Responses In Canada Research Articles

An Exploration of the Implications of Regina v. Lucas in the Construction of Libel Law in Canada and the United States

Abstract This essay compares the Supreme Court of Canada's response to Regina v. Lucas, a criminal libel case, to a presumed United States Supreme Court response. The analysis reveals a very different commitment to free expression protection for connotative speech employed to protest the behavior of a public figure.

Canada and the Creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat, 1965

THE CREATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT IN 1965 was the most important landmark in the evolution of the contemporary Commonwealth. It is worth considering why it happened when it did and how Canada contributed.All previous proposals for a central secretariat had come up against Whitehall's tenacious guarding of its powers and Canadian/South African fears about any attenuation of dominion autonomy. Australian proposals in 1907, 1924, 1932, and 1944 had come to nothing, as had New Zealand ideas about a central council in 1909 and 1956.(f.1) By 1964 the climate had changed. The reason must be sought in the impact of decolonization, especially its marked acceleration after 1960.Although Canada's response differed from Britain's, there were misgivings in both countries about the effect of decolonization on the Commonwealth. The British Commonwealth of Nations, as it had emerged in the 1920s, was a unique structure. Britain and the six dominions agreed to treat each other as equal for the purpose of political relations. After 1931 they were constitutionally equal - as independent as they wished under a common allegiance to the Crown. Even when the Irish adopted a republican constitution and stayed neutral in war, they remained a dominion in external association with the Commonwealth. The most frequently used sobriquet for this grouping was 'a club,' a description exemplified by the periodic prime ministers' meetings (PMM) held in the Cabinet Room at 10 Downing Street from 1944. This club atmosphere seemed threatened by decolonization. Serious questions were asked: Were all newly independent ex-dependencies clubbable? Should they become equal members of the Commonwealth? At each stage of the decolonization process after the Second World War, these questions arose. Many elements of the British elite balked at the prospect of new members. In the end, virtue was always made a necessity, and the Commonwealth was transformed.In 1947, as the Raj in the Indian subcontinent foundered, the viceroy contemplated a military-style withdrawal, the Indian National Congress demanded an independent sovereign republic, and the Moslem provinces wanted a separate state of Pakistan. Clement Attlee, the British prime minister, sought a flexible Commonwealth, but clung to some sort of unity under the Crown. Many argued that a republic in the Commonwealth would not be possible - that the example of Ireland was not promising. There was talk of a 'two-tier' Commonwealth of monarchical and non-monarchical members. Through the patient statesmanship of Attlee and Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian National Congress leader, India and Pakistan were granted independence quickly as dominions, India's desire to remain a member as a republic was arranged smoothly in 1949, and India accepted the king as head of the Commonwealth.(f.2) There was much self-congratulation, but the 'club' had changed. Frankness gave way to a certain politeness; strategic information derived from American sources was not shared equally. A de facto 'two-tier' system of consultation emerged, especially in defence matters.In 1951 the club received another jolt. Kwameh Nkrumah, who was called to lead the first African-majority government, immediately demanded dominion status for the Gold Coast. There was alarm round the Commonwealth, especially in Pretoria and Salisbury, at the prospect of a black prime minister going to No 10. The British tried to find some 'mezzanine status' to provide independence without Commonwealth membership. The concept of 'statehood' was mooted during contemporaneous discussions about the future of Malta, but Nkrumah would not settle for anything less than full membership. The governor of the colony warned that, if the Gold Coast was denied membership, Africa would be lost. Thus Ghana became the first African member in 1957. Malaya followed the same year and Nigeria in 1960. The club now had eleven members.An even more serious predicament presented itself when the British negotiated with Greece and Turkey to guarantee the independence of Cyprus. …

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Stereotypic Beliefs Inventory

This paper describes the development and preliminary validation of a Stereotypic Beliefs Inventory, a measure of individual differences in the extent to which English-speaking Canadians hold Stereotypic beliefs about cultural or ethnic outgroups. A Stereotypic belief is the belief that members of cultural or ethnic outgroups differ systematically in specific personality characteristics from members of cultural or ethnic ingroups. This scale is the only currently available measure of ethnic stereotyping that has been shown to be unaffected by socially desirable responses in Canada.

Air Issues amd Ecosystem Protection, a Canadian National Parks Perspective

Several case histories illustrate national park air issues and responses in Canada. These examples include: acidification studies and establishment of a multiparticipant monitoring programme at Kejimkujik; studies of smoke at campgrounds in Jasper, La Mauricie and Forillon, its effect on health, and the management of visitors and firewood supply to mitigate these risks; and estimates of emissions from through-traffic in Yoho. From these cases and from reviews of the secondary literature, we can identify air issues that affect the maintenance of ecological integrity in national parks. These issues are: forest fires and smoke management; defining goals for ecosystem restoration; representation of natural regional conditions; visitor health and amenity; acidification; pesticides; eutrophication from airborne nitrates; permafrost melting; and UV-B. In June 1995, an International Air Issues Workshop brought together representatives from Canadian and U.S. national parks and other selected agencies. They ranked the air issues affecting national parks, producing quite an eclectic list. From the most to least serious issue, they are: acidification, toxics, visibility impairment, UV-B, smoke management, oil and gas development, fugitive dust, global warming, overflights, light pollution, noise and odour. Note that atmospheric change is only one among a group of stresses affecting national parks. Of 28 stresses recognized as significant for national parks in 1992, acid precipitation ranked 8th and climate change 23rd. Petrochemicals, 17th, pesticides, 18th and heavy metals, 21st, may be partly airborne. The 1995 workshop made several recommendations applicable to Parks Canada, from which those related to research and monitoring needs have been extracted. The air monitoring needed most by national parks is of suspended particulate and visibility. This is in response to human health and amenity concerns and international treaty obligations. The long-term protection of natural sites in national parks provides opportunities for other agencies to monitor ambient air quality and ecosystem responses, for example through the installation of under-canopy monitoring towers. The air research most needed in national parks is the modelling of natural landscapes and vegetation complexes in response to climate change. This follows from the primary purpose of each national park, to maintain the ecological integrity of an area selected to represent a natural region. The principal air research opportunities for other agencies in national parks are probably intensive instrumentation and sampling over several years to examine the air-vegetation-soil transfers of nutrients, pollutants and radiation.

Social science research in Canada and government information policy: The statistics Canada example

This research on government information policy's effects on use and users of government information considered social scientists' use of information from Canada's central statistical agency, Statistics Canada. Using a triangulated methodology, the investigation focused on Canadian mid-1980s federal cost-recovery and restraint initiatives which applied to government information. The case study revealed Statistics Canada's response to the initiatives. Bibliometric research objectively documented policy effects on use of statistics sources, examining Canadian social science journal articles in five disciplines. Textual examination revealed use of Canadian and foreign governmental and nongovernmental statistics sources over the years surrounding policy implementation. An author survey supplemented bibliometric findings. Higher prices and increased electronic data dissemination by Statistics Canada were confirmed, however bibliometric analysis indicated no significant change over time in use of statistics sources. Survey respondents expressed unhappiness with the price increases, but did not change sources used. Many (in 1995) still used paper products rather than electronic ones, a finding which provides baseline data but which does not reflect the more recent explosion in Internet use.

Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994

Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994

CLOSED WINDOWS, OPEN DOORS: GEOPOLITICS and POST‐1949 MAINLAND CHINESE IMMIGRATION TO CANADA

Since 1949 there have been dramatic changes in the flow of migrants from Mainland China to Canada, which existing structural models of migration, emphasizing factors in the destination country, do not fully capture. Conditions in the country of origin, and geopolitical relationships between China and Canada, played a decisive role in this migration. Even though Canada in theory opened a window for family reunification in the postwar era by removing long‐standing discriminatory clauses blocking Chinese immigration, in practice cold war geopolitics led the Chinese to shut that window, blocking nearly all emigation. Changing geopolitical circumstances led China to develop an open‐door policy between 1973 and 1989, leading to increasing flows of migrants to Canada. The political response in Canada to the Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989 was to allow all Chinese students and workers in Canada to stay, if they so wished, under the om‐is‐399 Policy. The result was a large inflow making mcis the third‐largest group of immigrants to Canada in the early 1990s.Des mutations dramatiques aux flux des immigrants de la Chine au Canada ont eu lieu depuis 1949 qui ne sontpas entierement expliqués par les modèles actuels de la structure de migration. Des circonstances dans le pays ?origine ainsi que des rapports géopolitiques entre la Chine et le Canada ont joués un role decisif dans ces fluxs. Bien que le Canada ait commencéà enlever des dispositions discriminatoires qui bloquaient ľimmigra‐tion de ľaprès‐guerre aux chinois, permettant théorique‐ment la réunion des families, en pratique la géopolitique de la guerre froide a persuadé la Chine de refuser cette occasion, en barrant le chemin à presque tous les émigrants. Entre 1973 et 1989 des changements aux circonstances géopolitiques en Chine ont encouragé une ouverture vers ľextérieur, qui à entraîné une augmentation des émigrants au Canada. La réponse du Canada au massacre de la Place Tiananmen en 1989 a été de per‐mettre à tous les étudiants et travailleurs chinois qui se trouvaient au Canada ?y rester, s'ils le voulaient, sous la proposition om‐is‐399. Le résultat a éte un grand flux ?immigrants au Canada, ce qui a mis les chinois conti‐nentaux au troisième rang au début des années quatre‐vingt‐dix. Mots‐clés: migration, géopolitique, réunification de famille, la République populaire de Chine, ľincident de la place Tiananmen, la politique OM‐IS‐399.

PARTNERSHIPS IN SPILL RESPONSE: A POLICY ALTERNATIVE—THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the main conclusions and recommendations of Canada's 1990 Public Review Panel Report on Tanker Safety and Marine Spills Response Capability concerning oil spill response, as well as the subsequent assessment of various policy options leading to the selection of a government/industry partnership. The framework for marine spill response in Canada was established by legislation in amendments to the Canada Shipping Act. A variety of issues have been raised during consultations in relation to the areas of risk, the equipment needs for responding in a tiered fashion to a 10,000 metric ton spill, the personnel requirements and their training and exercise requirements, the management structure, the fee structures and the role of the advisory councils.

Canada's Response to the Issue of Refugee Women: The Women at Risk Program

Refugee women emerged as a social issue during the decade 1978-88 as a result of a series of historical events. Beginning in 1978, there was an increased number of refugees in the world, and among these, women and children began forming the majority in refugee camps and holding centres; some refugee-receiving countries, such as Pakistan, built widows' camps. In the same decade, there was a marked increase in the number of churches and other nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), whose global outreach to refugees focused on development projects overseas and sponsorship programs at home. En route to overseas refugee sites, women often attended meetings with immigration staff, intergovernmental, and intemational nongovernmental organizations, and visited international headquarters of these organizations in Geneva, Vienna, Washington, and cities in Latin America. They became involved with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Division for the Advancement of Women at the United Nations Office Vienna (DAW/UNOV). Networkcontacts expanded among advocates of human rights and women's rights as information was relayed back to Canada from official and informal channels and filtered down to provincial and local offices, grassroots organizations, advocacy groups, and refugee coalitions. Networks are a critical resource in moving a social issue forward: they sponsor meaning, reinforce collective identity, and function as an accessible

Agriculture Canada's Response to Policy Research Needs

Agriculture Canada's Response to Policy Research Needs

Imperial power and regional trade: the Caribbean Basin Initiative

The election of Ronald Reagan as President of the United States in November 1980 opened a new chapter in international relations; U.S. foreign policy shifted from an alliance-based, consensual approach to one based on a more overt use of its immense economic and, above all, military power. This policy entailed some stark choices for the U.S.A. s allies and neighbours and, above all, for the small countries of Central America and the Caribbean. This revealing book tells the story of the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), through which the new assertion of U.S. hegemony in the region was expressed. The CBI entitled friendly countries of the region (i.e., excluding Cuba, pre-invasion Grenada and Nicaragua) to military and economic aid plus incentives, modelled on the so-called Puerto Rican miracle, so as to reorient their trade towards the U.S.A. The authors carefully compare the claims made for the CBI with its underlying political objectives and examine its actual impact on regional development through detailed case studies of the Eastern Caribbean and Trinidad. Also examined are the impact of the CBI on Caribbean regional integration and the responses of Canada and Britain, the two other major countries with long-standing political and economic interests in the Caribbean. What emerges from this investigation is the way the CBI reflects the U.S.A. s historic quest for regional dominance, rather than a new era in Caribbean development.

Canada's Response to Black African Immigrants

Canada no longer practises racial discrimination towards African migrants and refugees. Growing numbers of refugees from Africa have been acceptedinto Canada as refugee claimants. Nwertheless, in addition to data supportingthese two conclusions, Yohannes Gebresellasie offers a plethora of data to show that Canada discourages the resettlement of African refugees in Canada and would prefer that they settle elsewhere. Relatively few refugees (compared tothe actual number in Africa and elsewhere) are able to make a refugee claim in Canada and fewer still are accepted. Gebresellasie's article offers further evidence to support Anthony Richmond's thesis that the West is moving towards a nonexodus approach to immigrants and refugees from the Third World. Richmond contends that there is a deliberate effort to recreate apartheid on a global scale. He also predicts it will fail. Gebresellasie also briefly discusses the aid provided for resolving conflicts that produce refugees and for assisting in refugee settlement and repatriation and concludes it too is inadequate. Mohamed Ali Arkow looks at the possibility of aid as a way of dealing with refugee-producing conflicts that are products of rapidly increasing population, environmental degradation, inappropriate technologies and consumer demand for new products produced by the West. Arkow advocates a system of appropriate technology transfers rather than more loans, which would irnpoverish African countries even further. But-what assurance do we have that these technology transfers willbebeneficial? In any case, I have just returned 'from an OECD meeting in Madrid on migration and development; evidence suggested that in the short and medium term, development exacerbates rather than stems migration flows. Will the resulting response be global apartheid as Richmond predicts, fears and deplores, or is this too pessimistic a conclusion about the inadequate efforts to cope with conflicts and refugees? This is futurology about probable outcomes of different courses of action. But values as well as forces also have their effects. We must understand the forces at work predisposing certain outcomes. We must also decide our norrnative priorities in dealing with these forces. Norms can influence the weight and effect of various forces. Given our best understanding of the factors at work, it is our values and decisions that will give those forces a direction. H m r d Adelman

Canada's counter‐terrorism experience

This article traces Canada's experience with modern terrorism from its beginnings in 1963 to the present, with particular emphasis on the policies and crisis management techniques which have evolved over those 30 years. A brief review of the Canadian system of government and constitutional framework is provided to assist with understanding Canada's response to the terrorist threat. While Canadians have largely escaped the tragedies of domestic and international terrorism which have plagued other parts of the world since 1968, it is also true that Canada had an early experience of modern terrorism when the Front de liberation du Quebec (FLQ) began its campaign of politically motivated violence in Montreal on the night of 7 March 1963. Canada has been applauded for the firm and expeditious manner in which it dealt with the FLQ threat, and for the security provided for major international events held on Canadian soil (e.g., 1976 Olympic Games, 1981 Economic Summit). Beginning in 1982, however, a series of terrorist incidents brought about a fundamental reassessment which led to the introduction of major policies and measures ‐ based on the ‘lead Minister’ concept ‐ that continue to form the basis of Canada's approach to counter‐terrorism.

Simpson, Donald, and Carol Sissons. Entrepreneurs in Education: Canada's Response to the International Human Resources Development Challenge. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. International Development Research Center, 1989, x + 101 pp., price unknown

Simpson, Donald, and Carol Sissons. <i>Entrepreneurs in Education: Canada's Response to the International Human Resources Development Challenge</i>. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. International Development Research Center, 1989, x + 101 pp., price unknown

Canadian Health-Care Policy and the Elderly: Will Rationing Rhetoric Become Reality in an Aging Society?

Providing health-care services to an aging population is increasingly seen by government as creating fundamental problems with the balance among competing claims of access, quality, and cost. Although Canada has established a health-care system based on equity and universal access, questions are being raised about whether aging and the development of new and costly technology will force a re-examination of this policy. Canada's response to a potential geriatric “crisis” provides insight into new priorities and directions for health-care policy in the future. This analysis centres on the following elements. First, the British experience with rationing medical care and the recent U.S. discussions on setting aged-based limits will be reviewed. Second, Canadian demographic and economic projections of the impact of aging on the future use and cost of health-care services will be summarized. Third, the major values underlying the development of Canadian health-care policy as they relate to the emerging geriatric challenge will be examined, including a discussion of the relationship between political process and public debate on health-care policy, Finally, the implications for the development of new directions for geriatric policies and programs, including an increased emphasis on health-promotion activities, will be explored.

World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security

The World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere which opened in Toronto was Canada's response to a serious interest in the problems of the atmosphere. This interest was reflected in the broad theme of the conference, which encompassed not only climate change but also the risk to the ozone layer, long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, and acid deposition. The summer's climatic events did not provoke a particular emphasis on the greenhouse-gas issue, and this imbalance was acutely registered in the official Conference Statement, which give atmospheric problems other than climate change relatively short shrift. The World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere produced a 39-point document that consists of the opening ministerial statements and the recommendations of 13 working groups. The working groups were convened to address the principal issues, recommend avenues for the research community to explore, and suggest appropriate governmental responses to the problems. One of the more startling recommendations calls for reducing carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 20 percent of 1988 levels by the year 2005, regardless of whether this reduction is effective or sufficient. Indeed, model analyses of atmospheric response to future greenhouse-gas burdens indicate that a 20-percent CO/sub 2/ reduction, albeit a step in the right direction,more » would be woefully inadequate to stabilize the atmosphere. The choice represents a pragmatic estimation of what can be achieved rather than a reliable scientific evaluation of what will be sufficient to prevent unacceptable climate change.« less

Homelessness and health: views and responses in Canada, the Unied Kingdom and the United States

Homelessness and health: views and responses in Canada, the Unied Kingdom and the United States

Seeking Justice: An Empirical Map of Consumer Problems and Consumer Responses in Canada

Seeking Justice: An Empirical Map of Consumer Problems and Consumer Responses in Canada

Political dimensions of AIDS.

World political aspects and the example of Australia as a national political response to AIDS are presented. Global policy on AIDS is influenced by the fact that the AIDS epidemic is the 1st to be largely predictable, that long lag times occur between intervention and measurable events, and by the prompt, professional leadership of WHO, lead by Dr. J. Mann. WHO began a Global Programme on AIDS in 1987, modelled on the responses of Canada and Australia. A world summit of Ministers of Health was convened in January 1988. These moves generated a response qualified by openness, cooperation, hope and common sense. The AIDS epidemic calls for unprecedented involvement of politicians: they must coordinate medical knowledge with community action, deal with public fear, exert strong, rational leadership and avoid quick, appealing counterproductive responses. 3 clear directions must be taken to deal with the epidemic: 1) strong research and education campaigns; 2) close contact with political colleagues, interest groups and the community; 3) a national strategy which enjoins diverse interest groups, with courage, rationality and compassion. In Australia, the AIDS response began with the unwitting infection of 3 infants by blood transfusion. A public information campaign emphasizing a penetrating TV ad campaign was instituted in 1987. Policy discussions were held in all parliamentary bodies. The AIDS epidemic demands rapid, creative responses, a break from traditions in health bureaucracy, continual scrutiny of funding procedures and administrative arrangements. In practical terms in Australia, this meant establishing a special AIDS branch within the Health Advancement Division of the Community Health Department. AIDS issues must remain depoliticized to defuse adversary politics and keep leaders in a united front.

New technology and unemployment: A simulation of macroeconomic impacts and responses in Canada

This paper addresses macroeconomic issues of the debate over high technology and unemployment. A macroeconometric simulation model with a number of special features is used to examine alternative scenarios of enhanced productivity performance in Canada over the next decade. Responses of wages, prices, and the monetary authorities are shown to be quantitatively important in determining the impact on employment. The type of productivity change and aggregate fiscal-policy response are shown to be less importance.