Canadian Council Research Articles

Экологическое состояние Вислинского залива с учетом параметров качества и эвтрофирования вод

The Vistula Lagoon is a transboundary lagoon of the Baltic Sea that is subject to signifi­cant pollution and water eutrophication. An assessment of the ecological condition of the la­goon was conducted based on the calculation of modern Russian and foreign water pollution indices for the period 2007—2022. The long-term variability of these parameters was ana­lyzed for the lagoon as a whole and separately for four regions characterized by specific condi­tions. The highest level of water pollution is characteristic of the eastern region and the Pri­morskaya Bay. The Russian Water Quality Index (SCWPI) and the widely used world index, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), demonstrated similar seasonal and long-term variability. The launch of modern treatment facilities in 2016 led to a significant reduction in pollution in the Primorskaya Bay. However, in recent years, an increase in pollution has been observed in the eastern region, where the main river runoff (from the Pregolya River) enters and where the new discharge of Kalinin­grad's treatment facilities is located. The level of eutrophication and phytoplankton abun­dance (chlorophyll concentration) influences the calculated water pollution indices (SCWPI and CCME WQI). The highest values were observed during the period of "water bloom" in the lagoon. The introduction of filter-feeding mollusks and the resulting changes in the plank­ton of the Vistula Lagoon have contributed to the reduction of water pollution indices.

Calculating Required Purification Effort to Turn Source Water Into Drinking Water Using an Adapted CCME Water Quality Index

AbstractThe 2000 European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) states that “Member States shall ensure the necessary protection for the bodies of water identified with the aim of avoiding deterioration in their quality in order to reduce the level of purification treatment required in the production of drinking water.” However, it does not specify how to evaluate or quantify this level of purification treatment. We propose a novel water quality index (WQI) to quantify the level of purification treatment required to prepare drinking water from source water. It is based on the WQI of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME WQI). Our WQI compares measured contaminant concentrations in source water to drinking water guidelines and any exceedance is weighted by a measure of the resilience of that contaminant to the treatment processes, which is not possible in the CCME WQI. Furthermore, it accommodates for varying sampling frequencies that are characteristic of the ongoing monitoring program. These adaptations make our index robust and sensitive to relevant changes in source water quality. We calculated index scores for source water from the Rhine and the Meuse and found no general decrease in required purification treatment levels since the introduction of the WFD.

Assessment of deep aquifer groundwater quality in a geographically unique climatic region of Southern Western Ghats, India using water quality indices

AbstractWater quality index (WQI) models are generally used in hydrochemical studies to simplify complex data into single values to reflect the overall quality. In this study, deep groundwater quality in the Chittur and Palakkad Taluks of the Bharathapuzha river basin of Kerala, India, was assessed by employing the WQI method developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The assessment of overall water quality is indispensable due to the specific characteristics of the study area, such as geography, climate, over‐drafting, and prevalent agricultural practices. Forty representative samples were collected from the study area for monsoon (MON) and pre‐monsoon (PRM) seasons. The results showed a general increase of contents from MON to PRM. The major cations were spread in the order Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+ and the anions HCO3−>Cl−>CO32− based on their relative abundance. Among various parameters analysed, alkalinity and bicarbonate levels during MON were comparatively high, which is indicative of carbonate weathering, and 90% of the samples failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017)/Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012) drinking water guidelines. The CCME WQI analysis revealed that nearly 50% of the samples during each season represented good and excellent categories. The samples in the poor category comprised 10% in MON and 15% in PRM. The overall WQI exhibited 15% of poor category samples as well. The spatial depiction of CCME WQI classes helped to expose zones of degraded quality in the centre to eastward parts. The spatial and temporal variations of CCME WQI classes and different physicochemical attributes indicated the influence of common factors attributing to the deep groundwater quality. The study also revealed inland salinity at Kolluparamba and Peruvamba stations, where agricultural activities were rampant with poor surface water irrigation.

Issue Notes

The papers presented by Daniel Goodwin (“The Founding Vision of the Canadian Council of Churches”), Dennis R. Hoover (“The Politics of Conservative Protestant – Conservative Catholic Alliances in the United States and Canada”), Samuel Reimer (“The Ecumenical Impulse Among Canadians”), Bruce L. Guenther (“Slithering Down the Plank of Intellectualism? The Canadian Conference of Christian Educators and the Impulse Towards Accreditation Among Canadian Bible Schools During the 1960s”); Timothy E. Strauch (“The Jubilee Riots, the Orange Order and the Preservation of Protestantism in Toronto, 1875”), Colleen Gray (“Eighteenth-Century Clerical Biography and Narrative Technique in Imaging Sainthood: Two Biographers of Marie Barbier”), Douglas H. Shantz (“Pietists Representations of Sixteenth Century Radicals as found in the Works by Gottfried Arnold and Johann Heinrich Reitz”), Thomas Evans (“The ‘Englishness’ of John Medley, First Bishop of Fredericton, 1845-1892”), Russel Prime (“Trains, Boats and Magistrates: Disciples’ Evangelists Proclaiming the Gospel in the Maritimes, 1883-1903”), James Opp (“Re-imaging the Moral Order of Urban Space: Religion, Photography and the City”), Marguerite Van Die (“It Takes a Village: Evangelical Childhood Nurture and Moral Formation in Stanstead, Quebec, 1830-1880”), and Lynne Marks (“A God-Fearing Nation? Church Involvement Across Canada in 1901”) were not made available for publication.

Applying of Canadian water quality index for evaluation of some water treatment plants in Basrah province

In this study, ten water treatment plants were evaluated for water quality for drinking by using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI).The ten main water treatment plants were Jubyla(1), Khor Al Zubair, Al-Shaibah, AlmahkalAljadeed, Hay Al-Hussain, Al Asmaei, Al Garma(1), Al Abass, Al Madena Al Riadia, and Mhaijran. These water treatment plants were in different places in Basrah province and supply most of the needed water for citizens in Basrah city. The samples were collected for the treated water monthly from January to December of 2019. 13 parameters of the treated water were tested, which were the Turbidity (Turb), Total hardness (TH), pH, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Chloride (Cl-), Magnesium (Mg+2), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca+2), Alkalinity (Alk.), Sulfate (So4) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) for all stations. The CCME WQI method classified the treated water of Mhaijran station as poor which means is not suitable for drinking purposes and this is because of several reasons, such as the discharges of the pollutants into Shatt Al-Arab River from domestic, agricultural drainage, and industrial process pollutants. The water quality for the two water treatment plants, that are Al-Shaibah and Al Madena Al Riadia, were in good condition in the dry season. Whereas in the wet season, Al-Shaibah was marginal and Al Madena Al Riadia was fair. Al Abass was nearly fair in the dry and wet season whereas the others were ranged from marginal to poor condition.

Water quality and health risk assessments of illegal gold mining-impacted estuaries in Ghana

This study evaluated the water quality, pollution, and health risks associated with illegal gold mining activities in two estuaries (Pra and Ankobra) in the Southwestern region of Ghana. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) used for the evaluation indicated that both estuaries were in the marginal water quality category. Nemerow's Pollution Index (NPI) evaluation showed that turbidity (from siltation), PO 4 , Pb, Cu, and Fe contributed to the pollution of the two estuaries. The health risks index of Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Total Hazard Index (HI) evaluated on shellfish ( Macrobrachium ) from the estuaries were above USEPA recommended threshold; therefore, there is a likelihood of human health risks impacts on the coastal dwellers surrounding the estuaries. Overall, the study buttresses the need to take urgent strategic actions to control the direct impacts of pollution on the estuarine systems and the surrounding coastal communities. • Pollution footprints observed in two estuaries of Southwestern region of Ghana • The pollution index revealed turbidity, phosphate, lead, copper and iron as main contributing drivers of the estuaries. • There is a high likelihood of human health risks impacts on surrounding coastal dwellers. • Urgent action needed to control pollution in order to safeguard the lives of the communities

Temporal variations and trends prediction of water quality during 2010-2019 in the middle Yangtze River, China.

Water quality plays an important role in river habitats. This study revealed the annual and seasonal variations and trend prediction of water quality in the middle Yangtze River after the third impoundment stage of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Multivariate statistical methods including principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), Mann-Kendall (M-K) tests, discriminant analysis (DA), rescaled range (R/S) analysis, and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) were used. Herein, eight water quality constituents including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chloride (Cl), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH3N), total phosphorus (TP), water temperature (T), and permanganate index (CODmn) were monthly monitored in the Jiujiang hydrological transaction during 2010-2019. The information of eight water quality constituents, related to salinity, nutrient status, and oxidation reactions efficiency, was extracted. Water quality status remained as fair-good during 2010-2019 based on the results of CCME-WQI, with the seasonal significance ranked as T > DO > Cl > pH > EC > TP > NH3N > CODmn. In the future decade, annual average T was predicted to continue to increase although it might decrease in the wet season. EC was predicted to continue increasing annually especially in the wet season while Cl might decrease. NH3N and TP might maintain a significant decreasing trend in the future wet and dry seasons. DO maintained significantly increasing especially in the future dry seasons, whereas CODmn will continue to decrease annually and seasonally. The continued alkalization trend of waterbody was predicted, which is more significant in the wet season. The results provide helpful references for the ecological protection of the middle Yangtze River.

The use of PCA and ANN to improve evaluation of the WQIclassic, development of a new index, and prediction of WQI, Coastel Constantinois, northern coast of eastern Algeria

Abstract The objective of this research was to arrive at a better assessment of the quality of surface water in the Constantine region. The focus was on the comparison of three classical indices WQINSF (National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index), WQICCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index) and WQIAP (weighted arithmetical Water Quality Index), the development of a new index and the prediction by ANN (artificial neural network) of WQI indices. The principal components analysis (PCA) allows the selection of 10 parameters to be used in the calculation of the classical WQI, and eight principal components to be used as input for the new proposed index (regularized WQI). However the ANN is applied for the search for prediction models of classical WQI and developed WQI. The results show that the WQIAP index assesses water quality better, and that the regularized WQI further promotes the assessment of water quality. WQIR shows that, after the pollution peak, the water quality does not return to its initial state. The modeling approach by ANN offers an effective alternative to predict the WQI, it subsequently appears that the ANN predicts the new index WQIRregularized (R2 = 0.999) better than the classic model WQIAP (R2 = 0.99).

Spatio-seasonal variations in water quality status of Migori River in Kenya and associated household health risk implications: an application of a multidimensional water quality index approach

ABSTRACT Water quality monitoring is imperative in providing the objective evidence required to make sound decisions about water quality management. This study aimed to examine the water quality status of the Migori River by determining spatio-seasonal variations in water quality parameters, along with associated influencing factors and potential health risks. Therefore, eighteen physico-chemical and bacteriological variables were sampled and analyzed monthly for six months covering the wet and dry seasons from the upstream, midstream, and downstream stations, and a health risk survey was conducted with 90 watershed households. ANOVA and T-test were used to test for the significant spatial and seasonal variations (p < 0.05), respectively; whereas Pearson's correlation was used to identify relationships between parameters. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to find various spatial patterns in the river water quality datasets, while the Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) showed the suitability status of the river water quality. The assessed variables showed significant seasonal variability but no significant spatial differences in the river. HCA generated 3 clusters suggesting that water quality deteriorated downstream from the upstream of the watershed. The PCA extracted four PCs explaining 80.5% of the total variance, which suggested that the variations in water quality are attributed to point and nonpoint sources of pollution. While most of the physico-chemical variables were within maximum permissible limits, the bacteriological levels exceeded the prescribed standards. The index ranked the river's water condition between ‘poor’ to ‘marginal’; upstream has better water condition that gradually decreases toward the downstream, and water quality is better in the wet season than the dry season. The study revealed that the water of the Migori River is polluted and potentially hazardous for human usage, and thus suitable pollution control measures are urgently needed to safeguard public health.

A Comparison between Weighted Arithmetic and Canadian Methods for the Drinking Water Quality Index, Al-Abbasia River, Najaf, Iraq

In this study, eight samples were analyzed along Al-Abbasia River, where the Water Quality Index and pollution or changes in water quality were studied. The Water Quality Index is a useful and rapid technique for evaluating the quality of any water source. The samples were taken along Al-Abbasia River and on the area basis which influence the river. The physical and chemical parameters (pH, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Disollved Solids, Total Hardness, Ca2+, Total Suspended Solids, Na+, Cl-, K+, SO42-, Mg2+) were evaluated in this study using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index methods which shows the extent of pollution. According to Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index, the water quality is classified as a poor except for the second sample, where it was classified as a Very poor (according to the standards of the WHO), while according to Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index method, the water of Al-Abbasia river was often classified as a Good, except for the second and forth samples they were classified Fair. This study showed that the main cause of the deterioration of water quality in Al-Abbasia River is the direct discharge of sewage, human activity and harmful residues of pesticides and materials which used in agriculture.

Ecotoxicological assessment of estuarine surface waters receiving treated and untreated sanitary wastewater.

Pollution from sewage discharge is one of the most critical environmental problems worldwide, e.g., in Brazil, where basic sanitation is still scarce. As pollution can affect biomes, especially estuaries where intensive ecological and human activities occur, has caused widespread concern. This work aimed to study the water quality of the Jundiaí/Potengi Estuary (JPE) in an area close to the discharge of treated and untreated wastewater for 18months. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were measured and integrated using the Water Quality Index of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Ecotoxicological tests were performed with Brazilian endemic organisms to assess the impact of water pollution on biota. A generalized linear regression model was applied to understand the effects of water quality on ecotoxicological responses. Concentrations of metals, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, and thermotolerant coliforms did not comply with Brazilian environmental regulations. A significant increase in the mortality rate of Mysidopsis juniae and Nitocra sp. and a significant decrease in the reproductive rate of Nitocra sp. indicated the most affected areas related to the discharge of treated and untreated wastewater. Only 10% of the samples from sites without direct wastewater impact showed a toxic response in at least one organism. Both water quality and sampling sites were statistical predictors of ecotoxicological response, describing not only the pollutant load but also the type of effluent. This study demonstrated the degradation of the environmental quality of the JPE, particularly due to the discharge of sanitary wastewater, and highlights the importance of protection and remediation measures to preserve this protected area.

Applying Factor Analysis and the CCME Water Quality Index for Assessing Groundwater Quality of an Aegean Island (Rhodes, Greece)

Globally, water quality indices (WQIs) are beneficial for evaluating groundwater and surface water quality. The Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) was combined with the parametric values given by Directive 98/83/EC to investigate the possible suitability of groundwater resources for human consumption on Rhodes Island. Chloride (Cl−), pH, calcium (Ca2+), electrical conductivity (CND), carbonate (CO32−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), sulfate (SO42−), sodium (Na+),nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), ammonium (NH4+), and phosphate (PO43−) were included in the dataset applied in this study. Statistical analysis, GIS database, and WQI estimation were successfully used to evaluate the groundwater resources of the study area. All studied groundwater parameters have mean and median values lower than the corresponding parametric values established by Directive 98/83/EC. The high CND values (up to 2730 μs cm−1) in groundwater collected from Rhodes’ coastal aquifers indicate a direct relationship with seawater intrusion. CCME-WQI classifies the groundwater samples for most monitoring stations on Rhodes aquifers as “excellent”, Class 5, for 2019 and 2020. The findings of this study may be helpful for scientists and stakeholders monitoring the study area and applying measures to protect the groundwater resources.

Assessment of the supplied water quality for Sulaimani, Iraq as a case study using CCME method

Water quality index (WQI) is an important technique used for the evaluating and classifying water quality of supplied water, by summarizing large number of parameters from the result of variety tests of water into less number and terms Water quality index (WQI) value can be determined. Management of water quality is not so easy and simple, it needs to work with a lot of data. In this study evaluating of water quality of (Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq) is presented by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The study conducted by monitoring long term water quality data over past eleven years, collected from 17 sampling points, tanks from which potable water supplied to all of the city residents, located in the (Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq). To obtain the CCME WQI value twelve parameters used : PH, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Chloride (Cl-1), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Total hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity, Chloride (Cl2), Electric conductivity (EC), Sulphate (SO4-2).The obtained patterns present different water quality situations, WQI values ranged from good to excellent, based on the result obtained and analyzed using the from of WQI, it is revealed that the value of WQI ranged from (82) to (94) over the past 11 years, it means the main source of water supplied to the city which is Dokan lake is relatively high and clean as it is over a mountain watershed area.

Baseline levels and characterization of hydrocarbons in surface marine sediments along the transportation corridor in Hudson Bay: A multivariate analysis of n-alkanes, PAHs and biomarkers

Hudson Bay is a small arctic inland shelf sea which receives large amounts of freshwater from riverine discharges, with marine flow from the north and the Atlantic. A warming climate has resulted in an expanded open water season which will result in an increase in shipping of fuel oil and petroleum to communities and mines on the western shore, increasing the risk of hydrocarbon releases. To evaluate the status of hydrocarbons, surface sediments were collected at 34 locations in the transportation route and offshore and analysed for several types of hydrocarbons. Total hydrocarbons varied by over 25 times between sites, reaching a maximum of 1116 μg/g OC (organic carbon basis) in Hudson Strait due to low molecular weight n-alkanes from marine primary production. The gross mean for all sites was 344 μg/g OC (GSD = 173–682), roughly equivalent to other remote sites in the Canadian Arctic with no known local hydrocarbon source. n-alkanes accounted for >90 % of residues. Diagnostic ratios (e.g., Carbon Preference Index (CPI), Odd-Even Predominance (OEP)) indicated mixed sources of n-alkanes, likely due to the input from vascular plants and ombrotrophic peat in northern and western watersheds, and primary production within the Bay. The elevated proportion of high molecular weight n-alkanes at deep water sites is consistent with lotic particulate organic matter deposited in the nearshore environment and redeposited offshore. Ʃ36PAHs were a small fraction (1.9 %) of hydrocarbons, with a gross mean of 5.68 μg/g OC (GSD = 3.30–9.79). PCA separated deep water sediments from nearshore and community samples due to 4 alkylated naphthalenes which usually indicate a petrogenic source but probably indicates a natural source due to the lack of other petrogenic markers. Priority PAHs (i.e., Ʃ16PAH) varied from 31.5 % to 56.6 % of the Ʃ36PAH residues. The concentrations of individual PAHs were well below the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines recommended by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.

Evaluation of the Water Quality of River Kaduna, Nigeria Using Water Quality Index

Water is a natural resource of fundamental importance and supports all life forms. The study evaluated the water quality of River Kaduna using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Water Quality Index. The study covered both raining and dry seasons in 10 sampling points. Water parameters analysed were turbidity, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, TDS and Ni using standard laboratory techniques. The data obtained were used to develop Water Quality Index (WQI) across the 10 sampling points and results showed that the water quality at Barnawa, Kudenda, Tudun Wada, Makera and Angwan Muazu are poor as their index values ranged between 31.8 – 42 while Kawo, Angwan Dosa, Malali, Kigo and Angwan Rimi are marginal as their index ranged between 45 – 61.3. The study concluded that the variety and level of contaminants in River Kaduna was related to the anthropogenic activities in the various parts of Kaduna Metropolis from where run-off and contaminants were received, hence, the water quality of River Kaduna is deteriorating. There is therefore the need for proper environmental education and discouragement in the use of toxic chemicals for farming so that pollution can be controlled at the source.

Implementing the CCME Water Quality Index for the Evaluation of the Physicochemical Quality of Greek Rivers

Water quality indices (WQIs) are efficient tools, globally used for the determination of the quality status of water bodies. In Greece, for almost a decade, the physicochemical quality of water in rivers has been determined by a rigorous, biologically-based, national classification system, developed by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), through the calculation of a simple water quality index (HWQI) that takes into account six water parameters: five nutrient species and dissolved oxygen. Taking the HWQI as a reference, the present study attempts to implement the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), which is globally applied and flexible in the number of parameters used, to investigate its possible suitability for Greek rivers, which are characterized by a variety of climatic, geologic, and hydrological conditions and have experienced anthropogenic impact. A large dataset consisting of 111 river sites and multiple sampling campaigns for each site in 2018–2020 were used in the analysis, giving rise to a representative application of the CCME WQI on a national scale. Furthermore, the physicochemical quality results were compared with those derived by the HWQI. Apart from the original equation of the CCME WQI for calculating the classification score, a modified version from the literature was used as well. Moreover, apart from the six conventional parameters, which offered a direct comparison with the output values of the HWQI, the CCME WQI and its modified version were recalculated based on a larger dataset, including four additional physicochemical water parameters. The comparative results from all calculations revealed the conservative behavior of the CCME WQI and confirmed the indications from several other Greek studies. Estimated water quality represented a status that consistently belonged to at least a two-class inferior category than the HWQI, while adequate reductions in this deviation could not be achieved with the modified index or with the increase in the number of parameters used in the analysis. It is thus concluded that the first calculation factor and the class boundaries of the CCME WQI are the limiting factors for successful implementation in Greek rivers, independent of the hydroclimatic, geomorphological, and anthropogenic impact variability across the country.

Application of Receptor Models on Surface Water Quality and Source Apportionment

Surface water plays an important role in carrying off different water wastes thereby affecting water quality used for different purposes. The Receptor Model (RM) development as a technique in the management of River water was used in this study, in identifying, separating and quantifying the major sources of water wastes flowing into River Musa, Bida, Nigeria. Twelve water variables were used in Principal Component Analysis. The generated variables of loaded components were used as independent variables and the Water Quality Index (WQI) as the dependent variable to estimate the quantity of identified pollutants sources using the Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLR). According to Canadian Council Ministers of Environments Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), the results determined for the five sample stations (Edokota location, Musa bridge location, Bida/Minna location, Ciriko location and Army Barrack location) were 74.4, 72.8, 64.6, 47.6, and 51.6 respectively. Among the five locations, three were investigated to be marginal and the remaining two were fair in rank. The principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to separate the identified three major waste sources flowing into the river to be agricultural, municipal and industrial wastes. Pollutant levels were determined to be 0.936, 0.457 and 0.104 using RM at a high value of R2 (0.911). Agricultural waste was predicted to be the strongest pollutant contributor in the model, followed by municipal and the least contributor is industrial waste. It is strongly recommended that periodic monitoring and evaluation of the river water quality is carried out within the study area using the receptor model

Correlation, Regression Analysis, and Spatial Distribution Mapping of WQI for an Urban Lake in Noyyal River Basin in the Textile Capital of India

Nowadays, the major threat to humans occurs due to water quality deterioration. The quality of water creates a new sign for the public to prevent them from waterborne diseases. This study uses sensitive water quality parameters obtained from the northeast monsoon season, October 2021, at different locations in Mooli Kulam lake (11°07′17.6″ N, 77°22′59.9″ E) of Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The parameters considered for the analysis of lake water quality are closely included with drinking and irrigation parameters. The northeast monsoon samples collected from the lake were analysed and the Water Quality Indexing was applied to the dataset using three methods, namely, the Weight Arithmetic method, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, and Horton’s method. The parameters are divided into drinking water variables and irrigation water variables. This study includes water quality index mapping using Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation of the spatial distribution method using ArcMap 10.8. The dataset was subjected to correlation and regression analysis in order to determine the most significant pollutant. A total of 10 sampling stations and 23 water quality parameters have been analysed. The results obtained show that the lake has high eutrophication with compounds of potassium, iron, and nitrates.

Assessment of surface water quality in a drinking water supply reservoir in Vietnam: a combination of different indicators

Eutrophication and water pollution have become serious aquatic environmental problems worldwide. In this study, four different water quality indexing methods, the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), the revised Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI), the Eutrophication Index (EI), and the Trophic State Index (TSI), were used to investigate water quality and trophic status in the Tri An Reservoir (TAR), Vietnam. Nineteen water variables were monitored bimonthly between February 2018 and December 2019 to calculate these four indices. Although different input data sets were used, all the indices showed similar results in terms of water quality and eutrophic state. The CCME WQI ranged from 32 to 68 (median 36–48), which indicated that the water quality was classified between poor and marginal and was insufficient for domestic purposes. Similarly, the water quality was ranked between slightly polluted and medium polluted based on the revised CPI index, with the median values ranging from 0.72 to 0.94. In the CCME WQI and the CPI, the major parameters that contributed to water pollution in the TAR were turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical and biological oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and coliforms. Regarding the trophic status of water, the EI ranged from 10 to 464, indicating that the reservoir was eutrophic, and the TSI values ranged from 53 to 89, indicating that the water quality was classified between light-eutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions. A temporal variation in water quality was found, with the highest levels of pollution recorded in June during the study period. Our results show that the combination of different water quality indices provides a comprehensive assessment of water quality in the TAR.

Geogenic contaminants and groundwater quality around Lake Victoria goldfields in northwestern Tanzania

Geogenic contamination of groundwater is frequently associated with gold mining activities and related to drinking water quality problems worldwide. In Tanzania, elevated levels of trace elements (TEs) have been reported in drinking water sources within the Lake Victoria Basin, posing a serious health risk to communities. The present study aims to assess the groundwater quality with a focus on the concentration levels of geogenic contaminants in groundwater around the Lake Victoria goldfields in Geita and Mara districts. The water samples were collected from community drinking water sources and were analysed for physiochemical parameters (pH, EC, Eh), major ions, and trace elements. The analysed major ions included Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, HCO3− and Cl− whereas the trace elements were As, Al, Li, Ba, B, Ti, V, U, Zr, Sr, Si, Mn Mo, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and V. The present study revealed that the concentration levels of the major ions were mostly within the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards in the following order of their relative abundance; for cations, Ca2+∼Na+>Mg2+>K+ and for anions was HCO3− > SO42− > NO3−, Cl− > PO43−. Statistical and geochemical modelling software such as ‘R Studio’, IBM SPSS, geochemical workbench, visual MINTEQ were used to understand the groundwater chemistry and evaluate its suitability for drinking purpose. The concentration of As in groundwater sources varies between below detection limit (bdl) and 300 μg/L, with highest levels in streams followed by shallow wells and boreholes. In approximately 48% of the analysed samples, As concentration exceeded the WHO drinking water guideline and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) guideline for drinking water value of 10 μg/L. The concentration of the analyzed TEs and mean values of physicochemical parameters were below the guideline limits based on WHO and TBS standards. The Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) shows that the overall water quality is acceptable with minimum threats of deviation from natural conditions. We recommend further geochemical exploration and the periodic risk assessment of groundwater in mining areas where high levels of As were recorded.