Canadian American Research Articles

Race and the City: Chinese Canadian and Chinese American Political Mobilization

Race and the City: Chinese Canadian and Chinese American Political Mobilization

Towards a critical pedagogy of comparative public diplomacy: pseudo‐education, fear‐mongering and insecurities in Canadian–American foreign policy

Little research has examined public diplomacy as a comparative education issue, particularly regarding social‐psychological, economic and political fears or personal and national insecurities. This paper discusses American public diplomacy as a mostly Cold War strategy adapted to post‐9/11 national security interests, fears and desires. It further explores differences, similarities, and debates in Canadian media, policy documents and academia, in response to American political, economic and military pressures or demands for a ‘North American’ (i.e. joint American–Canadian) security approach. From a critical pedagogy perspective the paper argues that modern public diplomacy has been a dubious, pseudo‐educational, fear‐mongering concept nurtured by academics, politicians and military leaders as part of an American foreign policy, military security and propaganda strategy. The paper further shows that post‐9/11 Canada, problematically, adapted its own public diplomacy policies to serve American interests. Further research is needed to examine more closely public diplomacy's impacts on Canadian education.

Application of Estimating Effective Dose from External Radiation using Two Dosimeters during Maintenance Periods at KNPPS

The application of a two-dosimeter and its algorithm and a test of its use in an inhomogeneous high radiation field are described. The goal was to develop an improved method for estimating the effective dose during maintenance periods at Korean nuclear power plants (NPPs). The use of the method in domestic and international NPPs including USA, Canada and Japan was also investigated. The algorithms used by the Canadian Ontario Power Generation (OPG) and American ANSI HPS N13.41, Lakshmanan, NCRP, EPRI and Texas A&M University were extensively analyzed as two-dosimeter algorithms. The possibility of their application to NPPs was evaluated using data for each algorithm from two-dosimeter results for an inhomogeneous high radiation field during maintenance periods at Korean NPPs.

"As to her race, its secret is loudly revealed": Winnifred Eaton's Revision of North American Identity

At the turn of the twentieth century, Quebec-born Winnifred Eaton, a Chinese British woman who used the pseudonym Onoto Watanna, was writing romances in New York, experimenting with the popular genre of Japonisme-the craze for all things Japanese. As Eaton advanced in her career, however, she became disgruntled with her writing, observable both by virtue of her shift in focus and in reading the words of her alter ego, Nora, in her autobiographical novel, Me: A Book of Remembrance (1915). Nora frowns on her own success, founded upon a cheap and popular device, and declares, Oh, I had sold my birthright for a mess of potage! (153-54). As Me reveals, Eaton had a new project, one that was her true birthright. Without specifically identifying her own Chinese heritage, or returning to her fabricated Japanese identity, she nonetheless created clearly non-white Canadian characters in Me and its spin-off, Marion: The Story of an Artist's Model (1916), auto/biographical tales of American immigration and adventure. In doing so, Eaton extended and revised the Canadian American rhetoric-and literature-that focused on the white, Anglo-Saxon bond or brotherhood between Canadians and Americans. Eaton was not a political novelist, and her characters face neither head taxes nor Chinese Exclusion Acts when they cross the Canadian-American border. Yet Eaton made an important innovation in Canadian American immigrant literature by revealing the

The use of Internet as an information resource among cancer patients at a Canadian cancer centre

18561 Background: Understanding the nature of Internet use among cancer patients is important to facilitate patient-education interventions and for providing optimal patient care. This questionnaire study is designed to evaluate Internet use by cancer patients at a cancer centre. Methods: Cancer patients attending ambulatory clinics at a single Canadian cancer centre were approached by their health care staff. Participants filled out self-administered questionnaire collecting information on demographics, frequency of Internet usage, timing of Internet use during treatment course, type of information sought, and information on patient’s comfort level and satisfaction with Internet use. Results: Of the total 250 participants, 174 (70%) had used the Internet before and 76 (30%) had never used the Internet. Users were more likely to be younger, female, have English as their first language, and be of Caucasian descent. Individuals with breast cancer were also more likely to have used the Internet than pts with other malignancies. Of the Internet users (n = 174), the majority (87%, n = 152) accessed the Internet once per week or more, and felt strongly confident (44%, n=76) in navigating the Internet. 29 users (17%) felt that the information on the Internet was not trustworthy. Of the users, 136 (78%) used the Internet to access information on cancer, and reportedly more often before visiting the cancer centre (50%, n = 70) and before starting initiating cancer treatment (78%, n = 106). The users seeking information on cancer were most likely to look for information on cancer treatment (87%, n = 118) and side effects (74%, n = 100). The top three visited sites were those for Canadian cancer society, Google, and American cancer society. Conclusions: Despite wide availability and accessibility of Internet, it is still not being used as a cancer information tool by many of our patients. By ensuring that accurate and comprehensive information is available on the Internet, perhaps even more patients will use this medium as their information resource, to better understand their diagnosis and make optimal treatment decisions. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The Cuban Economy during the Special Period and Beyond

Max Azicri and Elsie Deal, eds. Cuban Socialism in a New Century: Adversity, Survival and Renewal. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. 363 pp.Antonio Cannona Baez. State Resistance to Globalization in Cuba. London: Pluto Press, 2004.264 pp.Mauricio de Miranda Parrando, ed. Cuba: Estructuracion Economica y Globalizacion. Cali, Colombia: Centro Editorial Javeriano, 2003.372 pp.Jorge Dominguez, Ornar Everleny Perez Villanueva, and Lorena Barberia, eds. The Cuban Economy at the Start of the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, 2004.430 pp.Jorge Perez-Lopez and Jose Alvarez, eds. Reinventing the Cuban Sugar Agroindustry. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2005.323 pp.Omar Everleny Perez Villanueva, ed. Reflexiones sobre Economia Cubana. Havana: Editorial Ciencias Sociales, 2004.493 pp.Archibald R. M. Ritter, ed. The Cuban Economy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.248 pp.Despite the severe economic crisis Cuba suffered after the socialist camp collapse, or perhaps because of it, the scholarly literature on the island economy has boomed in recent years. The inclusion of well-trained Cuban scholars in edited collections published abroad and Cuban economists publishing their own edited volumes constitute welcome additions to the literature.1As more is published on the subject, it becomes increasingly difficult to cover all the main themes in a single volume by a single author, hence the proliferation of compilations and specific areas treated by a team of experts. These trends are illustrated by the seven books reviewed herein, virtually all of which focus on the economic restructuring under the Special Period (1990-2004) and its effects. Six of the books under review are edited compilations; four include Cuban economists and a useful interchange of ideas; one is published in Havana with only Cuban authors; and one deals with the sugar industry alone. In total there are sixty-eight authors and eighty-four chapters. Roughly 31 percent of the authors are Americans; 28 percent Cubans; 23 percent Canadian, European, and Latin American; and 18 percent Cuban Americans. Due to such magnitude and variety, as well as space limitations, painful decisions have been made. For instance, non-economic subjects in Azicri and Deal were omitted from consideration. More difficult was the decision to leave out the social effects of the crisis and economic restructuring on poverty, equality, personal consumption, social expenditures and services, as discussed in Dominguez et al. by Espina, Iniguez and Perez Villanueva, Togores and Garcia (see also Alvarez and Mattar 2004; Mesa-Lago 2005a).Five of the books do not have conclusions; various authors contribute two or more chapters in the compilations; and occasionally the same chapter appears in various books, in Spanish and English, or enlarged and updated versions. This essay merges the materials into seven major themes and introduces my own divergent views within the thematic divisions: (1) Cuba's restructuring and globalization, (2) de-dollarization and recentralization, (3) domestic macroeconomic evolution, (4) decline of the sugar agroindustry, (5) external sector and foreign investment, (6) tourism and remittances, and (7) economic reforms for the future.Cuba's Restructuring and GlobalizationThe collapse of the socialist camp, combined with erroneous domestic economic policies in 1986-1990, provoked the worst economic crisis under the revolution, with a nadir in 1993 (a tightening of the U.S. embargo occurred in 1996, when the worst part of the crisis was over and the recovery was on the way). To confront a 35-percent decline in GDP, a 75-percent fall in foreign trade, and the termination of Soviet aid ($65 billion in 1960-1990, 60 percent of which were grants and non-repayable price subsidies), the government launched a supposedly temporary restructuring reform, euphemistically called The Special Period in Time of Peace, which is still in operation. …

Community-acquired Pneumonia: New Facets of an Old Disease?Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

It seems that with climatic and geoecologic changes, Hantaviruses have re-emerged as human pathogens related to increases in interaction between humans and rodent reservoirs. Infection with SNV in North America and the Andes virus in South America can produce infection manifest initially as a flu-like illness. In the setting of a history of possible exposure to rodents or their excreta, clinical symptoms and laboratory clues such as thrombocytopenia should raise the suspicion of HPS. Clinical deterioration can be rapid, so patients should be hospitalized and transported to tertiary care centers where mechanical ventilation is available if necessary. Presumptive treatment for other forms of sepsis should be considered before confirmation of diagnosis. Survival seems to be determined in part by viral and host factors. Canadian and South American data suggest that there may be species variations influencing clinical manifestations and course of disease. Because the pathogenesis seems to be based on immunologic injury, future treatments will likely focus on interventions other than antiviral medications. Prevention strategies should be emphasized, particularly when recognized climatic conditions favor rodent abundance. Physicians should remain alert to the possibility of such a diagnosis when evaluating a patient with CAP and should request appropriate serology while supporting the patient in a closely monitored setting. The declining mortality rates seen over the past decade may be a consequence of improved medical management or better recognition of cases, including those less severe than originally described.

Canadian—American Environmental Relations: Interoperability and Politics

There have been serious tensions in the Canada-United States relationship in recent years, sparked by both a marked divergence in the domestic and international policy priorities in the two countries, particularly under the Bush and Chretien administrations, and an obvious lack of rapport between the two leaders. In the sphere, however, the Canada-U.S. relationship has been minimally affected by such friction. In fact, it is argued here that the environmental interoperability of the two countries has recently broadened and deepened, and this can be traced to three developments. First, there is a high degree of transgovernmentalism, or effective mid-level working relations among officials on both sides of the border that has become entrenched over decades of cooperation on various issues. Moreover, cross-border scientific and technical relationships between Canadians and Americans have been solidified through the implementation of existing agreements and a burgeoning system of continental-level professional interactions. Finally, there is a thickening network of relationships at the subnational and cross-border regional level that is changing the very nature of Canada-U.S. relations. These subnational and regional relationships are driven more by pragmatic concerns about economic interdependence and shared ecosystems, even a sense of bioregionalism, than by national-level politics. While all of these factors contribute to a de-politicization of the Canada-U.S. relationship more generally, national political dynamics do have an indirect impact on interoperability. First, federal electoral outcomes and the ideology of the governing party in both countries has an impact on the priority placed on protection as well as the approach to bilateral relations. Second, cutbacks to federal programs in the U.S and severe budgetary constraints in American states certainly pose challenges for cross-border initiatives. Even so, funding for cooperation in areas such as air quality and climate change has continued, with the Canadian federal government playing a key role in helping to finance new initiatives. In fact, the current minority government situation in Canada is serving to encourage expenditures. Finally, the simmering tension between the Bush administration and states that have been testing the limits of their and transboundary decision-making powers is likely to come to a head, with potential repercussions for some cross-border regional initiatives. Environmental Interoperability in the Canada-U.S. Relationship There can be little doubt that the Canadian-American bilateral relationship has gone through a rough patch over the past few years. Leaving aside the much publicized diplomatic slights, we have seen a marked divergence in international and domestic policy priorities in the two countries, particularly under the Bush and Chretien administrations after September 11. The Bush administration's active support for unilateralism and pre-emption abroad does not sit well with Canada's support for multilateralism, leadership by international institutions, and a focus on human security. Even the philosophical underpinnings of domestic policies in the two countries have taken different paths. Neither country is comfortable with the other's approach to drugs, gay rights, gun control, or abortion, and policies in the area of health care and social supports seem, if anything, to be diverging. Although some of these policy differences are enduring ones, others bear the imprimatur of Bush and Chretien, who certainly did not see eye to eye on most issues. While Prime Minister Martin has made a concerted attempt to personally connect with President Bush, any rapport between the two individual leaders will continue to be strained by such policy differences. Yet, such tensions and differences have had, and are likely to have, little impact on the Canadian-American relationship. …

Theorizing the hemisphere Inter-Americas work at the intersection of American, Canadian, and Latin American studies

This article advocates an 'inter-Americas studies' perspective that bridges the institutionalized fields of American, Canadian, and Latin American studies, which have traditionally provided separate means for studying the hemisphere. Since they encompass comparative orientations, Canadian and Latin American studies in particular have the potential to move existing work on the hemisphere beyond the currently dominant post-national assumptions of American studies. Our discussion of Canadian and Latin American studies emphasizes the different usage and degree of importance ascribed to critical terms like ethnicity, post-coloniality, post-nationality, and globalization. We argue that inter-Americas studies scholars will need to pay special attention to historically divergent forms of nation-state formation and intellectual analyses of nationalism in the Americas to arrive at more nuanced theories of continuing US domination in the hemisphere under conditions of globalization.

THE IMPERIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CANADIAN–AMERICAN RECIPROCITY PROPOSALS OF 1911

This article builds on the recent willingness among British, Canadian, and imperial historians to question older national histories, and to re-examine how the divergent societies, economies, and polities of the empire once interacted in a wider ‘British world’. It argues that the press acted as a key mechanism for the transmission of political ideas through the permeable internal boundaries of empire. This is demonstrated through analysis of contemporary debate over the Canadian–American reciprocity proposals of 1911. This controversy provided an opportunity for political groups in Britain and Canada to use the press to forge alliances with each other and work together on a specific issue. Two key forces made this possible. In Britain, constructive imperialists had since 1903 sought to rally Dominion support for tariff reform, initially with limited success. In Canada, neither western farmers nor eastern manufacturers seemed interested in imperial preference. It was the reciprocity proposals that changed the situation, providing the second driving force. Canadian manufacturing interests, seeking to prevent the lowering of tariff barriers against United States rivals, began to court British constructive imperialists. As a result political conflict was reshaped both in colony and metropole.

Putting Copd and Lung Cancer Guidelines into Practice: A Canadian Thoracic Society and American College of Chest Physicians Perspective

Putting Copd and Lung Cancer Guidelines into Practice: A Canadian Thoracic Society and American College of Chest Physicians Perspective

Putting COPD and Lung Cancer Guidelines Into Practice: A Canadian Thoracic Society and American College of Chest Physicians Perspective

The Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS) and the American College of Chest Physicians are pleased to present, in collaboration with The Lung Association, a multiprofessional continuing health education opportunity in the breathtaking environs of Lake Louise, Alberta. Your entire medical team will benefit from attending this essential update on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Gain valuable insights on COPD diagnosis and management from the 2003 CTS Recommendations for the Management of COPD. Update your knowledge on lung cancer as presented by contributors to the 2003 ACCP Evidence-Based Guidelines on Lung Cancer. Learn how other organizations successfully implement and disseminate guidelines.

Canadian American Slavic Studies

Canadian American Slavic Studies

Francis M. Carroll. A Good and Wise Measure: The Struggle for the Canadian–American Border, 1783–1842. xxi + 462 pp., notes, index. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. $75, £50 (cloth); $29.95, £20 (paper).

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewFrancis M. Carroll. A Good and Wise Measure: The Struggle for the Canadian–American Border, 1783–1842. xxi + 462 pp., notes, index. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. $75, £50 (cloth); $29.95, £20 (paper).David C. SmithDavid C. Smith Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 93, Number 4December 2002 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/375975 Views: 10Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Labor History on the World Wide Web: Thoughts on Jumping onto a Moving Express Train

The World Wide Web has undergone remarkable expansion of late and this growth poses challenges to all historians. In an article published recently in the Journal of American History, Roy Rosenzweig offered a variety of measures of that growth: the Online Computer Library Center, for instance, reported a Ž vefold increase in unique web sites between 1997 and 2000, estimating some 7.1 million sites in October 2000; the Search engine Google indexed some 1.3 billion web pages, a Ž gure that now exceeds 1.6 billion as this article is being written (November–December 2001); and searchable databases on the World Wide Web, not accessible to conventional search engines, by some estimates total 550 billion web pages.1 As historians we are all used to some version of the information explosion, but this is really too much! What sense can labor historians make of the vast new resources now accessible on the World Wide Web, and how can we best draw on these resources for our research and teaching? It is difŽ cult to climb up on a moving train, but climb on this express we must. And while no one can claim to “keep up” with the rapidly changing state of the World Wide Web, it is important to take stock of some of the more important resources available on the Web and to consider strategies for keeping abreast of this information explosion. In this article, I offer a sketch of resources currently on the World Wide Web that should be of interest to labor historians. As Labor History begins this issue with new editors and a new Mission Statement, it seems an opportune moment for this sort of stock-taking. That statement re ects the ways that the Ž eld of labor history has changed in the more than 40 years since this journal Ž rst appeared. Topics that play a larger role in labor history in 2002 than was the case in 1960 include the representation of work and an emphasis on labor systems. The expanding interest in issues of gender and the domestic sphere in the social reproduction of labor also might surprise the journal’s founding generation. The Cultural Turn has had its impact on labor history, as in all Ž elds, and so the cultural dimensions of class are increasingly a focus. And Ž nally, the expansion of the geographical range of the journal to include Canadian and Latin American history re ects the increasing importance of global and comparative approaches within the historical discipline. In this survey of recent developments on the World Wide Web, I will try to cast my net as widely as the journal’s new Mission Statement. As a fast moving target, the web demands strategies to deal with its constant transformation. Consider the fate of a survey of the web published in this journal a little more than two years ago. John H. Summers wrote a Ž ne essay exploring “American

Transforming environmental monitoring into action plans: Lessons learned from a decade of RADARSAT-1 initiatives in Latin America

Over the past decade nations around the world have invested scarce resources in civilian radar remote sensing from space, through capital investments in satellites and data-acquisition programs, organizational support for training, technical assistance, and purchases of high-technology equipment and materials. This paper provides a retrospective on major collaborative initiatives that have taken place in Latin American related to RADARSAT-1 over this period and outlines challenges still to be faced if RADARSAT and other imaging radar systems are to reach their full potential to inform operational resource managers and policy-makers. The purpose of this paper is to assess RADARSAT-1 initiatives in Latin America in terms of accomplishments and lessons learned in three areas: (1) technology development, transfer, and exchange between Canadian and Latin American experts; (2) applications to natural resource monitoring and management through the involvement of operational users; and (3) incorporation into international and national policies for sustainable development. RADARSAT-1 achievements are measured in terms of long-term goals described in the EverGreen Plan, a 1989 proposal designed to build indigenous capabilities and encourage operational use and acceptance by political, economic, and business leaders. This assessment is based on the results of a survey of GlobeSAR-2 national coordinators and is set in the context of a review of RADARSAT-1 programs that have taken place in Latin America over the past decade. A thematic analysis of 278 papers presented at the IX Latin American Remote Sensing Symposium is included to highlight resource application areas in which RADARSAT-1 has proven most successful. The authors have played active roles in RADARSAT-1 initiatives during the past 10 years. Christine Nielsen was co-author of The EverGreen Plan, and served as a consultant to Radarsat International (RSI) in 1991, responsible for designing an international education strategy prior to the launch of RADARSAT-1. Tania Sausen is a leader in remote sensing training and education programs at INPE. Over the past ten years she has organized many seminars and training courses, primarily related to ERS. Sausen is President of Technical Commission VI ‐ Education and Communication for the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

The diversity of diversity: Canadian–American differences and their implications for clinical training and APA accreditation.

Abstract When Canadian clinical training programs seek APA accreditation, they face a problem in communicating the unique features of Canadian society relevant to their programs and to the APA criterion relating to This is frequently a basis of misunderstandings that emerge in informal comments and final reports. This article reviews the differences between Canada and the United States in terms of wellbeing, social policy, and the nature of within each nation. It outlines the relevance of these factors to Canadian clinical programs. The review can assist Canadian programs preparing APA accreditation. The American Psychological Association (APA) has accredited 18 university programs1 and 18 internships in clinical and school psychology in Canada, using a joint process with APA and the Canadian Psychological Association. The evaluation of a program may reveal problems that are eventually reconciled, but one theme that has been a source of difficulty relates to Domain D of the criteria (American Psychological Association, 1996), concerning and individual differences and Problems with Domain D have also occurred in U.S. programs, generating criticism of the way programs have been increasingly sanctioned for failure to satisfy these criteria. Critics there have argued that often the criteria of that are emphasized concern a narrow list, essentially race, disability, and sexual orientation (Rickard & Clements, 1993). In fact, race normally dominates APA documentation about minorities, surveys routinely seek program information about defined racially, and APA pressures its committees to incorporate this racially defined minority representation (Thorn, 2000). Domain D problems also occur when APA site team members from the U.S. examine Canadian programs. Informal evidence from directors of these programs suggests that U.S. examiners are looking for race-based evidence that people of African origin are present and are featured in training materials and settings. Canadian directors have been asked by American examiners, Where are your blacks?, and have been told you all look pretty white to me. (Hard data are difficult to get as colleagues advise me these and other events are not for attribution for fear of endangering their accreditation.) Finding little evidence of the expected represents tion of African (or Hispanic) visibility in students and faculty, U.S. examiners describe the program as having limited diversity. The problem continues at the Committee on Accreditation, where criticisms have led to requests for supplemental information, further clarification, and to final reports referring to the Canadian programs' insufficient efforts to address the cultural domain. These examples suggest a narrow construal of in APA criteria, arising from U.S. attempts to ameliorate social problems related to their important racial minorities. In contrast, as this review will show, the diversities upon which Canadian clinical training programs in psychology ought to focus are significantly different, and largely are not correlated with race or social problems. To understand the of diversity in the two nations, I will first review U.S. and Canadian societies across indicators of well-being relevant to psychological practise, documenting significant differences. I will then review the different nature of minorities in Canada, and examine how these relate to Canadian clinical programs and accreditation. Finally, I will propose a way of approaching in our multicultural country that avoids stereotyping while advancing cultural richness. Psychosocial Differences Between Canada and the United States Our two nations are similar in many ways, deriving from common roots in the United Kingdom. Similarities include a commitment to democracy, universal education, universal adult franchise, the rule of law, and freedoms of religion, speech, and association. …

Mexican Americans' bilingual ability, counselor bilingualism cues, counselor ethnicity, and perceived counselor credibility.

In a completely crossed, factorial design, 186 Mexican American college students were exposed to a counselor introduction that identified her as either Mexican American or Canadian American, followed by an audiotape-recorded bogus counseling session in which the counselor either spoke English only or English combined with cues of Spanish-speaking ability. After listening to the tape-recorded counseling session, participants rated the counselor's credibility and cross-cultural competence. No effect was found on ratings for counselor language or counselor ethnicity. However, ratings of both counselor credibility and cross-cultural competence were found to be a function of participants' bilingual ability. Combined with evidence of a similar relationship between generation since immigration and ratings of the counselor, these findings suggest that, as Mexican Americans acculturate, their perceptions of counselor credibility and cross-cultural competence diminish.

The Americas

The Americas

Design of single-angle compression members according to the Canadian standards: Discussion

In this note, the author has examined the design requirements according to the Canadian design standards (CSA 1989, 1994) and American standards (AISC 1986, 1994). The note is a direct follow up of the paper by Temple and Sakla (1996). It considers the design capacity of single-angle compression members attached by one leg as compared to the values obtained by experimental work and (or) by finite element analysis. The author has summarized the applicable code clauses in the form of a flowchart that should serve as a useful guide to a structural designer. However, in discussing the code clauses the author has drawn conclusions and made some statements which could be misleading. Although it is not stated clearly in the note or in Temple and Sakla (1996), the author is discussing only one type of application of single-angle equal-leg section with the end connection detail as shown in Fig. 1 of the note and Fig. 5 of Temple and Sakla (1996). The moments that are considered as affecting the design capacity of the single-angle compression brace are a result of eccentricity between the supporting gusset plate and the angle compression member. In practice, moments on single-angle compression members can also result from frame action when single angles are often used to form structural frames to support light equipment. This application is not included in the discussion. The following comments are therefore limited to the application discussed in the note or in Temple and Sakla (1996). 1. The author states that there are two design approaches, Canadian and American, and these two approaches yield different results. To summarize, the approaches stated by the author are (a) to ignore the end eccentricities and treat the members as concentrically loaded members (the simple column approach or Canadian approach), and (b) to consider end eccentricities by treating the angle as a beam-column (American or AISC approach). The author states that “The CISC Handbook of Steel Construction (1991) provides no guidance as to preferred design approach. It seems that the practice generally used in Canada is to ignore the end eccentricities and to design the angle as if it were concentrically loaded and as if it buckles about the z-axis, the minor principal axis of the angle cross section.” In fact, the Canadian Standard CSA S16.1-M89, Clause 21.1 (or CSA S16.1-M94, Clause 21.1) states that “axially loaded members that meet at a joint shall have their gravity axes intersect at a common point if practicable; otherwise, the results of bending due to the joint eccentricity shall be provided for.” While CSA S16.1 does not tell the designer how to account for the effects of eccentricity at joints, it nevertheless does not ask the designer to ignore it. Since there is no specific guidance given in the CISC handbook, the author interprets that it is a common design practice to ignore end eccentricities and design as a concentrically loaded member. In this regard, there is actually very little difference between the CSA Standard S16.1 and AISC specification. In the recent revision of the CSA S16.1 (CSA 1994), the beam-column formula may appear to be different from the AISC formula, owing to differences in the curve fitting expressions used by the AISC and CSA (see Fig. D1 of this discussion). However, the predicted failure loads by the CSA S16.1 differ very little from the calculated values using the AISC standard. The difference in the results becomes less significant when differences in the load factors and the resistance factors are taken into account. 2. The author states that “it is concluded that the simple column approach results in better estimates of the failure loads than does the AISC approach.” It is assumed this statement is based on the results presented in Fig. 8 of Temple and Sakla (1996). The author arrives at the above conclusion, since as per this figure, the failure loads predicted using the expressions for concentrically loaded column lie near or in between the two curves which show the experimental/finite element results, one corresponding to an angle section with pinned end condition and the other curve with fixed end condition. However, Fig. 8 of Temple and Sakla (1996) can be misleading. The figure shows the failure load versus slenderness parameter, λ, which the author appears to have defined without the effective length factor, K. As per the CSA S16.1 or the AISC specifications, the definition of slenderness parameter includes K (i.e., K = 1.0 for pinned end condition and 0.5 for fixed end condition). Therefore, to be consistent with the CSA S16.1 definition of the slenderness parameter, there should be Received October 25, 1996. Revised manuscript accepted January 15, 1997.