisplatin, a combination of BSA nanoparticles and folic acid as anticancer candidates. The research method is through the synthesis of nanoparticles with the desolvation method, then characterization is carried out using XRD and FT-IR tests. After that proceed to the toxicity test with the BSLT method. The results obtained from XRD analysis on BSA and folic acid nanoparticles from cisplatin (As-NP-BSA-CP) showed a peak of 34.45 while BSA and folic acid nanoparticles from herbal medicine (As-NP-BSA-Oh) obtained a peak of 22.77. The purpose of XRD analysis was to determine the crystalline characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles and to analyze the crystalline index. FT-IR analysis on (As-NP-BSA-CP) showed that there are functional groups O-H alcohol, C-H, C-C, NO2 that play a role in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Meanwhile, (As-NP-BSA-Oh) showed that the functional groups were C-H alkene, C-O alcohol, and C-N amine/amide. The toxicity level of As-NP-BSA-CP LC50 is 69.14 ppm while the toxicity level of As-NP-BSA-Oh LC50 is 44.14 ppm. Nanoparticles consisting of a combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA), folic acid and cisplatin drugs or herbal drugs can be used as candidates for anticancer drugs.

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio and one year survival of lung cancer in Sanglah hospital

Background: Lung cancer is ranked third as the most common cancer in Indonesia. The one-year survival rate of advanced-stage non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patient is quite low, that is 24.6%. Effective and inexpensive prognostic markers need to be further studied due to an increasing incidence of cancer. Inflammation plays an important role in tumorigenesis and research showed an association of NLR and PLR values with poor prognosis in patients with various solid tumors, but current cut off values still vary. This study wanted to determine the value of NLR, PLR and their relationship with the survival rate of advanced stage NSCLC patients at Sanglah hospital.Methods: A retrospective cohort study using the medical record of 96 advanced-stage NSCLC patients who underwent treatment since January 2018 in Sanglah hospital, was closely monitored for a year since diagnosed. Analysis was performed with ROC, Kaplan Meier analysis, log rank test, and time independent cox regression model.Results: The one-year survival rate of advanced stage NSCLC patient is 14.6%, with median survival 3.26 months. Cut off NLR> 3.37, median survival 2.66, p=0.00. Cut off PLR>178.55, median survival 3.26, p=0.35. Multivariate analysis showed that NLR, HR=2.75 and performance status, HR=1.78 were associated with survival.Conclusions: NLR with cut off >3.37 is associated with one-year survival rate of advanced-stage NSCLC patient. PLR did not have any significant association with one-year survival rate of advanced-stage NSCLC patient.

Expressions of ZEB1 of patients with colorectal cancer in Indonesia: Correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and liver metastasis profile

Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and ZEB2 in the ZEB1/2 isoform complex are known to play an important role in the progression, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). In cancer cells, ZEB1 regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study aimed to identify the ZEB1 expression in CRC and its correlation with clinicopathological and metastatic status. Using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we compared different ZEB1 expressions in fresh-frozen tissue from non-tumor tissue (NT), primary tumor tissue without metastasis (PT), and primary tumor tissue with liver metastasis (PTLM). The correlation between ZEB1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was also investigated. Statistical analysis revealed that ZEB1 expression is significantly higher in the primary tumor tissues (PT and PTLM) than in NT (p<0.05), and high ZEB1 expression is associated with PTLM (p<0.05). ZEB1 expression is significantly correlated with white blood cells (p=0.005), blood glucose (p=0.017), tumor invasion (p=0.001), pathological grading (p=0.002) and metastasis profile (p=0.001). There was no significant correlation between ZEB1 expression and age, body mass index, hemoglobin, albumin, platelet count, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, carcinoembryonic antigen and tumor location. These findings suggest that ZEB1 expression has diagnostic value in predicting tumor progression and detecting liver metastases.

Unmet palliative care needs of a child with cancer in Indonesia.

Study highlights the importance to start palliative care immediately at diagnosis. Both physical and psychosocial wellbeing of patients need to be closely monitored through regular symptom burden assessments. Training on open communication in palliative care is required in universities and hospitals to enabe shared decision-making and improve quality-of-life of children and their families This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Stromal Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (sTIL) as an Independent Predictor of Pathologic Response to Neadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer in Indonesia: A Hospital-based Study.

We aim to describe the sTIL profiles of Indonesian breast cancer patient and its role in predicting neoadjuvant chemotherapy response. This retrospective cohort study used secondary data from the archive of Anatomic Pathology Department FMUI/CMH. We did total sampling of 62 cases of locally advanced breast cancer cases that were biopsied, had neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and operated on from 2015 to 2020. We collected the clinicopathological data of each sample, measured the sTIL intensity in the biopsy specimen and evaluated the chemotherapy response from the mastectomy specimen using residual cancer burden (RCB) scoring method. Multivariate linear regression determined the independent predictors of RCB score. There were 62 female patients, 45.2% were Luminal-HER2-, 43.5% were HER2+, and 11.3% were triple negative (TN). Most sTIL intensity (59.7%) were low (median 10%; 1%-60%). Moderate-high sTIL intensity was associated with HER2+ type, while low sTIL was with luminal-HER2- (p=0.038). Only 8.1% patients achieved pCR. Statistically different median sTIL intensity in minimal, moderate, and extensive burden group were 28%, 20%, and 8%, respectively (p=0.002). sTIL was an independent predictor for better response (lower RCB score), which were 0.07 (95% CI 0.04-0.09) lower for every 1% increase in sTIL intensity. sTIL intensity was mostly low in Indonesian breast cancer patient. However, it can predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy response, with 0.07 lower RCB score for every 1% increase of sTIL intensity.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Sikap dan Dukungan Suami Terhadap Pemeriksaan Inspeksi Visual Asam Asetatdi Puskesmas Muara Enim

Cervical cancer is a kind of malignant tumor which touches the surface layer (epithelium) of a cervix. This study was aimed to find out the simultaneous correlation between knowledge, attitude and husband’s support with the visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) at Muara Enim Public Health Center year 2021. This study is a quantitative study applying survey analytical design using cross sectional approach. The population of this study was taken from all couples of their reproductive age who visited VIA polyclinic during August 2021. The samples of this study were 35 respondents who were taken by applying accidental sampling method in which the data were collected using questionnaires. Based on the result of bivariate analysis, it was found out that there was no correlation between knowledge and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Those who had good knowledge and wanted to have VIA were 82.9%. Chi-square test showed (ρ value = 0.117). There was a correlation between attitude and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Those who had positive attitude and wanted to have VIA were 65.7%. Chi-square test showed (ρ value = 0.001). There was a correlation between husband’s support and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Those who got the support from husband and wanted to have VIA were 71.4%. Chi-square test showed (ρ value = 0.003). It can be concluded that there was no simultaneous correlation between attitude and husband’s supportwith the visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) at Muara Enim Public Health Center year 2021. It is suggested that health workers improve their service, especially when dealing with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and monitor the incidence of cervix cancer so it can decrease the number of mothers’ mortality caused by cervix cancer in Indonesia.

The Role of Androgen Receptor Expression in Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer worldwide, where South Sulawesi is included in four provinces with the highest prevalence of prostate cancer in Indonesia. Laboratorium Sentra Patologia Makassar (SDPM) stated that prostate cancer cases continue to rise each year. Androgen receptor (AR) plays a role in the growth and differentiation of male urogenital structures, both under normal and neoplastic conditions, the neoplastic condition is caused by the mechanism of the AR pathway which undergoes changes that continue in the development and progression of prostate lesions, both benign and malignant. Androgen receptors are generally found evenly distributed in the nuclei of glandular and stromal cells in prostate hyperplasia and vary widely in prostate cancer. These inventions show that AR inhibitors are used to treat prostate adenocarcinoma by inhibiting androgen synthesis. Assessment of AR expression can be used in determining therapy and predicting the success of hormonal therapy so that the prognosis of the disease is better. This study is conducted to learn more about AR expression in adenocarcinoma prostate grading. The type of this research is an observational analytical study with cross-sectional methods. Samples are taken based on consecutive sampling of as many as 77 respondents. There is a significant difference between AR expression score and histopathological feature of prostate adenocarcinoma WHO Grup Grade (p<0,001). In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between AR and WHO Grup Grade and could be used as important marker in grading adenocarcinoma prostate progression
 Keywords : Androgen receptor (AR); prostate adenocarcinoma; WHO Grup Grade

THE INCIDENCE OF RADIATION PNEUMONITIS IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS WHO RECEIVED RADIOTHERAPY USING 3-DIMENSIONAL TECHNIQUES

Background: According to the 2018 Global Cancer Observatory from the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer is the most common cancer in Indonesia. 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) is one of the breast cancer treatment planning. Effect of radiation on the lungs can cause radiation pneumonitis. The incidence rate of pneumonitis in breast cancer patients who received radiotherapy using 3D-CRT techniques from several researchers is still varied and there is no accurate data yet at RSUP Dr. Kariadi.Objective: To determine the incidence of pneumonitis in breast cancer patients undergoing breast cancer 3D-CRT.Methods: The research design used in this study was cross sectional. The subject is chosen by consecutive sampling methods. The independent variables of this study was 3D breast cancer radiation therapy, while the dependent variable was radiation pneumonitis. This hypothesis test on this study is analyzed with chi-square test.Results: Forty one subjects were included in this study, two subjects were found with a picture of pneumonitis on chest radiographs. The incidence of radiation pneumonitis in breast cancer patients who received radiotherapy using 3-dimensional techniques was 4.9%. There is no significant relationship between breast cancer radiation therapy 3-dimensional techniques on the incidence of pneumonitis. And there was no significant difference in the proportion of pneumonitis in patients with breast cancer locations on the right and left sides.Conclusion: The incidence of radiation pneumonitis in breast cancer patients who received radiotherapy using a 3-dimensional technique is 4.9%. Keywords: 3 Dimensional Technique Radiotherapy, Breast Cancer, Radiation Pneumonitis