Canarium Ovatum Research Articles

Utilization of Pili (Canarium ovatum) sawdust in bio-crude oil production and the identification of potential by-products through thermochemical conversion

This study aimed to utilize Pili sawdust in the production of bio-crude oil and identify its potential by-products through thermochemical conversion. To obtain all the essential data, this research sought to answer the questions: (1) How much bio-crude oil can be produced at constant factors such as temperature and amount of Pili (Canarium ovatum) sawdust? (2) What are the physical characteristics of the generated bio-crude oil after conducting thermochemical conversion? (a) Color, (b) Appearance, and (c) Viscosity (3) What other potential by-product can be generated out of Pili (Canarium ovatum) sawdust after conducting thermochemical conversion. (4) What are the physical characteristics of the generated by-products after conducting thermochemical conversion? (a) Color and (b) Appearance. Experimental-descriptive method was used in perceiving the physical properties of the by-products and its bio-crude oil production, presented in milliliters (mL) and to be expressed in percentage respectively. Based on the gathered observation record results, data revealed that 1000 g of Pili sawdust in 340 oC temperature, yields 30% or 300mL of brownish bio-crude oil in color, with a high degree of viscosity. Consequently, the generated by-products are biochar and synthesized biogas. The 242.2g of biochar which yields 24.52%, resulted being porous and coarse-grained in texture. While the synthesized biogas generated 433.4g of net weight yields 43.34%, resulted in having a high flammability. For the betterment of similar study, future researchers are encouraged to evaluate the agricultural potential of the generated biochar and to distillate bio-crude oil for possible commercial use.

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Underutilized Edible Tree Species of the Philippines

Recently, neglected and underutilized species (NUS) have deservedly come to the forefront of scientific interest because they can contribute to the human nutrition, due to the content of bioactive substances such as antioxidants. Despite the great diversity and rich tradition in the use of Philippine NUS, the nutritional properties of many edible plants remain unexplored. The main objective of this study was to evaluate various parts of eleven NUS fruits and vegetables traditionally consumed in the Philippines, namely Allaeanthus luzonicus, Canarium ovatum, Dillenia philippinensis, Ficus pseudopalma, Flacourtia indica, Flacourtia inermis, Garcinia intermedia, Heliotropium arboreum, Posoqueria latifolia, Stelechocarpus burahol, and Sterculia quadrifida for their total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ORAC assays). Inflorescence of A. luzonicus (DPPH IC50 = 91.0 μg/mL, ORAC IC50 = 37.9 μg/mL) and fruit of S. burahol (DPPH IC50 = 253.7 μg/mL, ORAC IC50 = 32.2 μg/mL) showed the strongest antioxidant activity in both assays. These two species also had the highest TPC (202.1 and 133.0 µg GAE/mg extract, respectively). For all samples tested, a strong correlation was found between TPC and antioxidant activity. Based on our results, A. luzonicus and S. burahol have promising potential as novel antioxidant rich food.

Utilization of Pili (Canarium Ovatum) Sawdust in the Production of Bio-Crude Oil and Identification of its Potential Byproducts Using Thermochemical Conversion

This study aimed to utilize Pili sawdust in the production of bio-crude oil and identify its potential by-products through thermochemical conversion. To obtain all the essential data, this research sought to answer the questions: (1) how much bio-crude oil can be produced at constant factors such as temperature and amount of Pili (Canarium ovatum) sawdust. (2) What are the physical characteristics of the generated bio-crude oil after conducting thermochemical conversion? (a) Color, (b) Appearance, and (c) Viscosity (3) What other potential by-product can be generated out of Pili (Canarium ovatum) sawdust after conducting thermochemical conversion. (4) What are the physical characteristics of the generated by-products after conducting thermochemical conversion? (a) Color and (b) Appearance. Experimental-descriptive method was used in perceiving the physical properties of the by-products and its bio-crude oil production, presented in milliliters (mL) and to be expressed in percentage respectively. Based on the gathered observation record results, data revealed that 1000 g of Pili sawdust in 340-oC temperature yields 30% or 300mL of brownish bio-crude oil in color, with a high degree of viscosity. Consequently, the generated by-products are biochar and synthesized biogas. The 242.2g of biochar, which yields 24.52%, resulted being porous and coarse-grained in texture. While the synthesized biogas generated 433.4g of net weight yields 43.34%, resulted in having a high flammability. For the betterment of similar study, future researchers are encouraged to evaluate the agricultural potential of the generated biochar and to distillate bio-crude oil for possible commercial use.

Identification Tree Damage on The Green line of The Mataram City

Street Arya Banjar Getas – Dr. Sujono is one of the green open spaces in the form of lanes in Mataram City. Visually, trees along street Arya Banjar Getas– Dr. Sujono Mataram City experience disturbances in the growth phase caused by biotic and abiotic factors. This study aims to obtain information on the type and extent of tree damage in the Green Open Space area along street Arya Banjar Getas and Dr. Sujono in Mataram City. The method used in collecting primary data and secondary data on tree damage is by census or analyzing all trees in the two green lines of Mataram City. The number of vegetation species found on the green line is 19 with 832 individual trees. The 4 most dominant species found on the green line are Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) with 244 individuals, Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) with 144 individuals, Flamboyan (Delonix regia) with 108 individuals and Canary (Canarium ovatum) with 101 individual trees. Based on the FHM (Forest Health Monitoring) book and using the parameters of tree damage values (Tree Level Index), 3 categories of damage to the green line were obtained, namely with a percentage of healthy class 91%, medium class 7%, and sick class 3%.

Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidative Activities of the Bioactive Peptides in the Crude Salt-Soluble Protein Hydrolysates of Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum Engl.) cv. Mayon Kernel

The in silico enzyme digestion and peptide function annotation of pili nut (Canarium ovatum Engl.) 11S globulin protein sequence revealed the presence of bioactive peptides with antihypertensive and antioxidative activities. Molecular docking simulations showed that the proline-histidine (PH) ligand can better inhibit angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity than captopril. This result was verified through biochemical assays. Pili kernel protein was extracted with 0.5 M NaCl buffer using the modified Osborne fractionation method, which yielded 100 mg of protein per gram of defatted pili kernel determined via Bradford assay. SDS-PAGE suggested that the protein extract had a major legumin-like (11S) globulin structure with an approximately 57 kDa molecular weight. Enzymatic hydrolysis using pepsin, thermolysin, α-chymotrypsin, and trypsin was used to release the potential antihypertensive and antioxidative peptides with an average rate of 0.03869 mm2 h-1, estimated from band intensity. The hydrolysates were tested for ACE inhibition and free radical scavenging. Captopril and enalapril had %ACE inhibitions of 74.02 and 83.57 %, respectively, whereas the 6 h hydrolysates had a peak %ACE inhibition of 99.73%. These same hydrolysates however, only had 51.32% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid, which had 75.59%. These results showed the potential of pili nut as a functional food, especially for preventing high blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases.

An Image-based Approach of Apex Type Descriptor State Establishment using Elliptic Fourier Analysis

An objective method to establish apex and base type descriptor states is proposed using elliptic Fourier descriptors derived from appropriately segmented images. Using pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) kernel-in-shell apex as a model, 51 pili accessions represented by 10 kernel-in-shell images per accession were acquired using a calibrated VideometerLab3 setup. An appropriate segmentation scheme was applied by developing an algorithm that would segment blobs that cover only the apical region (upper 25%) of the closed contours using OpenCV implemented in Python 3.7. From the segmented blobs, elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs) were derived. Subsequently, the EFDs were analyzed using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Two effective principal components were able to explain 94.18% of the variation which were visualized to show differences involving length to width ratio, apex angle and left-to-right leaning orientation of the segmented images. Although a single apex shape was observed, mean EFDs of three clusters were able to represent three apex type descriptor states-narrowly acute, acute and widely acute. This indicated that elliptic Fourier analysis can characterize variations in the apical regions, particularly apex shape and angle, given the proper segmentation protocol.

EFEKTIVITAS CANGKANG BUAH KENARI (Kanarium ovatum) SEBAGAI KARBON AKTIF DALAM MENGOLAH AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI TEMPE UNTUK MENURUNKAN BOD, TSS DAN MENETRALKAN pH

This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of good activated carbon from the shell of a walnut (Kanarium ovatum). The purpose of this study was to treat tempe industrial wastewater using activated carbon from walnut shells (canarium ovatum). Tempe industrial wastewater treatment discharge 60 minutes and a dose of 14.4mg PH measurement results after processing from acid to neutral as well as in the BOD and TSS testing after processing using activated carbon with a dose of 14.4mg with a discharge of 30 minutes the test results decreased. The results showed that activated carbon from walnut shells (canarium ovatum) can be used in treating tempeh industrial wastewater. Activated carbon from walnut shells (canarium ovatum) can be used to treat tempe industrial wastewater.

Extraction, Profiling, and Characterization of Phytosterols and Triterpenoids from Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) Pulp Oil Exhibiting Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties.

Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.), an indigenous tree found in the Philippines, is highly regarded for its fruit due to its high economic value. During processing, the pulp is often discarded as waste but contains considerable amounts of oil and bioactive minor lipid components. The present study explored the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of saponified diethyl ether extract of pili pulp oil and related this activity to the nature of compounds present in the extract through GCMS. The extract indicated the elution of 18 major compounds which are mostly cyclic triterpenic (α-and β-amyrin, lupenone, and β-amyrone) and phytosterol (β-sitosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol) class of compounds. Characterization of the bioactivity of the extract showed high antioxidant activities measured by DPPH radical scavenging (EC50: 74.45 ± 1.29 μg/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibition (EC50: 3.02 ± 0.06 μg/mL) activities that were comparable with that of α-tocopherol. Moreover, an observed bactericidal activity was demonstrated by the extract against E. coli and S. typhi with MIC values of 40 and 35 μg/mL, respectively. The observed bioactivity of the pili pulp oil extract can be attributed to these compounds which may provide desirable health benefits.

Development, Quality Characteristics and Consumer Testing of Pie Utilizing Pili Pulp (Canarium Ovatum), Saba Banana (Musa Balbisiana) and Young Coconut Meat (Cocos Nucifera L)

Development, Quality Characteristics and Consumer Testing of Pie Utilizing Pili Pulp (Canarium Ovatum), Saba Banana (Musa Balbisiana) and Young Coconut Meat (Cocos Nucifera L)

PILI NUT ANAPHYLAXIS

<h3>Introduction</h3> A six-year-old female with food allergy to select tree nuts developed an anaphylactic reaction after ingesting commercially-produced yogurt derived from pili nuts (<i>Canarium ovatum</i>). <h3>Case Description</h3> A six-year-old female with food allergy to select tree nuts (hazelnut, cashew, pistachio, walnut, pecan, brazil nut) consumed dairy-free yogurt derived from pili nuts. The ingredient label read as follows: coconut water, coconut cream, plantains, pili butter (pili nuts, water), coconut powder, cassava root starch, lime juice, himalayan salt, and live vegan cultures. She reported tolerating all ingredients except pili nut, which she had never eaten. Within ten minutes of ingestion, she developed oral edema. Diphenhydramine was administered without improvement. The patient presented to an urgent care center where she was given prednisolone. Due to persistent symptoms, she was transferred to the emergency department where she developed wheezing and generalized hives two hours after initial ingestion. She was given epinephrine and her symptoms immediately improved. She was discharged home well after observation. Skin testing to pili nut was markedly positive (wheal of 13mm) at a follow-up visit at our outpatient pediatric allergy clinic. <h3>Discussion</h3> This is the second reported case of anaphylaxis to pili nut in a cashew and pistachio allergic individual in the United States. This case further demonstrates the allergenicity of this tree nut and the need for it to be labeled as such on packaged goods. Providers should counsel patients on the avoidance of pili nut, especially as mass-market pili nut yogurt becomes more widely available.

Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of teachers and students toward sustainable development of Pili (Canarium ovatum)

The urgent call by UNESCO to scale up interventions for the achievement of sustainable development goals motivated this study to assess the level and association of teachers' (n =107) and students' (n = 342) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) regarding education for sustainable development, focusing on Pili (Canarium ovatum). This is a subset of a larger project that involves Pili to contextualize learning and instructional materials. The researchers used a descriptive cross-sectional survey approach and distributed a questionnaire through Google Forms. KAB levels were categorized into poor, moderate, and high using descriptive data analysis and determined their association with one another using Pearson's Chi-square. The findings indicate that, although the associations among the KAB of teachers are distinct from those of the students, they both perceived that possessing favorable knowledge and attitudes are insufficient to generate positive behaviors. Thus, efforts to increase teachers' and students' motivation and involvement and to help them carry out favorable behaviors toward sustainable development are imperative. Given this, identifying the barriers to converting knowledge and attitudes into behaviors and considering the factors that involve the association of KAB in promoting sustainable development, particularly in education, are recommended.

Development and validation of online survey ınstrument on sustainable development for science teachers: Focus on pili (canarium ovatum)

Teachers are the frontline workers in sustaining quality education; hence, assessing their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) allows them and the administrators to create better training, programs, and instructional materials. The objective is to develop and validate a quick and accessible online instrument to assess the teachers’ KAB towards sustainable development in the Philippine context, as part of a bigger project to integrate Pili (Canarium ovatum) into education. The researchers administered the instrument using a cross-sectional survey method through Google Forms in which respondents (n = 206) had voluntarily answered. The 24-item tool, anchored on the 2030 sustainable development goals and their complex systems, is reliable and valid based on the confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha and Fleiss’s kappa estimates. The results showed that having favorable knowledge and attitudes toward sustainable development is inadequate to create positive behaviors. The adaptation of the developed instrument, the use of findings for intercultural and cross-cultural studies, and further investigations are recommended.

Technical Report on the notification of nuts of Canarium ovatum Engl. as a traditional food from a third country pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

A notification from DOMENICODELUCIA SPA (Italy) was submitted to the European Commission under Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 to place on the market nuts of Canarium ovatum Engl. as a traditional food from a third country (TF). In line with Article 15(2) of that Regulation, EFSA was asked by the European Commission whether there are duly reasoned safety objections to the placing on the market of the TF within the European Union. The TF consists of nuts of Canarium ovatum Engl. that, according to the applicant, have been consumed for more than 25 years in the Philippines. The TF is proposed to be marketed in the European Union as such, dried and with shells that must be removed before consumption. EFSA considers that the available data on composition and history of use of the TF do not raise safety concerns. Considering the available data, EFSA does not raise safety objections to the placing on the market of the TF (nuts of Canarium ovatum Engl.) within the EU.

Utilization of Pili Nutshells (Canarium Ovatum) as Aggregates

This study explored the use of pili nutshells as aggregates and the economic value compared to standard aggregates. It involved observation, experimentation, analysis, and interpretation of data to determine the most appropriate design mixture of pili nutshells in concrete and the compressive strength of concrete using shells to ascertain its suitability as a replacement to aggregates in the production of the concrete mixture. Findings revealed that standard mixture and concrete with 25% pili nutshells replacement as fine aggregates has high workability. However, concrete with 25% pili nutshells replacement as coarse aggregates had medium workability. Furthermore, standard concrete is more economical compared to concrete with pili nutshells as coarse and fine aggregates. Researchers concluded that pili nutshells are more effective as fine aggregates than as coarse aggregates. Further studies on the properties/components of pili nutshells shall be made to determine the necessary treatment before they can be used as aggregates.

Assessment of Shellac and Lemongrass Oil Blend as Edible Coating to Prolong Shelf Life of Pili Nut (&lt;i&gt;Canarium ovatum&lt;/i&gt;)

Shelf life in ground and tree nuts are often assessed based on aesthetic appearance, nut integrity, color and most importantly, taste and edibleness. Nuts with considerable level of rancidity and free fatty acids due to degradation of oils indicate expiration or decay. We prepared a shellac-lemongrass oil blend coating using food-grade ingredients and assessed its potential to extend shelf life of Pili nut (Canarium ovatum) kernels. A glossy, hard but considerably brittle coating for the pili kernels were prepared with varying numbers of layers. On average, the mass of coating added per dip is 0.10 g, and the thickness of 5-layers of coating is 0.3 mm. The obtained reflectance spectra of the coated pili kernels implied the translucent nature of the coating, but becomes opaque as the number of layers are increased. Peroxide value (PV) and free fatty acid value (FFAV), were also measured at 10 days after application of coating. PV was lowest in the nuts with 5 coating layers, while this treatment did not reduce FFAV. These results indicate the effectiveness of our coatings in preventing peroxide production probably by blocking oxygen penetration and ultraviolet exposure, which are important triggers production of peroxide and other free radicals. Further tests and time-series experiments are planned to assess the dynamics of peroxide levels and the overall potential of our coating technology for Pili nut.

Dietary Fiber and Fermentability Characteristics of Different Pili (Canarium ovatum, Engl.) Varieties in the Philippines

Pili nut (Canarium ovatum Engl.) is an indigenous fruit-bearing tropical tree nut in the Philippines. This study determined the dietary fiber and in vitro fiber fermentability characteristics of the pulp and kernel of seven approved Pili nut varieties that are cultivated in single soil conditions. The Pili nut pulp is an excellent source of dietary fiber (4.18–14.5 g/ 100 g soluble fiber; 34.0–43.2 g/ 100 g insoluble fiber), while kernel contributes a considerable amount. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetic acid (0.46–0.93 mmol/g) was the organic acid detected in the Pili nut kernel, while the pulp’s major organic acids were acetic (0.59–2.49 mmol/g), butyric (0.31–1.68 mmol/g), and propionic (0.22–1.04 mmol/g) after simulating human colonic fermentation. Significant difference in SCFA concentration was observed among varieties (p &lt; 0.05). Pili pulp total anthocyanidin ranged from 197–305 mg catechin/ 100 g. Aside from the commonly consumed Pili nut kernel, the nut pulp is a readily available source of low-cost dietary fiber and health-promoting SCFA.

Dye and activated carbon from Canarium ovatum Engl. as photosensitizer and counter electrode for Titania-based dye sensitized solar cell

Natural dye from exocarp and activated carbon from charred shells of Canarium ovatum Engl nut was used in the fabrication of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Anatase titania (titanium dioxide, TiO2) nanoparticles was used as semiconducting layer deposited on a transparent conductive indium tin oxide glass using doctor blade method. TiO2 film thickness and soaking time in dye were varied to show response in terms of fill factor (FF), short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit photovoltage (Voc), and conversion efficiency (η). In a 2.0 cm2 active surface area tested under solar irradiance, assembled DSSC at optimum conditions garnered 0.768 desirability with FF, Jsc, Voc and n values of 0.601, 6.293 mA/cm2, 0.446 V, and 1.792, respectively.

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol using immobilized titania in activated carbon from Canarium ovatum Engl. nut shell

Presented study determined the photocatalytic treatment of phenol in aqueous medium using titania (TiO2) immobilized in activated carbon derived from charred Canarium ovatum Engl. nut shell through boil deposition method. Composite dosage, irradiation time, initial phenol concentration, and pH were varied to investigate how percent degradation of phenol would respond. The investigation showed that amongst all parameters, only pH has a significant effect to the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, wherein degradation increases as pH value decreases. Moreover, Design Expert® showed that 90.437% phenol degradation will be achieved using optimum values.

The Pili knowledge bank: A comprehensive digital repository backend for Pili (Canarium Ovatum Engl.) information system

ABSTRACT The organization and presentation of agricultural data are greatly facilitated by databases that are specially designed to allow ease of data entry and organized data display. The Pili knowledge bank together with its user-friendly interface was designed and implemented to showcase the knowledge collected from different Pili cultivars, enabling users around the world to see its prospects and potentials. This study, in general, supports and responds to the challenges entailed in the national government’s having identified “Pili” (Canarium ovatum Engl.) as the “flagship commodity” of the bicol region, Philippines due to its competitive advantage for export and other potentials. This crop is also considered a “tree of hope” because of its usefulness from sap to roots. In particular, it seeks to address the dearth of accessible knowledge on the Pili industry through the creation of “Pili Knowledge Bank”, a comprehensive digital repository, based on a relational database that stores information efficiently and in a standardized manner. The database also allows efficient queries, utilizing the social Web (Web 2.0) technologies, and is designed and structured towards knowledge management (KM) build-up. The authors observed that this intervention can be leveraged to design and implement the next generation of data, models, and decision support tools for the agricultural production system to benefit the agricultural community especially the marginalized farmers and vendors, and the country as a whole.

Design and Development of a Comprehensive, Robust and KM-Scalable Database (Backend) for a PILI (Canarium ovatum Engl.) Information System

This paper presents the results of efforts to design and develop a comprehensive repository of knowledge for Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.), an endemic crop in the Bicol Region known for its various uses. This study, in general, responds to the challenges entailed in the national government’s having identified “PILI” as the flagship commodity of the Bicol region. In particular, it seeks to address the dearth of accessible knowledge on the Pili industry. Enabling users around the world to become acquainted with this endemic crop. The database’s initial goal is to provide key facts on population dynamics of Pili crop (Canarium ovatum Engl.) varieties and is designed and structured towards knowledge management (KM) buildup. Many similar information systems applied in agriculture were consulted and visited by the researchers in the literature such as the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI’s) comprehensive crop information system [1], and the more recent Mango Resource Information System [2] which was developed for the management of the phenotypic, genetic, molecular to chemical and other information on mango cultivars. The breadth and depth of information in the database are designed to cater to the different needs of diverse groups of stakeholders (farmers, vendors, processors, scientists, researchers, policy-makers, teachers, and students). Its various applications range from basic Pili bio-ecological data management to e-commerce and analytics. This Pili database covers the more than 14 NSIC (National Seed Industry Council) accredited pili varieties, 200 accessions compiled from more than 150 references in partnership with more than 10 collaborators, and more than 500 pictures taken from different cultivars in the Bicol region. At present, the database has 180 tables, enriched by the collection of various Pili related information ranging from its nomenclature, accession, NSIC registration, distribution, morphological characteristics, genetic resources, geo-mapping and characterization, propagation techniques, emerging diseases, growth and yield response, postharvest processing, to products, e-commerce, data analytics and other related data present in different cultivars. The database is normalized to handle complex queries needed to generate knowledge not only for Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) and its member-agencies but for Pili farmers/producers, vendors, enthusiasts, retail outlets, and the market as a whole. It is designed with flexibility in mind to interface and interconnect/link with other PCAARRD systems for a dynamic web of knowledge. It is believed that making information and data on Pili publicly available will enliven and invigorate the stakeholders in this industry and help boost yield/production, encourage more research and development efforts, promote innovation, step up marketability of various pili-related products, and consequently improve the living conditions of marginalized farmers and vendors.