Detection Of Cancer Antigen Research Articles

A disposable ultrasensitive immunosensor based on MXene/NH2-CNT modified screen-printed electrode for the detection of ovarian cancer antigen CA125

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is the gold standard biomarker for clinical diagnosis of ovarian cancer, with a threshold value of 35 U/mL in serum. In this paper, a disposable ultrasensitive immunosensor based on Ti3C2Tx-MXene/amino-functionalized carbon nanotube (NH2-CNT) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was constructed for the detection of the ovarian cancer antigen CA125. By optimizing the mass ratio of Ti3C2Tx to NH2-CNT, Ti3C2Tx/NH2-CNT composite with excellent electrochemical properties was prepared, which is beneficial for amplifying the initial electrochemical signal. The positively charged NH2-CNT effectively alleviated the stacking problem of Ti3C2Tx, and its amino group also facilitated the covalent immobilization of the capture antibody. Meanwhile, chitosan (CS) with excellent film-forming ability was also used to successfully enhance the adsorption of electrode material, thus improving the stability of the sensor. In addition, CS could further enhance the current signal. The prepared immunosensor exhibited excellent performance in CA125 detection with a wide linear range from 1 mU/mL to 500 U/mL, and good selectivity, reproducibility and lomg-term stability. Furthermore, the immunosensor showed satisfactory results for the detection of CA125 in clinical serum samples, which is promising for the clinical screening, early diagnosis and prognostic examination of ovarian cancer.

Urinary-based detection of MSL, HE4 and CA125 as an additional dimension for predictive and prognostic modelling in ovarian cancer.

We have recently described a predictive/prognostic model for ovarian cancer, exploiting commonly available clinico-pathological parameters and the ovarian serum biomarkers mesothelin (MSL), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and cancer-antigen 125 (CA125). Considering urine as a prototype non-invasive sample, we investigated whether serum levels of these biomarkers are mirrored in urine and compared their clinical relevance in matched serum vs. urine samples. MSL, HE4 and CA125 were quantified in urinary (n=172) and matched serum samples (n=188) from ovarian cancer patients (n=192) using the Lumipulse® G chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (Fujirebio). While absolute concentrations of MSL or CA125 were higher in serum than in matched urine samples, HE4 concentrations were considerably higher in urine than in serum. Nonetheless, the levels of all three biomarkers strongly correlated between matched serum vs. urine samples and were unrelated to BRCA1/2 mutational status. Consequently, prediction of surgical outcome or relapse/death by MSL, HE4 or CA125 was similarly efficient among urinary- vs. serum-based detection. HE4 provided the highest capacity to predict surgical outcome or relapse/death among both body fluids (urine: AUC=0.854; serum: AUC=0.750, respectively). All clinically relevant findings regarding the investigated urinary biomarkers were equally reproducible among raw vs. creatinine-normalized datasets, suggesting that normalization may have subordinate priority for urine-based analysis of these biomarkers. We report that the capacity of MSL, HE4 and CA125 to predict surgical outcome and relapse/death is equivalent between serum vs. urine-based detection. Urinary biomarkers, in particular HE4, may provide an additional dimension for prognostic modeling in ovarian cancer.

Carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 125 simultaneously determined using a fluidics-integrated dual carbon electrode

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) are important tumor markers for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer at the metastasis stage. Here, CEA and CA125 were simultaneously detected by a label-free electrochemical immunosensor. Using a stencil and carbon ink, a dual carbon electrode (DCE) was fabricated on a poly(vinyl chloride) substrate. Gold particles (AuPs) were electrodeposited on the electrode as a signal amplifier and support for immobilized antibodies. Linear sweep voltammetry was utilized to detect the tumor markers based on the specific binding of antigens to antibodies. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the fabricated DCE. The results were compared to those of a commercial DCE. Using the developed DCE immunosensor, we achieved a linear range of CEA from 0.5 to 25 ng mL−1 and a linear range of CA125 from 2 to 50 U mL−1. The limits of detection of CEA and CA125 were 0.15 ng mL−1 and 0.6 U mL−1, respectively. The reliability of the immunosensor was evaluated using human serum. The results were consistent with those obtained from the reference enzyme-linked fluorescence assay. The immunosensor was integrated with a small plasma membrane to form a fluidic cell (Flu-iDCE) based on acrylic sheet. The membrane had no effect on the detection of the tumor markers with the proposed Flu-iDCE. This first report of a fluidic device integrated with a DCE demonstrates the potential of the device for point-of-care detection of CEA and CA125.

Urinary-based detection of MSL, HE4, and CA125 as an additional dimension for predictive and prognostic modelling in ovarian cancer.

e17567 Background: We have recently described a predictive/prognostic model for ovarian cancer, exploiting commonly available clinico-pathological parameters and the ovarian serum biomarkers mesothelin (MSL), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and cancer-antigen 125 (CA125). Considering urine as a prototype non-invasive sample, we investigated whether serum levels of these biomarkers are mirrored in urine and compared their clinical relevance in matched serum vs. urine samples. Methods: MSL, HE4 and CA125 were quantified by Lumipulse G chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (Fujirebio). In total, this study was based on 1080 biomarker detection runs from 188 serum and 172 urine samples from 192 ovarian cancer patients. Results: While absolute concentrations of MSL and CA125 were higher in serum than in urine, serum HE4 concentrations were considerably lower than urinary HE4 concentrations. Nonetheless, relative intra-patient levels of all three biomarkers strongly correlated between matched serum vs. urinary samples and were unrelated to BRCA1/2 mutational status. Consequently, prediction of surgical outcome or relapse/death by MSL, HE4 or CA125 was similarly efficient among urinary- vs. serum-based detection. HE4 provided the highest capacity in predicting surgical outcome and relapse/death among both body fluid types (urinary HE4: AUC=0.854; AUC=0.750, respectively). All clinically relevant findings of urinary MSL, HE4 and CA125 were reproducible among raw vs. creatinine-normalized datasets, suggesting that normalization may have subordinate priority for urine-based analysis. Conclusions: We report that the capacity of MSL, HE4 and CA125 for predicting surgical outcome and relapse/death is equivalent between serum vs. urine-based detection. Urinary biomarkers, in particular HE4, may provide an additional dimension for prognostic modeling in ovarian cancer.

Development of a labeled-free and labeled electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of cancer antigen 125 by using magnetic g-C3N4/MoS2 nanocomposite

Efficient and timely detection of cancer biomarkers is pivotal for enhancing treatment outcomes and mitigating patient mortality. This study addresses the pressing need for a swift, accurate, and non-invasive method to identify cancer antigen 125 (CA125), a vital biomarker in ovarian cancer. Leveraging the growing prominence of nano-biosensors for their high selectivity and sensitivity, we present the development and characterization of an innovative electrochemical nano-biosensor. The sensor, featuring aptamer strands immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphitic carbon nitrides, molybdenum disulfide, and magnetic nanoparticles (g-C3N4/MoS2/Fe3O4), demonstrates superior sensitivity and accuracy in CA125 detection. Utilizing methylene blue for electrochemical detection of labeled CA125 and ferrocyanide for label-free detection, our aptasensor achieves a low limit of detection (LOD) at 0.202 U.mL−1 and 0.215 U.mL−1, respectively, with a broad detection range from 2 to 10 U.mL−1. The modified electrode exhibits a pronounced affinity for CA125, demonstrating enhanced stability compared to other biomolecules. Crucially, the evaluation of both patient and normal serum samples underscores the aptasensor's remarkable performance. These findings not only establish a robust foundation for future research in ovarian cancer diagnosis but also highlight the potential clinical impact of our electrochemical nano-biosensor in advancing early cancer detection methodologies.

Clinical analysis of 12 cases of ovarian yolk sac tumor

Objective: To investigate the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ovarian yolk sac tumor (OYST). Methods: The clinicopathological data and follow-up data of 12 patients with OYST admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2013 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of OYST patients were summarized. Results: (1) The age of 12 patients with OYST ranged from 11 to 37 years, with a median age of 20 years. At the first visit, all 12 patients had pelvic masses. Reasons for seeing a doctor: 6 cases of abdominal distension and abdominal pain, 4 cases of mass in the lower abdomen, 1 case of vaginal bleeding, and 1 case of appendicitis. International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) 2014 staging: 4 cases in stage Ⅰa, 2 cases in stage Ⅰc, 1 case in stage Ⅱc, 4 cases in stage Ⅲc, and 1 case in stage Ⅳb. (2) All 12 patients were examined by color Doppler ultrasound before operation, among which 10 cases showed unilateral adnexal masses and 2 cases bilateral adnexal masses. The median maximum diameter of tumor was 16.5 cm (range: 6.0-28.0 cm). The preoperative levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in 12 patients (all >1 210 μg/L) were significantly higher than normal (<25 μg/L). Among the 11 patients with cancer antigen 125 (CA125) detection results, 9 patients showed elevated serum CA125 levels. (3) Among the 12 patients, 8 young infertile patients who needed to preserve their reproductive function underwent appendectomy, 3 infertile patients underwent staged surgery for ovarian malignant germ cell tumor, and only one bilateral lesion and infertile patient underwent unsatisfactory staged surgery for ovarian malignant germ cell tumor. Of the 12 patients, 11 patients were given combined chemotherapy regimen of bleomycin, cisplatin, and etoposide (BEP) after operation. One patient without chemotherapy developed metastasis 3 months after operation, and was given BEP chemotherapy, and her condition was controlled. (4) The deadline for follow-up was December 31st, 2022, and the median follow-up time was 60 months (range: 25-115 months). All the 12 patients survived without tumor during the follow-up period, and the median disease-free survival time was 84.5 months (range: 25-115 months). Conclusions: OYST mostly occurs in children and young women. Color Doppler ultrasound examination and serum AFP and CA125 detection have diagnostic value for OYST. Surgical treatment after diagnosis of OYST includes surgery to preserve reproductive function and timely and standardized chemotherapy after operation. The prognosis of patients is good regardless of stage.

Ultrasensitive and label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of the ovarian cancer biomarker CA125 based on CuCo-ONSs@AuNPs nanocomposites

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is pivotal as a tumor marker in early ovarian cancer prevention and diagnosis. In this work, we introduced an ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor tailored for CA125 detection, leveraging nanogold-functionalized copper-cobalt oxide nanosheets (CuCo-ONSs@AuNPs) as nanocomposites. For the inaugural application, copper-cobalt oxide nanosheets delivered the requisite DPV electrochemical response for the immunosensors. Their large specific surface area and commendable electrical conductivity amplify electron transfer and enable significant gold nanoparticle loading. Concurrently, AuNPs offer a plethora of active sites, facilitating easy immobilization of biomolecules via the bond between amino groups and AuNPs. We employed scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the nanomaterials' surface morphology and elemental composition. The electrochemical sensor response signals were ascertained using differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor exhibited a linear detection range from 1×10−7 U/mL to 1×10−3 U/mL and a detection limit of 3.9×10−8 U/mL (S/N=3). The proposed label-free electrochemical immunosensor furnishes a straightforward, dependable, and sensitive approach for CA125 quantification and stands as a promising method for clinical detection of other tumor markers.

A disposable impedimetric immunosensor for the analysis of CA125 in human serum samples.

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is the most common biomarker used to diagnose and monitor ovarian cancer progression for the last four decades, and precise detection of its levels in blood serum is crucial. In this work, label-free impedimetric CA125 immunosensors were fabricated by using screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with poly toluidine blue (PTB) (in deep eutectic solvent)/gold nanoparticles (AuNP) for the sensitive, environmentally friendly, economical, and practical analysis of CA125. The materials of PTBDES and AuNP were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The analysis of the CA125 was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the developed immunosensor. The immunosensor's repeatability, reproducibility, reusability, selectivity, and storage stability were examined. The developed label-free immunosensor allowed the determination of CA125 in fast, good repeatability and a low limit of detection (1.20pgmL-1) in the linear range of 5-100pgmL-1. The stable surface of the fabricated immunosensor was successfully regenerated ten times. The application of immunosensors in commercial human blood serum was performed, and good recoveries were achieved. The disposable label-free impedimetric CA125 immunosensor developed for the rapid and practical detection of CA125 is a candidate for use in point-of-care tests in clinical applications of ovarian cancer.

Sandwich-type immunosensor based on aminated 3D-rGOF-NH2 and CMK-3-Fc-MgAl-LDH multilayer nanocomposites for detection of CA125

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125)11Cancer antigen 125 (CA125). is the most important biological screening indicator used to monitor epithelial ovarian cancers, and it plays a vital role in distinguishing ovarian cancers from benign diseases. Biosensors show great potential in the analysis and detection of disease markers. In this study, we designed electrochemical sensors based on three-dimensional amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (3D-rGOF-NH2),22three-dimensional amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (3D-rGOF-NH2). MgAl layered double hydroxide nanocomposites containing ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3),33ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3). and ferrocene carboxylic acids（Fc-COOH）44ferrocene carboxylic acids（Fc-COOH）.for the detection of CA125. 3D-rGOF-NH2 possesses good conductivity, a large surface area, and high porosity, enabling more immobilized nanoparticles to be deposited on its surface with excellent stability. CMK-3@Fc@MgAl-LDH nanocomposite was used as a carrier to enhance the immobilization of antibodies and the loading of Fc, conductors to enhance conductivity, and enhancers to gradually amplify the signal of Fc.The surface morphology, elemental composition, and surface groups of the materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM),55scanning electron microscopy (SEM). transmission electron microscopy (TEM),66transmission electron microscopy (TEM). and X-ray diffraction (XRD)77X-ray diffraction (XRD). techniques. The response signal of the electrochemical sensor was measured by DPV. Under the optimal conditions, the electrochemical sensor obtained a linear detection range of 0.01 U/mL-100 U/mL with a detection limit of 0.00417 U/mL.

Tetrahedral DNA nanostructure enhanced toehold-mediated strand displacement for highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence assay of CA125

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is a typical tumor marker of ovarian cancer. Here, a multi-amplified electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was developed for efficient recognition of CA125 using tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) enhanced toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) coupled with gold nanoparticles/Ru(bpy)32+/metal–organic framework (AuNPs/Ru/ZIF-MOF) signal probe. AuNPs and Ru(bpy)32+ modified ZIF-MOF acted as initial ECL signal and further used for the immobilization of TDN, the activated DNA templates on the surface of TDN were firstly hybridized with ferrocene labeled DNA probe (S6) and S5, in which, S6 acted as the energy acceptor of ECL signal from Ru(bpy)32+, making the sensor in a “signal-off” state. After the specific recognition of aptamer (AP) with CA125, DNA initiator (S7) was freed to induce the happen of TMSD by using S8 as the helper DNA, accompanying with the release of S6 from the electrode surface and the recovery of Ru(bpy)32+ ECL signal, making the sensor in a “signal-on” state. Then, S7 was recycled for the next TMSD, making the sensor highly sensitive with a detection limit of 6 × 10-3 pg/mL. Moreover, the proposed aptasensor achieved high performance for CA125 detection in human serum samples, illustrating the reliability of the sensor in clinical analysis.

Serum levels of tumor markers and their clinical significance in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Tumor markers have been widely used clinically. Detection of serum CA125 is one of the commonly used clinical methods for early screening and early diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer, but it is difficult to diagnose epithelial ovarian cancer with a single specific tumor marker. In this study, the combinatorial tumor marker detection method was used to compare the value of each tumor marker alone and different combinations in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. The clinical data of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (n=65) and ovarian benign disease (n=29) were collected. Multiple tumor marker protein chip was used to detect cancer antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 242 (CA242), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 199 (CA199), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), Ferritin, cancer antigen 153 (CA153), and human growth hormone (HGH) serum levels, and to compare the differences between the benign and malignant ovarian tumors. The correlation between tumor markers and clinicopathologic features for ovarian epithelial carcinoma was analyzed by χ2 test. Spearman rank analysis showed the correlation between CA125 expression level and other tumor markers in epithelial ovarian cancer and the correlation between age and the above 10 tumor markers. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden index, and diagnostic efficiency were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of single tumor marker and the combination of tumor markers. The levels of β-HCG, NSE, CA153, and CA125 in the epithelial ovarian cancer group were higher than those in the ovarian benign disease group. The level of NSE in the serum of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer was related to the clinical stage of patients. In addition, the levels of CA242, β-HCG, CEA, NSE, Ferritin, CA153 in the serum of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer were positively correlated with CA125 (rs=0.497, P<0.001; rs=0.612, P<0.001; rs=0.358, P=0.003; rs=0.680, P<0.001; rs=0.322, P=0.009; rs=0.609, P<0.001, respectively), and the levels of β-HCG, Ferritin, CA153 were positively correlated with the patient's age (rs=0.256, P=0.040; rs=0.325, P=0.008; rs=0.249, P=0.046, respectively). In the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer, the sensitivity, Youden index, and diagnostic efficiency of CA125 detection alone were higher than the results of the other 9 separate detections. When CA153, CA199, CA242, Ferritin, and CEA were combined with CA125, the sensitivity of the combined detection of different combinations was higher than that of CA125 alone. The combined detection sensitivities of CA125+CEA and CA125+Ferritin+CEA were 89.2% and 90.8%, respectively, and the diagnostic efficiencies were both 84.1%, which were higher than those of other combinations. The Youden index of CA125+CEA joint detection was 0.616, which was higher than those of other combinations. CA125 has a high diagnostic value in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. The detection of combined tumor markers in serum has higher sensitivity and specificity in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Label-free electrochemical biosensor with magnetically induced self-assembly for the detection of cancer antigen 125

Magnetically induced self-assembly technology was used to construct a label-free electrochemical biosensor based on magnetic Mg0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4-Au nanocomposites for the sensitive detection of cancer antigen 125 (CA125). To aim for this, Mg0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles were first prepared via the rapid combustion process. The average diameter of the nanoparticles calcined at 800 °C with the absolute ethanol volume of 20 mL was about 169.3 nm. Then Au was used for the surface modification by NaBH4 reduction reaction approach. The magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) was modified by Mg0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4-Au via a magnetic induction self-assembly process. The reduced thiol-modified single-stranded DNA was attached to the Mg0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4-Au nanocomposites by Au-S bonds without any coupling agent. CA125 antigen was grabbed directly by its aptamer DNA due to its specific identification with the aptamer. Finally, the modified electrodes were blocked with BSA and then characterized. Finally, DPV analysis was used for CA125 detection, the novel fabricated biosensor demonstrated good detection properties for CA125 with a linear range of 5–125 U/mL and a detection limit of 4.4 U/mL. The results showed that the aptamer sensor had good specificity, repeatability, and stability. The feasibility of our sensor for the determination of CA125 was also demonstrated by measuring CA125 levels in serum using the Roche gold-standard instrument of the People’s Hospital of Danyang as the reference value. The recoveries of real serum samples were 94.65–101.71%, and RSDs were 1.26–4.65%. Moreover, the surface of the electrode could be cleaned and reused by magnetic separation, greatly reducing the cost and providing the possibility for a point-of-care test (POCT). This work demonstrated a new strategy for integrating both nanostructures and biocompatibility to build advanced cancer biomarker sensors with wide applications.

Performance Evaluation of Combined Detection of Serum CEA, CYFRA21-1, CA125, and NSE in Patients with Lung Cancer by Fluorescence Flow Cytometry

Objective: To investigate the effect of combined detection of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in patients with lung cancer by fluorescence flow cytometry. Methods: From August 2019 to July 2022, 200 patients with lung cancer diagnosed by pathology in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. 2 mL venous blood was collected in a fasting state and centrifuged to separate the serum (containing human chorionic gonadotropin antibody [anti-hCG antibody], hepatitis B surface antibody [anti-HBs antibody], and CEA). Results: The sensitivities of CEA and CYFRA21-1 detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were 100%, and the detection limits were 0.5 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively; the sensitivities of CA125 and NSE detected via flow cytometry were 100%, and the detection limits were 10 U/mL and 2 ng/mL, respectively. Compared with ELISA, the sensitivities of CA125 and NSE detected via flow cytometry were higher. When the concentration of CEA was 10–40 ng/mL, the sensitivities of the three markers CYFRA21-1, CA125, and NSE showed no significant changes (P &gt; 0.05); when the concentration of CEA was 40–80 ng/mL, the sensitivity of CEA significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.01), but the sensitivities of the three markers CYFRA21-1, CA125, and NSE showed no significant changes (P &gt; 0.05); when the concentration of CEA was 80–200 ng/mL, the sensitivities of all four markers showed no significant changes (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with the double-antibody sandwich ELISA, fluorescence flow cytometry has certain advantages, including high sensitivity, good precision, short detection time, low sample usage, and low medical cost; thus, it is worthy of clinical promotion.

Point-of-care testing: a disposable label-free electrochemical CA125 and HE4 immunosensors for early detection of ovarian cancer.

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) and human epididymal secretory protein 4 (HE4) are critical biomarkers for ovarian cancer diagnosis and progression monitoring; therefore, sensitive determination of their levels in body fluids is crucial. In recent study, label-free CA125 and HE4 immunosensors were prepared using disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with reduced graphene oxide, polythionine, and gold nanoparticles for the sensitive, fast, and practical determination of CA125 and HE4. Differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods were used for the electrochemical determination of antigens in four different linear ranges (1-100 pg mL- 1, 0.01-10 ng mL- 1, 10-50 ng mL- 1, and 50-500 ng mL- 1). High sensitivity, low limit of detection, and limit of quantification were obtained for each linear range with a correlation coefficient above 0.99. The application stability of CA125 and HE4 immunosensors was determined as 60 days, and the storage stability was determined as 16 weeks. Immunosensors showed high selectivity in nine different antigen mixtures. The reusability of the immunosensors has been tested up to 9 cycles. The Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm score% values were calculated using the concentration of CA125 and HE4 in the blood serum and evaluated in terms of ovarian cancer risk. For the point-of-care testing, CA125 and HE4 levels at pg mL- 1 concentration were measured in blood serum samples using the developed immunosensors and a hand-held electrochemical reader in approximately 20-30s, and high recoveries were obtained. These disposable label-free immunosensors are user-friendly and can be used in point-of-care tests for rapid and practical detection of CA125 and HE4 with high selectivity, sensitivity, and repeatability.

Electrochemical immunosensing by carbon ink/carbon dot/ZnO-labeled-Ag@polypyrrole composite biomarker for CA-125 ovarian cancer detection

In this work, we demonstrated a novel cancer antigen 125 (CA125) biomarker detection based on electrochemical immunosensor. The biomarker on conductive composite materials of carbon ink/carbon dot/zine oxide (C-ink/CD/ZnO) was employed as an electrode platform by using ITO substrate to enhance the interaction of antibodies (Ab) with supporting catalytic performance of ZnO as a labeling signal molecule. They were a scientist attention for biosensor with chemical stability, strong biocompatibility, high conductive signal, and accuracy. Moreover, the nanocomposite of silver@polypyrrole (Ag@PPy) was used as a potential redox mediator. The labeled construction with Ag@PPy was more accuracy than that of a free-labeled. The created immunosensor was a wide linear range as 1 ag·mL−1 − 100 ng·mL−1 and a low limitation of detection as 0.1 fg·mL−1 under the optimal condition. This suggested that the immunosensor is considered to be an accurate and efficient diagnostic tool for CA125 and other biomarkers detection in actual sample analysis for clinic.

An electrochemical aptasensor based on g-C3N4/Fe3O4/PANI nanocomposite applying cancer antigen_125 biomarkers detection

Early detection can help control and treat ovarian cancer, which is one of the most deadly types of cancer among women. Nowadays, nanobiosensors as a time-saving tool with highly selective and sensitive properties applied in different biomarker detection. One of the most sensitive methods for diagnosing ovarian cancer is electrochemistry-based methods. This study was conducted to detect ovarian cancer antigen 125 (CA125) biomarkers using an electrochemical aptasensor based on voltammetric techniques. Graphitic carbon nitrides, magnetic nanoparticles, and polyaniline (g-C3N4/Fe3O4/PANI) were utilized to stabilize aptamer chains on the surface of a gold electrode (GE). The hexacyanoferrate redox system was used as the electroactive probe, and it was typically operated at around 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), with a 0.418 U.mL−1 detection limit in the hexacyanoferrate medium. As a redox-active medium, methylene blue was used to lower the electrochemical potential for the detection of CA125. The detection potential was reduced to − 0.2 V, and the electrochemical aptasensor exhibited a broad dynamic linear range (DLR) ranging between 5 and 60 U.mL−1, with an R2 of 0.993 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.298 U.mL−1. The results revealed that the modified electrode is highly selective for CA125 compared with other biomolecules. Additionally, the synthesized aptasensor exhibited excellent selectivity and stability. This electrochemical aptasensor demonstrated outstanding results for evaluating the serum of patients and healthy people.

Application of Various Optical and Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detecting Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125): A Review.

Nowadays, diagnosing early-stage cancers can be vital for saving patients and dramatically decreases mortality rates. Therefore, specificity and sensitivity in the detection of cancer antigens should be elaborately ensured. Some early-stage cancers can be diagnosed via detecting the cancer antigen CA-125, such as ovarian cancer, and required treatments can be applied more efficiently. Thus, detection of CA-125 by employing various optical or electrochemical biosensors is a preliminary and crucial step to treating cancers. In this review, a diverse range of optical and electrochemical means of detecting CA-125 are reviewed. Furthermore, an applicable comparison of their performance and sensitivity is provided, several commercial detection kits are investigated, and their applications are compared and discussed to determine whether they are applicable and accurate enough.

Fabrication of a novel electrochemical immunosensor for the sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using a double signal attenuation strategy

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), an acidic protein, is a characteristic antigen produced by the tumor of various cancers (eg, breast, cervical, rectal, lung, etc.). Therefore, the detection of cancer antigens is very important for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this study, a novel of “signal off” strategy for electrochemical immunosensor was developed to detect CEA. To this end, Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs), an electroactive substance, were used as the immunological platform. In addition, CuO2@SiO2 nanocomposites, which release Cu2+ and H2O2 under acidic conditions, were synthesized. The generated Cu2+ can replace the high spin iron (FeIII) in PB NPs, which in turn reduces the oxidation peak current of PB NPs. Due to the peroxidase-like nature of PB NPs, they can react with self-generated H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which can further convert 4-chloro-1 naphthol (4-CN) into a non-conductive polymer that accumulates on the electrode surface, this leads to a further reduction in the electrical signal of the PB NPs. Moreover, the self-generated Cu2+ and H2O2 can reduce the introduction of exogenous substances and improve the detection accuracy. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) revealed that the electrical signal of PB NPs gradually decreased with increasing CEA concentration. In addition, the electrical signal of PB NPs exhibited a good linearity in the range from 0.01 pg mL−1 to 80 ng mL−1, where in the logarithm of CEA concentration and the detection limit was as low as 0.0032 pg mL−1.

Novel 5-(2-phenylbenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)furan-2-carbaldehyde based ovarian cancer carbohydrate antigen 125 electrochemical sensor

Herein, an electrochemical sensor based 5-(2-phenylbenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)furan-2-carbaldehyde (PTFC) was developed for the detection of cancer antigen 125 (CA125). Measurements were obtained via cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques to investigate features of the electrochemical sensor such as concentration effect of CA125, incubation time, scan rate, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), and interference effect of structures found in serum. The sensor was found to have a fairly wide linear range as 0.01–100 ng mL−1 and 100–1000 ng mL−1. LOQ and LOD values were determined as 0.024015 ng mL−1 and 0.008005 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3), respectively. These results showed that the PTFC-based electrode could be a promising electrode for the detection of CA125.

A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on a gold-vertical graphene/TiO2 nanotube electrode for CA125 detection in oxidation/reduction dual channels.

A label-free immunosensor was constructed in oxidation and reduction dual channel modefor the trace detection of cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in serum. The gold-vertical graphene/titanium dioxide (Au-VG/TiO2) electrode was used as the signal-amplification platform, and cytosine and dopamine were used as probes in the oxidation and reduction channels, respectively. VG nanosheets were synthesized on a TiO2 nanotube array via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and Au nanoparticles were deeply embedded on the surface and in the root of the VG nanosheets via electrodeposition. The CA125 antibody was then directly immobilized onto the electrode surface, benefitting from its natural affinity for Au nanoparticles. In the oxidation and reduction channels the CA125 antibody-Au-VG/TiO2 immune electrode had the same response concentration range (0.01-1000mU∙mL-1) for the determination of the CA125 antigen. However, the oxidation channel had a higher sensitivity (14.82 μA•(log(mU•mL-1))-1 at a working potential of ~ 1.25V vs. SCE), lower detection limit (0.0001mU∙mL-1), higher stability, and lower performance deviation than the reduction channel. This immunosensor was successfully used for CA125 detection in human serum. The recoveries of spiked serum samples ranged from 99.8 ± 0.5 to 100 ± 0.4%. The study on the difference in the sensing performance between oxidation and reduction channels provides a preliminary experimental reference for exploring dual-channel synchronous detection immunosensors and verifying the accuracy of the assay based on dual-channel data, which will promote the development of reliable electrochemical immunosensor technology.