CAN Application Research Articles

Tree vigor, yield, fruit quality, and antioxidant capacity of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) influenced by different fertilization regimes: preliminary results

Tree growth, productivity, fruit quality attributes, and antioxidant activity were tested in apple cultivar Idared under different fertilization treatments from the 22nd to the 23rd year after planting in a heavy acidic soil under western Serbian conditions. Treatments included the use of aged cattle manure, compound NPK (15:15:15) mineral fertilizer, a multinutrient fertilizer commercially named Italpolina (ITP) (NPK + organic carbon + humic acids), two types of N mineral fertilizers (calcium ammonium nitrate [CAN] and urea), and control (no fertilization). Results showed that Idared trees were more vigorous when fertilized with the two N fertilizers than when treated with another mineral, organic, or multinutrient fertilizer. Urea promoted the highest yield per tree and unit area, while yield efficiency was the highest in the control and those under treatment with urea, compound NPK, and manure. Fertilizer regimes had a significant effect on fruit weight and flesh firmness, but their effects on fruit size and dimension ratio were not significant. Compound NPK resulted in the greatest fruit weight, whereas firmness and soluble solids content were the highest in manure treatment. Titratable acidity (TA) was the highest in control trees and after CAN application, while urea induced the highest ripening index. Fertilizer treatments had no significant effect on the contents of invert sugars, sucrose, and total sugars (TS). The TS/TA ratio was highest under urea treatment and lowest in the control and under CAN application. ITP led to the highest values for total phenolics, total nonflavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity, while the highest total flavonoid content was obtained with compound NPK.

L-Canavanine: How does a simple non-protein amino acid inhibit cellular function in a diverse living system?

l-Canavanine (CAN) is a non-protein amino acid (NPAA) possessing toxic properties in both animal and plant systems. Upon treatment, this arginine structural analogue is typically incorporated into proteins by arginyl-tRNA synthetase, leading to rapid functional disruption of such “canavanyl proteins”. CAN is produced in many legumes including jack bean and lucerne (alfalfa) and is accumulated mainly in seeds and their newly germinating sprouts. It has been described as a potent allelochemical and its toxicity has been associated with autoimmunological diseases in humans or animals feeding on plants containing this NPAA. Application of CAN even at low concentration resulted in an inhibition of plant growth. When CAN was used as an anticancer agent, its mode of action appears to be associated with the synthesis of non-functional proteins in sensitive organisms, a similar mode of action to that of other simple NPAAs as meta-tyrosine. CAN toxicity in plants is also likely associated with the formation of non-functional proteins and its application has been shown to cause disruption of polyamine metabolism and formation of reactive nitrogen species including nitric oxide (NO). In higher plants, CAN has recently been used as a tool to study the regulation or modulation of polyamine–NO cross-talk. Comparing to other related NPAAs that impact cellular function in living plant and animal systems CAN seems to have the highest toxic properties. The aim of this review is to describe CAN specific activity and mode of action especially focused on higher plant systems.

Response of Perlka (Calcium cynamide) on Plant Growth and Production of Kinnow Mandarin(C.nobilis XC.deliciosa)in Sub Montane Low Hill Zone of Himachal Pradesh

Perlka, a multifunctional fertilizer was tested in kinnow mandarin as a soil application at four different doses, 500 g, 1000 g, 1500 g and 2000 g per tree and its effect on plant growth and production was compared against the soil application of CAN (800 g and 1600 g/tree). Perlka and CAN were applied during the month of February & May in two equal splits. Effect of Perlka application on annual shoot extension, fruit production and fruit quality was recorded. Annual shoot extension in kinnow mandarin was observed significantly more with the Perlka treatment 1000 g per tree when compared to other Perlka treatment (500 g, 1500 g and 2000 g) and as well as the CAN application. Significant improvement in response to soil application of Perlka (1000 g) when compared to other Perlka treatments including the application of CAN was observed for fruit size, fruit weight and fruit volume. Biochemical analysis of fruits showed variable results for total soluble content of kinnow fruits in response to different treatment. Maximum TSS (10.3° B) was observed with the treatment of 800 g CAN and 2000 g Perlka individually. Maximum fruit yield (32.18 Kg) per tree was obtained with 1000 g Perlka application followed by 1600 g CAN. Perlka application at 1000 g per tree resulted in significant improvement in annual shoot growth and tree health particularly by exhibiting resistance against collar rot and root rot fungi caused by Phtopthora citrophora, Phtopthora nicotiane in all of the trees receiving perlka in comparison to CAN treatments, fruit yield and other fruit quality parameters of the fruits in kinnow mandarin. The highest BC ratio of 3.5 was obtained in trees of kinnow mandarin treated with 1000g of perlka per tree.

Nitrogen Rates and Sources Affect Yield and Profitability of Maize in Pakistan

Nitrogen is one of the most important factors affecting maize yield and profitability. To investigate the impact of N fertilizer sources (urea, calcium ammonium nitrate [CAN] and ammonium sulfate [AS]) applied in various amounts (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) on grain yield and profitability of maize genotypes, local cultivars (Azam and Jalal) versus hybrid (Pioneer‐3025) field experiments were done during summer 2008–09 (Year 1) and 2009–10 (Year 2). The N yielded 41 and 26% more grain than the check in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively. In both years, grain yield increased in response to the increase in N application. Application of CAN and AS resulted in more grain yield than urea in Year 1, while no differences in yield were observed in Year 2. The hybrid (P‐3025) yielded 30 and 24% more grain than the average of local cultivars in Years 1 and 2, respectively. In Year 1, the net returns (NR) of PKR16262 ha−1 (one US$ = 95 Pakistani Rupees) was obtained with CAN but value cost ratio (VCR) of 3.7 was noticed with urea; in Year 2, both NR (PKR14271 ha−1) and VCR (3.1) was greatest with urea. In both years, the greatest NR was obtained with 100 and 150 kg N ha−1. Application of urea at 150 and 200 kg N ha−1, CAN at 100 and 150 kg N ha−1, and AS at 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 was economical in terms of NR in both years.

Distributed Cross-Direction Control System Based on CAN-Bus

A distributed cross-direction control system based on CAN-bus was designed to solve the large-scale cross-direction control problem for paper machine. Multiple Master-Slave CAN networks were constructed in parallel to coordinate and control multiple array actuators, and the Ethernet/CAN converter was used to connect the monitoring station with the field intelligent actuators. The monitoring station accesses measured data and field data via OPC technology. A CAN application layer protocol and corresponding underlying communication software were designed according to the characteristics of the cross-direction control processes. Finally, the feasibility and reliability of the system were verified with practical applications.

Development of an Automotive Electric Window Control System Based on CAN Bus

An electric window control system based on low-speed CAN bus has been developed to reduce the wiring harness of vehicle control system, improve the system reliability and cut overall costs. On the basis of requirement analysis of the control system, a CAN application layer communication protocol has been defined. The electric window control system has been designed using Freescale 16-bit single chip microprocessor MCS12DP256 as central processing unit, and the control software has also been developed, in which an integral algorithm was used to realize the anti-pinch function.

Application of CAN in Lifting and Sliding Mechanical Parking Garage

Nowadays, as a result of the serious shortage of parking spaces in major city all over China, people often feel it’s difficult to park their cars. Building mechanical parking garage has become an important way to solve this problem. Lifting and sliding mechanical parking garage is the most widely used mechanical parking garage. At present, lifting and sliding mechanical parking garage widely adopts centralized control system based on PLC. But there are several disadvantages in this kind of control system, suck as structural complexity, weak expansibility, and high cost. With the advantages of simple structure, strong expansibility, low cost and high reliability, CAN bus control system is widely used in the mechanical parking garage. The major mission of this paper is to study the control system of lifting and sliding mechanical parking garage based on CAN bus.

Design of CAN Interface in Tractor AMT Control System Based on DSP

In this paper, the CAN interface circuit and application layer protocol of automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) controller is designed based on ISO 11783, and the real-time communication between AMT and engine is realized. The semi-physical simulation that includes a real node (AMT_ECU) is completed by using CANoe software and CANcaseXL interface card. The simulation results show that the CAN interface of tractor AMT control system meets the requirements of tractor CAN network system, the information sending and receiving between AMT ECU and engine ECU is realized, and the design goal for stable and real-time communication is achieved.

Competitive ability of Rhinanthus minor L. in relation to productivityin the Rengen Grassland Experiment

Rhinanthus minor (yellow-rattle) can be used for restoration of species-rich grasslands but is vulnerable to competitive exclusion from high total aboveground biomass production of vascular plants. We asked (1) whether there is a threshold limit for total annual aboveground biomass production of vascular plants above which R. minor cannot establish viable population in grasslands and (2) how is cover of R. minor in grassland related to standing biomass of bryophytes. Data were collected in the Rengen Grassland Experiment (RGE) established in Germany in 1941 with following fertilizer treatments: unfertilized control, application of Ca, CaN, CaNP, CaNPKCl and CaNPK<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. Cover of R. minor and total annual aboveground biomass production of vascular plants were determined from 2005 to 2009. Further relationship between standing biomass of bryophytes and cover of R. minor was analyzed in 2006. Mean cover of R. minor over five years ranged from 0.7% to 12.3% in CaNPK<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and control treatments, respectively. Cover of R. minor was significantly negatively related to total annual aboveground biomass production of vascular plants and cover of R. minor was below 3% in all plots with total annual aboveground dry matter biomass production of vascular plants higher than 5 t/ha. Although cover of R. minor was markedly reduced in highly productive plots in the RGE, high standing biomass of bryophytes (1.8 t/ha) in low productive control was not an obstacle for establishment of its viable population. We concluded, that viable population of R. minor can be established in grasslands only if total annual aboveground dry matter biomass production of vascular plants is below 5 t/ha regardless on standing biomass of bryophytes.

Carbon–carbon bond forming reactions mediated by cerium(IV) reagents

Organic synthesis using carbon centred radicals generated by one electron oxidants is of current interest. Although Mn(OAc)3 has received the most attention, it appears that cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) would be a very useful reagent for the generation of radicals. The recent application of CAN in the construction of C–C bonds are highlighted in this review. CAN has been shown to mediate the facile oxidative addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to activated and unactivated alkenes leading to dihydrofurans and furanones. In most cases the reactions occur under milder conditions and the yields are superior when compared to Mn(OAc)3 mediated reactions. The results available thus far suggest that CAN offers cast potential in radical mediated organic synthesis.

Producer-Distributor-Consumer Model on Controller Area Network

A fundamental requirement of distributed control systems is to ensure real-time traffic. This traffic can be split into two groups: sporadic and periodic. Among RTLAN proposals, CAN is well adapted to sporadic message transfers whereas FIP has been optimized for periodic traffic that is handle in a deterministic way. The goal of this paper is to adapt the Producer-Distributor-Consumer model (FIP) to CAN in order to ensure the timing requirements of periodic traffic. We propose an application layer that uses CAN services based on the PDC model. Two architectures of distributor are presented: decentralized and centralized. We show how this model may coexist with the client server model as defined in the CAN application layer.

Ammonia volatilization from point-placed urea in upland, sandy soils

The upland fertilization practice in Africa of placing N fertilizer below the soil surface near the plant might be facilitated through use of urea supergranules (USG). Since little is known about N losses from point-placed urea on light-textured African soils, laboratory studies were conducted in a forced-draft system to determine (a) the influence of soil properties on ammonia loss from USG and (b) to compare N loss from USG with that from broadcast N sources. Ammonia loss from 1.1 g USG placed at a 4-cm soil depth ranged from 2.9 to 62% of the added N on six light-textured soils. Ammonia loss was correlated with soil clay content (r = −0.93**) but not with pH. A more detailed study on a soil from Niger revealed significantly less ammonia loss from either surfaced applied urea (18%) or surface-applied calcium ammonium nitrate (7%) than from USG placed at a 4-cm depth (67%). Amendment of surface-applied urea with 1.7% phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD), a urease inhibitor, essentially eliminated ammonia loss (1.9%). An15N balance confirmed that ammonia volatilization was the major loss mechanism for all N sources. The results suggest that point-placed urea may be prone to ammonia volatilization loss on light-textured African soils moistened by frequent light rainfall. In such cases, broadcast application of urea, CAN, or urea amended with PPD may be less prone to N loss.