Canadian Approaches Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of U.S. and Canadian Approaches to Copyright Policy in the Age of AI

As the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in everyday life (and particularly in education) increases in what seems to be an exponential way, lawmakers are racing to catch up with policy implications. This poster will present the results of an analysis of cases, legislation, and literature (widely defined) related to copyright concerns involved in the creation and use of AI. The review will take the form of a comparative analysis of approaches of the United States and Canada in crafting policy to address the incorporation of copyrighted materials in training generative AI systems such as ChatGPT and Midjourney and the use of such output in various settings such as education. The analysis will consider existing copyright laws (including user rights such as fair use/dealing and educational uses), and proposed changes to the current laws.

Nuanced futures: Canadian and US defence in the North American Arctic

ABSTRACT Canada and the United States have a shared interest in North American defence, and both have committed to spending on Arctic defence capabilities. Defence interactions with China and Russia, and the development of new weapons systems, have put a spotlight on Arctic defence. Much of the resulting activity is preparation for potential, future competition rather than concerns about confrontation in the short term. Nevertheless, preparation discrepancies between Canadian and US approaches to Arctic defence become apparent. In particular, the United States takes a more forward-leaning military approach to Arctic security than does Canada, with a defence-centric military posture. These differences are not insurmountable, and shared understanding of the most significant defence threats related to the North American Arctic, in addition to the long-standing NORAD connection, represent solid foundations. Nevertheless, differences represent areas of friction that could be exploited by adversaries and Canada–US dialogue to minimize the effect of this non-alignment in approaches will be critical.

Algorithmic management of platform workers: An examination of the Canadian and European approaches to regulation

Algorithmic management, though less attention-grabbing than total job automation, is expected to become even more influential and powerful over time. The realities of algorithmic management have gained increasing scholarly attention over the last decade, particularly in the context of employment relationships in the platform economy. This article contributes to existing scholarship by comparing two important pieces of legislation impacting algorithmic management in the platform economy: Ontario's Digital Workers’ Rights Act 2022 (‘the Act’) and the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Improving Conditions in Platform Work (‘the Directive’). The thrust of this article is that while the general tenor of the Act indicates a step in the right direction, its restrictive approach to information rights limits its overall effectiveness in regulating algorithmic management of platform workers.

Let It Fail? Reflections on the SVB Collapse and the US and Canadian Approaches to Bank Crises

Let It Fail? Reflections on the SVB Collapse and the US and Canadian Approaches to Bank Crises

Let it Fail? Reflections on the SVB Collapse and the US and Canadian Approaches to Bank Crises

Let it Fail? Reflections on the SVB Collapse and the US and Canadian Approaches to Bank Crises

The ABC of history education: a comparison of Australian, British and Canadian approaches to teaching national and First Nations histories

PurposeThis essay engages with scholarship on history as a discipline, curriculum documents and academic and public commentary on the teaching of history in Australian, British and Canadian secondary contexts to better understand the influence of the tension between political pressure and disciplinary practice that drives the history wars in settler-colonial nations, how this plays out in secondary history classrooms and the ramifications this may have on students' democratic dispositions.Design/methodology/approachThis article aims to compare secondary history curricula and pedagogies in Australia, Britain and Canada to better articulate and conceptualise the influence of the “history wars” over the teaching of national histories upon the intended and enacted curriculum and how this contributes to the formation of democratic dispositions within students. A conceptual model, drawing on the curriculum assessment of Porter (2006) and Gross and Terra's definition of “difficult pasts” has been developed and used as the basis for this comparison. This model highlights the competing influences of political pressure upon curriculum creation and disciplinary change shaping pedagogy, and the impact these forces may have upon students' experience.FindingsThe debate around what content students learn, and why, is fraught because it is a conversation about what each nation values and how they construct their own national identity(ies). This is particularly timely when the democratic self-identification of many nations is being challenged. The seditious conspiracy to storm the US Capitol on 6 January 2021, Orban's “illiberal democracy” in Hungary and the neo-Nazis in Melbourne, Australia are examples of the rise of anti-democratic sentiment globally. Thus, new consideration of how we teach national histories and the impact this has on the formation of democratic dispositions and skills is pressing.Originality/valueThe new articulation of a conceptual model for the impact of the history wars on education is an innovative synthesis of wide-ranging research on: the impacts of neoliberalism and cultural restorationism upon the development of intended curriculum; discipline-informed inquiry pedagogies used to enact the curriculum; and the teaching of national narratives as a political act. This comprehensive comparison of the ways in which history education in settler-colonial nations has developed over time provides new insight into the common elements of national history education, and the role this education can play in developing democratic dispositions.

Punching above their weight or falling flat? Flagship policy modernisation initiatives in Australia, Britain, Canada, and New Zealand

AbstractConcerns of a decline in public service policy capacity coupled with evolving policy advisory systems have seen public services seek to reform their policy capacity and practices. This article examines the flagship policy modernisation initiatives launched by the Australian, Canadian, British, and New Zealand governments. Comparative analysis reveals a shared emphasis on overarching objectives, but important differences in their design, how they are embedded within the public service, and their comprehensiveness. The New Zealand and British initiatives are found to be the most comprehensive and stable, while the Canadian and Australian approaches suffer from repeated reinvention exercises and resource and leadership precarity. An examination of these initiatives also provides new insights into understanding the trade‐offs and tensions around how these initiatives aim to address public service policymaking and effective advisory system participation.Points for practitioners The public service's role within advisory systems is evolving and needs to be carefully reconsidered. Senior officials need to get serious about effectively scoping reform initiatives and being clearer about the trade‐offs associated with broad or more targeted approaches. Initiatives are drastically under‐resourced even in the best of scenarios. Governments and senior officials need to step up and invest in sustainable and well‐institutionalised initiatives. Practitioners will need to be creative about how and where they can access tools and approaches to improve their policymaking in cases where governments continue to under‐resource policy modernisation.

Spatial policies for growth management in metropolitan regions. A comparison of U.S. American, Canadian and German approaches

Many metropolitan regions face concerns over sprawling development, increased costs of maintaining infrastructure, and loss of green space and farmland. Some metropolitan regions have intentionally created spatial policies to govern development patterns and manage growth within their region. This paper compares the spatial policies applied in three case studies: the Puget Sound region (Washington State, USA), Metro Vancouver region (British Columbia, Canada) and Stuttgart region (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). While all three regions share a vision that can broadly be summarised as transit-connected communities, each metropolitan planning organisation leverages a variety of spatial policies. Based on the unique planning cultures, various governmental actors take on different roles at the local, county, regional and state levels. This paper categorises and compares the multi-level responsibilities for defining, mapping, and implementing spatial policies. With this focus, the paper provides an international comparative perspective on approaches, context, and contents of multi-level growth management.

In support of free-standing Indigenous legal systems

Abstract US and Canadian approaches to tribal legal orders have taken different paths, and here I argue that the Canadian model should move towards free-standing Indigenous courts as they currently exist in the United States. The Canadian approach has focussed on the issue of over-incarceration of Indigenous prisoners, but even newer efforts have stopped short of recognising at least partial criminal and civil jurisdiction. The Canadian approach fails to support Indigenous jurisdiction and community rebuilding and leaves Indigenous peoples vulnerable to non-Indigenous judges, who fail to accommodate Indigenous approaches to justice. Early attempts at shared jurisdiction have been naïve regarding Indigenous internal social processes and the struggle over what constitutes proper cultural practices. My data come from my own work with Coast Salish tribes, where I have studied tribal histories and legal practices on both sides of the international border as well their views of federal policy in both Canada and the United States.

Gender Equity in the Workplace: A Comparison of Canada and Sweden

This paper argues that New Zealand needs a coherent approach to gender equity and that the experiences of other countries provide some evidence of which policies work and in what circumstances. For this purpose, the Canadian and Swedish approaches to gender equity are compared. Swedish policy is found to be more effective than Canadian policy, but only in narrowing the gender pay gap. Furthermore, it is argued that the ideological incompatibilities of Swedish social democracy and Canadian liberalism would make it difficult for Canadians to emulate even this one dimension of Swedish success. The remainder of the paper examines the common failings of both Canadian and Swedish approaches to gender equity, and, on this basis, makes suggestions for future Canadian reforms which might also prove valuable to New Zealanders in establishing their own approach to gender equity.

Preparing for the United Nations Security Council: Canadian approaches to policy development

In the run up to Canada’s bid for a seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), Global Affairs Canada undertook thorough policy preparations to prepare for a potential term. Notwithstanding the unsuccessful vote on Canada’s candidacy, sharing our approach to policy design is worthwhile so that current and future policymakers can replicate these efforts and learn lessons from our experience. Indeed, transparency and openness are critical to the functioning of liberal, democratic institutions; seeing “how the sausage is made” can improve public perceptions of government accountability, which is critical in a time of waning trust in institutions. Given the wide breadth of issues that UNSC member states must be ready to engage on, the team designed a cross-cutting approach to policy development which ensured that stakeholders were able to provide valuable input to help shape Canadian positions. This process involved the crafting of “signature initiatives” and position papers to advance Canadian priorities in a structured and effective manner over the course of the potential UNSC term.

School-Based Mental Health Programs for Preadolescent Girls: Mitigating Social Contagion of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Current mental health disorder rates for preadolescent and adolescent girls demonstrate a disturbing trend, most notably a drastic increase in reports of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), especially in the age category of 10- to 14-year-olds. NSSI has become normalized in the adolescent population, and social contagion—the spreading of NSSI through peer and media influence—has become a significant concern. This article defines and discusses NSSI and social contagion and explores why preadolescent and adolescent girls may be particularly vulnerable to it. Further, current Canadian approaches to mental health promotion and primary prevention are reviewed, and an argument is made for the development and implementation of elementary school–based, gender-specific, comprehensive mental health programs. Incorporating interconnected evidence-based protective factors such as self-worth, self-compassion, emotion regulation, healthy relationships, communication, and family and school systems will provide young girls with valuable skills and knowledge to mitigate their engagement with NSSI and to resist social contagion.

Wprowadzenie do zagadnienia deliktowej odpowiedzialność za szkody na osobie w systemie common law, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Anglii i Walii

The article discusses the foundations of tortious liability for personal injury in the common law system, the conditions for establishing such liability, methods of discharge from such liability and how differently these issues are treated in various common law countries. Further, the article explains the essential elements of liability: duty of care, breach of this duty which causes someone’s injury and causation that is a direct causal relationship between breach of duty and injury. The legislation of England and Wales under which this institution developed was taken as a basis for deliberations. However, against this background some American, Canadian and Australian approaches were also discussed. The article concerns important issues, though rarely debated in the Polish legal literature, and constitutes an important piece of knowledge for a legal scholar providing professional insights and prompting both axiological and purely practical deliberations

Canadian and Russian Fisheries Management in the Arctic: Complexities, Commonalities and Contrasts

This article reviews and compares Canadian and Russian approaches to Arctic fisheries management through a three-part format. First, the complex array of laws and policies applicable to Arctic fisheries is described for each country. How Canada and Russia have addressed international fishery issues is also highlighted, including their participation in the 2018 Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement. Second, commonalities in fisheries governance approaches are summarized, including national commitments to implement precautionary and ecosystem approaches. Finally, contrasts in Arctic fisheries management are discussed. Major differences include the greater devolution of management responsibilities by Canada to Indigenous communities through land-claim agreements and co-management arrangements and Russia’s greater success in formalizing bilateral fisheries management arrangements with its neighbours.

Green New Deal of the USA and Canada in 2021

The article examines the issues of joint participation of the USA and Canada in the fight against global climate change after the Paris Agreement's adoption in 2015. There are analyzes the features of the American and Canadian approaches to the implementation of the "Green New Deal", changes in the "Green industrial policy" and infrastructure restructuring in these North American societies. The author of the article notes the existing opportunities and obstacles in achieving the planned goals to the climate transition by 2030 and it is also concluded that insufficient scientific and technological elaboration and clarity in the possibility of 100 percent decarburization when switching only to renewable energy do not allow us to consider this goal achievable by 2050.

Indigenous Rights and Interests in a Changing Arctic Ocean: Canadian and Russian Experiences and Challenges

The Arctic has been home to Indigenous peoples since long before the international legal system of sovereign states came into existence. International law has increasingly recognized the rights of Indigenous peoples, who also have status as Permanent Participants in the Arctic Council. In northern Canada, the majority of those who live in the Arctic are recognized as Indigenous. However, in northern Russia, a much smaller percentage of the population is identified as Indigenous, as legal recognition is only accorded to groups with a small population size. This article will compare Russian and Canadian approaches to recognition of Indigenous peoples and Indigenous rights in the Arctic with attention to the implications for Arctic Ocean governance. The article first introduces international legal instruments of importance to Indigenous peoples and their rights in the Arctic. Then it considers the domestic legal and policy frameworks that define Indigenous rights and interests in Russia and Canada. Despite both states being members of the Arctic Council and parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, there are many differences in their treatment of Indigenous peoples with implications for Arctic Ocean governance.

Native and foreign approaches to teaching coding at school

The article describes the experience of teaching coding in the curricula of schools in Ireland and the province of Ontario (Canada). The province of Ontario is a successful participant in the International Computer and Informational Literacy Study (ICILS); Ireland attaches particular importance to the possibility of developing 21st century skills in coding. The goals, objectives, structure of the content of the corresponding training courses and the planned learning outcomes are presented. The Canadian, Irish and Russian approaches to teaching coding at school are compared according to the following criteria: compulsory mastery, thematic blocks, software, subject results, skills of the XXI century, course duration. The advantages of the Russian informatics course and the possibility of using foreign experience in the construction of elective courses and/or extracurricular programs are described.

Academic Freedom and Its Constraints: A Complex History

Academic freedom has a long, complex history in Canada and elsewhere. For reasons that are at times justifiable and at times indefensible, academic freedom has been constrained in a variety of ways, and not only by institutional or political authorities. Using illustrations drawn from Canada and beyond, this article tracks the history and progress of academic freedom and takes stock of its status in the first part of the 21st century. It explores the origins of academic freedom, the evolving ways in which it has been qualified and even impeded, the particularity of Canadian approaches to its values and practices, and the ongoing challenges universities may face sustaining academic freedom in unsettled and unpredictable times.

Gerald POCIUS, A Place to Belong: Community and Order in Everyday Space in Calvert, Newfoundland. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1991, 350 pp. / Gerald POCIUS, Living in a Material World: Canadian and American Approaches to Material Culture, St. John's: Institute of Social & Economic Research, 1991, 290 pp.

Gerald POCIUS, A Place to Belong: Community and Order in Everyday Space in Calvert, Newfoundland. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1991, 350 pp. / Gerald POCIUS, Living in a Material World: Canadian and American Approaches to Material Culture, St. John's: Institute of Social & Economic Research, 1991, 290 pp.

A systemist depiction of Canadian disaster risk reduction research and approaches

ABSTRACT In order to improve visual communication of disaster research, this article provides a systemist visual representation of the cause and effect relationships, trends, and logical impacts of different pieces in the field of Canadian disaster risk reduction and corresponding policy decisions on assistance. Three studies are included. These works focus, in interconnected ways, on resilience, governance, and related factors vis-à-vis Canadian disaster risk reduction. In carrying out this graphic analysis, the article highlights areas of crossover as well as fruitful directions for future learning to further develop and improve the decision-making process and Canada’s efforts to reduce the risks of disasters. Work proceeds in six sections. The first section provides an overview of the project. Sections two through four create systemist visualizations of the respective studies. The fifth section engages in systematic synthesis based on the preceding graphics. Sixth, and finally, conclusions are offered, along with a few ideas about future research.