Canadian Indian Research Articles

Effect of Test Language and Experimenter Race on Canadian Indian Children's Racial and Self-Identity

Abstract The influence of test language and experimenter race on Indian children's racial preferences and self-identity were examined. Construct accessibility theory predicts that cues such as the experimenter's race and the test language used would prime race and race-related constructs, making them more accessible for processing race-related information. Both the escape and light-color bias hypotheses predict (for different reasons) that minority-group children should identify with and show a preference for white children. To test these ideas, Canadian Indian children living on an isolated Indian reserve were asked by a white or Indian experimenter who spoke English or Ojibwa to answer questions about their racial preferences and identity. Subjects responded by pointing to a picture of a white or Indian boy or girl. Results indicated that subjects misidentified which picture looked most like themselves, findings consistent with the escape and light-color bias hypotheses. Although subjects' racial prefer...

The Ojibwa as Moderns: Victims and Survivors

J. Anthony Paredes. ed. Anishnabe: Six Studies of Modern Chippewa. Tallahassee, Florida: University Presses of Florida, 1980. xi. 436 pp. $27.50 (cloth).Yngve Georg Lithman. The Community Apart:. Case Study of. Canadian Indian Reserve Community. Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press, 1984. vi. 186 pp. $20.00 (cloth), $5.95 (paper).Anastasia M. Shkilnyk. A Poison Stronger than Love: the Destruction of an Ojibwa Community. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1985. xx. 275 pp. $30.00 (cloth), $9‐95 (paper).

Establishing validity in evaluation: The Canadian Indian school evaluations

A key concern of evaluators, particularly those using naturalistic procedures, is establishing the validity of the evaluation results. In this article, an approach designed to strengthen the validity of the case study method of evaluation is outlined. Five aspects of this approach are identified that accomplish this. They are the evaluator selection procedure, the method of setting out the evaluation expectations, the use of on-going feedback, the use of multiple perspectives, and the wide involvement of various audiences.

The Community Apart: A Case Study of a Canadian Indian Reserve Community.

The Community Apart: A Case Study of a Canadian Indian Reserve Community.

Language Retention Among Canadian Indians: A Simultaneous Equations Model with Dichotomous Endogenous Variables

This paper is an application of a method recently developed by Heckman and MaCurdy (1984) to estimate a simultaneous-equations model with dichotomous endogenous variables. The substantive issue is the determinants of native-language maintenance among the Canadian Indian population. A simultaneous-equations model in which retention of an Indian mother tongue and various aspects of labor-force activity have reciprocal effects is contrasted with a model in which both language retention and economic activity are determined jointly by background characteristics such as education. Results support the latter model. This suggests that attempts to improve the economic conditions of native Indians (for example, by increasing education levels) may have a cost in terms of cultural maintenance.

A study of institutionalized mentally retarded patients in Manitoba: over-representation by Canadian Indian children.

During analysis of data on 406 severely and profoundly mentally retarded children and their families in Manitoba a marked excess of Canadian Indian children was observed. There was no evidence to suggest that the over-representation by native children was due to an increased propensity of Indian families to institutionalize their children nor were these patients more profoundly retarded or more physically handicapped than the non-Indian children studied. Further analysis showed that Indian children were primarily over-represented in the groups with acquired retardation, autosomal recessive genetic disorders, idiopathic retardation with seizures and idiopathic retardation with malformations or dysmorphic signs. Review of other demographic findings indicated that other factors potentially predisposing to retardation, including low socioeconomic status, illegitimacy, high birth order, poor maternal reproductive history and increased consanguinity, were more common in the histories of native children. Severe and profound mental retardation has been said to occur equally in all strata of society. This evidently was not so in this Canadian population and the Indian child may be at special risk. Health care workers should be aware of possible predisposing factors for retardation in this group if reduction of the incidence of this major problem is to be achieved.

The Practice of Underdevelopment and the Theory of Development: The Canadian Indian Case

The Practice of Underdevelopment and the Theory of Development: The Canadian Indian Case

A North Canadian Indian Culture - Extending the Rafters: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Iroquois Studies. M. K. Foster, J. Campisi and M. Mithun (editors). 1984. Albany, State University of New York Press. 422p, illustrated, hard cover. US$48.50 (Soft cover US$16.95).

A North Canadian Indian Culture - Extending the Rafters: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Iroquois Studies. M. K. Foster, J. Campisi and M. Mithun (editors). 1984. Albany, State University of New York Press. 422p, illustrated, hard cover. US$48.50 (Soft cover US$16.95).

As Long as the Sun Shines and Water Flows: A Reader in Canadian Native Studies

Foreword Preface Map Introductory Essay Section I: The Evolution of Indian Administration Since the Royal Proclamation of 1763 1. Protection, Civilization, Assimilation: An Outline History of Canada's Indian Policy 2. The Early Indian Acts: Developmental Strategy and Constitutional Change 3. Indian Land Cessions in Upper Canada, 1815-1830 4. Herman Merivale and Colonial Office Indian Policy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century 5. A Victorian Civil Servant at Work: Lawrence Vankoughnet and the Canadian Indian Department, 1874-1893 6. Clifford Sifton and Canadian Indian Administration 1896-1905 7. The Administration of Treaty 3: The Location of the Boundaries of Treaty 3 Indian Reserves in Ontario, 1873-1915 8. Canada's Indians Yesterday -- What of Today? 9. The Politics of Indian Affairs Section II: Native Responses to Changing Relations and Circumstances 1. Alcoholism, Indians and the Anti-Drink Cause in the Protestant Indian Missions of Upper Canada, 1822-1850 2. The Tragedy of the Loss of the Commons in Western Canada 3. A Witness to Murder: The Cypress Hills Massacre and the Conflict of Attitudes towards the Native People of the Canadian-American West during the 1870s 4. Louis Riel and Aboriginal Rights 5. A Parting of the Ways: Louis Schmidt's Account of Louis Riel and the Metis Rebellion 6. La Conquete du Nord-Ouest, 1885-1985, or the Imperial Quest of British North America 7. Native People and the Justice System 8. Becoming Modern -- Some Reflections on Inuit Social Change 9. The Inuit and the Constitutional Process: 1978-81 A Declaration of the First Nations, 18 November, 1981 1983 Constitutional Accord on Aboriginal Rights Bibliographic Essay The Indian in Canadian Historical Writing, 1971-1981 Suggestions for Further Reading Notes on Contributors

The Mt. Currie Indian Community School: Innovation and Endurance

The early 1970s was a period of renaissance in Native Canadian Indian language and culture. At Mt. Currie, British Columbia, this rebirth was closely linked to the transformation of the school into a locally controlled Native institution. This article uses interview data to review changing role relationships of School Board and staff. The analysis reveals concerns in common with community education ventures across North America. Unique to the Native community is the integration of contemporary Anglo and traditional Native role relationships. Recommendations for responding to these concerns should be useful not only to Native communities but to other groups with school programs calling for community input and parental involvement.

Community characteristics and out‐migration from Canadian Indian reserves

Path models, at two levels of complexity, examine the effects of community characteristics upon levels of off‐reserve residence among 500 Canadian Indian communities. The presentation of a concise model followed by a more complex one allows a simpler causal chain to be elaborated, illustrating the importance of several variables that do not directly affect off‐reserve residence levels. The more complex model supports various hypotheses under multiple controls, expands our understanding of native communities, and clears up a few misconceptions and spurious interpretations. It is clear that certain community characteristics (e.g., institutional completeness) encourage the retention of members, thereby enhancing the viability of reserve‐based communities: other characteristics encourage boundary breakdown and out‐migration.Des trajectoires modéles, à double niveaux de complexité, étudient les effets des caracté‐ristiques de la communauté sur les niveaux de résidence hors de la réserve parmi cinq cents communautés indiennes canadiennes. La présentation d'un modèle concis, suivie d'un plus complexe, permet l'élaboration de la plus simple chaine causale, illustrant l'importance de plusieurs variables qui n'affectent pas directement les niveaux de résidence hors des réserves. Le modèle plus complexe appuie plusieurs hypothèses, sous de multiples contrôles, développe notre compréhension des communautés aborigènes, et éclaircit quelques fausses idées et interprétations. Il est clair que certaines caractéristiques de la communauté (e.g. état institutionnel complet) encouragent les membres à rester, rehaussant ainsi la viabilité des communautés dans les réserves: d'autres caractéristiques encouragent l'écroulement des frontières et l'émigration à l'extèrieur.

Book Reviews/Comptes Rendus

Book reviewed in this article:DEBORAH HARRISON, The Limits of Liberalism: The Making of Canadian Sociology.KI HANG KIM AND FRED WILLIAM ROUSH, Mathematics for Social Scientists.MARTIN BULMER (ed), Social Research and Royal Commissions.HERBERT RICHARDSON (ed.), New Religions and Mental Health: Understanding the Issues.ALAN B. ANDERSON and JAMES S. FRiDERES, Ethnicity in Canada: Theoretical Perspectives.S.J. WILSON, Women, the Family and the Economy.IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN, The Modern World‐System II. Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World‐Economy, 1600–1750.JOSEF WILCZYNSKI, An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism.DAVID GAGAN, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land and Social Change in Mid‐Victorian Peel County, Canada West.M. PATRICIA MARCHAK, Ideological Perspectives on Canada (2nd ed.).KEVIN DWYER, Moroccan Dialogues: Anthropology in Question.JOHN PORTER, MARION PORTER, and BERNARD BL1SHEN, Stations and Callings: Making it Through the School System.JEAN‐GUY VAILLANCOURT, Papal Power: a Study of Vatican Control over Lay Catholic Elites.LUIS A. SERRON, Scarcity, Exploitation, and Poverty: Malthus and Marx in Mexico.SALLY M. WEAVER, Making Canadian Indian Policy: The Hidden Agenda, 1968–1970.TSUYOSHI KATO, Mdtriliny and Migration: Evolving Minangkabau Traditions in Indonesia.WALLACE CLEMENT, Hardrock Mining. Industrial Relations and Technological Changes at INCO.

The Canadian Indian Lobby of Westminster 1979-1982

This article analyses the activities of the Canadian native lobby of Westminster which opposed patriation of the British North America Act. It explores the positive and negative roles played both by specific native associations and by British parliamentarians and jurists. While acknowledging the failure of the lobby’s ultimate objective, the paper suggests that the events surrounding patriation have emphatically launched Canadian native politics onto the world stage, helping also to clarify and refine native concepts of self-government and sovereignty in an international context.

Paraoxonase phenotype distribution in Canadian Indian and Inuit populations.

Test objects were the sera of 57 North American Indian and 67 Inuit subjects. The paraoxon-hydrolyzing activity, a, was determined, as well as the paraoxonase-phenotyping ratio, c/b, a ratio designating enzyme activation by Na+ in the presence of Ca2+. The values of c/b were clearly bimodally distributed. Location of the modes and of the antimodal gap were in perfect agreement with the results previously obtained on Caucasian sera. This allowed us to retain the criterion which had been already established in the study of Caucasians, i.e., c/b less than 1.5 = "low-activity" phenotype, and c/b greater than 1.5 = "high-activity" phenotype. The proportions of individuals in each mode differed, however. In Caucasians, the frequency of the "low-activity" phenotype had been estimated as 51.2%. In Indians and Inuits, it was 7.0% and 6.0%, respectively. Independent of phenotype, Indian and Inuit sera displayed lower paraoxon-hydrolyzing activity than did Caucasian sera.

A Canadian Indian Health Status Index.

Health care services for registered "band" Indians in Ontario are provided primarily by the Canadian Federal Government. Complex management methods preclude the direct involvement of Indian people in the decisions for their health resource allocation. Health indicators, need, and health status indexes are reviewed. The biostatistics of mortality and demography of the Indian and reference populations are aggregated with hospitalization/morbidity experience as the Chen G'1 Index, as an indicator of normative and comparative need. This is weighted by linear measurements of perceived need for preventive medicine programs, as ranked and scaled values of priorities, Zj. These were determined by community survey on 11 Indian reserves using a non-probabilistic psychometric method of "pair comparisons," based upon "Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgement.," The calculation of the aggregate single unit Indian Health Status Index [Log.G'1].Zj and its potential application in a "zero-base" budget is described.

Mortality patterns in a Canadian Indian population

In this paper the mortality of the Alberta Indian population is compared to the mortality of the total Alberta population. Five-year annual average death rates for the period 1974-1978 are used to develop life tables for the Indian population using Reed-Merrell quinquennial survival probabilities. The article offers evidence which suggests that the difference in life expectancy between Albertas native population and the total Alberta population is over thirteen years for males and over seventeen years for females. The author concludes that lower life expectancy of Indians is related to the very high death rates in the adolescent and young adult age groups. Alcohol-related accidents poisoning and violence constitute a major impediment to the improvement of Indian mortality levels. (summary in FRE) (EXCERPT)

Intellectual Orientations and Nationalism among Leaders in an Internal Colony: A Theoretical and Comparative Perspective

Based on their studies of independence movements in the Caribbean, Bell and his associates found nationalism in the context of classical colonialism to be an expression of a basic trend of modern history. That trend is identified as the enlargement of contemporary and historical social scale through the spread of liberty, equality and fraternity, and through closer interaction with the ancestral background of the indigenous group. Replicating the research methods used by Bell and his associates among leaders in the British West Indies and the French Antilles, I tested Bell's thesis among Native Indian leaders in Canada, an example of internal colonialism. My findings confirm Bell's thesis in that most enlightened and romanticist Indian leaders held political independence as an ideal goal. But, unlike leaders in the British West Indies few Canadian Indian leaders held independence as a practical and immediate objective. An analysis of this difference reveals that for most enlightened and romanticist Indian leaders their condition of internal colonialism and dependence decisively influenced their choice of political structures to achieve their goal of enlarged contemporary and historical social scale for their people. The prominence of nationalist movements since World War II has inspired numerous theories of nationalism. Although these theories vary widely in some respects, fundamental to many of them is the idea that modern nationalist movements are motivated by a desire to extend human rights.1 This theme linking modern nationalist movements to the extension of human rights is focal in the recent works of Wendell Bell.2 In his case-study of nationhood on the island of Jamaica during the final stages of its transition from colonial dependence to full political independence, Bell introduces the seminal idea that modern nationalism is a manifestation and demonstration of the The British Journal of Sociology Volume 33 Number 4 December 1982 O R.K.P. 1982 0007 1315/82/3304-0484 $1.50

Employment and Urban Native Canadians

Designed to measure differences in employment issues between a selected native Canadian Indian group and a non‐native comparison group in Toronto, the study demonstrated that given similar circumstances for comparison, Native Canadians are less formally educated and skill trained than are non‐natives of comparable age, sex, and education. Respondents under the age of 25 and over 50 earned substantially less than respondents within that age range.

Ethnic preference and identification among Canadian Indian and White children: Replication and extension.

Examined 3 hypotheses regarding ethnic preference and identification among White and Native Indian children who were asked by either a White or Native experimenter (E) to indicate their preference for either a White or Native doll, a white or brown rabbit, and a white or brown cup. The escape hypothesis suggests that both types of Ss would choose the White doll and that the Natives would show ethnic misidentification. J. E. Williams's (Williams and J. K. Morland, 1976) notion of a pro-light/anti-dark bias suggests that Ss of both races would choose the lighter of 2 objects. A 3rd hypothesis suggests that Ss of both races would choose a doll of the same race as the E; there would be no pattern regarding rabbits or cups. 30 White 5-7 yr olds and 35 Native 5-6 yr olds served as Ss. Results show that Ss of both races chose the lighter of 2 objects, consistent with Williams's hypothesis. Such responses, however, were influenced by both S's race and race of the E. Results also indicate that when choosing the doll that looked more like themselves, Ss of both races chose the White doll more frequently with a White than a Native E, a finding consistent with the E bias hypothesis. The notion that minority group Ss were attempting to escape a minority group label by identifying with objects associated with the majority group was not supported. (French abstract) (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

School self-acceptance among Canadian Indian, White, and Metis children.

School self-acceptance among Canadian Indian, White, and Metis children.