Campsis Radicans Research Articles

Ornithophily in the trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans).

The diversification of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) has shaped the pollination strategies and floral trait evolution in at least 68 families of flowering plants in the Western Hemisphere. The trumpet creeper (Bignoniaceae) is the quintessential example of ornithophily in eastern North America. The mutualistic relationship between this orange-flowered liana and the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) was illustrated as early as 1731. However, neither historical nor modern accounts accurately describe the feeding behavior of ruby-throats at trumpet creeper flowers or the floral adaptations for ornithophily. This paper explores their surprisingly immersive mode of foraging at trumpet creeper flowers and quantitatively assesses floral traits in two populations in the Ozark Mountains. The ruby-throat's bill is approximately one-third the length of the trumpet-shaped flowers, which counters the tendency for the corolla length of ornithophilous plants to match the bill length of their principal hummingbird pollinator. To access the nectary, ruby-throats grasp or cling to the ventral petal lobe of the corolla with their claws and thrust their head and upper body into the flower. This immersive "floral-diving" had not been formally documented among the 356 species of hummingbirds until now. The didynamous anthers and stigma are strategically positioned inside the corolla to brush the crown feathers when the ruby-throat inserts its head. A narrow stricture in the corolla, about a third of the way up, allows the bill and tongue of hummingbirds to pass while blocking bumblebees and carpenter bees from reaching the nectary. As a result, the abundant sucrose-rich floral nectar seems to be reserved for hummingbird pollinators.

Climbing plants beat trees to soil nutrient patches

Charles Darwin reasoned that because climbing plants are freed from the need to be mechanically self-supporting, their stems can remain thin, elongate quickly, and efficiently colonize and display leaves in well-illuminated areas where trellises are available1. Herein, I report that this tremendous exploratory capacity also applies below-ground - roots of woody climbers (i.e., lianas) consistently beat tree roots to fertilized soil patches, apparently because lianas do not invest in thick roots. This claim is based on results of a greenhouse experiment in which individual seedlings (N = 5 individuals per species) of four liana and four tree species were planted in the centers of 60 x 15 cm rectangular sand-filled boxes. In the direction of a usually covered Plexiglas end wall, a nutrient gradient was established by adding increasing amounts of slow-release fertilizer in four 6 cm-wide vertical bands; no nutrients were added in the other direction. Entire plants were harvested by section when their first root reached the end wall. Roots from all four liana species reached the highly fertilized end of the planting box faster than all tree roots (Figure 1A; for statistical results, see the Supplementary Information). A Vitis rotundifolia root arrived after just 67 days, a Campsis radicans root after 84 days, another Vitis root after 91 days, and then a Wisteria sinensis root after 94 days, and the fastest root of Gelsemium sempervirens grew the 24 cm to the end wall in 149 days. In contrast to the liana species, the fastest tree roots reached the end wall in 235 days for Magnolia grandiflora, 253 days for Quercus hemisphaerica, 263 days for Nyssa sylvatica, and 272 days for Liquidambar styraciflua. This capacity to explore soil rapidly may help explain why lianas are such potent below-ground competitors2 and why their removal substantially increases tree growth rates3,4.

Study of Reproductive Characteristics of Lianas Under Cultivation Conditions

Results of research on the characteristics of flowering and fruiting of liana species introduced in the Absheron (Azerbaijan) have been shown in the paper. The age of the species entering the reproductive stage, the beginning and end of flowering, the duration of flowering, the onset of fruiting, the full ripening of fruits, the features of seed productivity, etc. were determined in the course of the research. All introduced lianas bloom profusely under the conditions of Absheron. The flowers of some of them, including Bougainvillea glabra Choisy, Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Convolvulus tricolor L., Clematis vitalba L., Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet and others, are quite decorative, and some, including species of the Araliaceae and Vitaceae families are plain. At the same time, it became known that although the species bloom profusely, some of them do not produce seeds in the conditions of Absheron, in particular Bougainvillea glabra Choisy, Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Hoya carnosa (L. fil.) R. Br., Jasminum officinale L. etc. species.

Identification of Lilium ledebourii antiproliferative compounds against skin, bone and oral cancer cells.

This study aimed at the evaluation of anti antiproliferative activity of Lonicera nummularifolia, Lilium ledebourii, Campsis radicans and Parthenocissus quinquefolia extracts. The extract was taken from the fresh leaves and bulbs of the plants by maceration method in the dark. After separating the solvent, the remaining dry matter was added to the culture medium containing G292, A431 and KB cancer and HGF-1 normal cells. Cytotoxicity tests, as well as cell cycle and apoptosis tests were performed on cells treated with dry substances and untreated cells. Finally, the most effective extract was separated into fractions by preparative HPLC and the effective fraction was characterized by Triple-Quad LC/MS connected to the UHPLC system. All extracts significantly enhanced cell death rate in the three cancer cell lines more than the HGF-1 line. The Methanolic extract of L. ledebourii bulbs exhibited considerable efficacy on apoptosis induction in the cancer cell lines. It seems that the mode of action for L. ledebourii methanolic extract is mediated through increased BID/MAPK14 expression and decreased MDM2/BCL2/MYC expression, which led to activation of the p53 protein-induced apoptosis. It was also determined that the effective fraction of L. ledebourii methanolic extract consists of substances such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, coumarin acid, catechin and apigenin. Overall, the findings suggest that L. ledebourii is a promising source of bioactive compounds with anticancer properties.

NEW DATA ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND INVASION STATUS OF SOME ALIEN PLANTS IN ROMANIA

In this paper we report new chorological data for 20 alien plant taxa from the vascular flora of Romania. A total of 9 species (Campsis radicans, Euphorbia glyptosperma, Grindelia squarrosa, Impatiens balfourii, Oenothera suaveolens, Robinia x ambigua, Rudbeckia triloba, Sedum sarmentosum, Setaria faberi) are reported as new to the regional floras within the country. Oenothera pycnocarpa and Dittrichia graveolens are reported in their second and the third sites in Romania, respectively. For the remaining 9 species (Cytisus scoparius, Dysphania pumilio, Eleusine indica, Erigeron sumatrensis, Eriochloa villosa, Oenothera depressa, Paspalum distichum, Rosa rugosa and Sicyos angulatus), we provided new field data, to improve knowledge on their current distribution and invasion status. All taxa are neophytes, introduced either accidentally (11 taxa) or deliberately (9 taxa), more than half of which are currently invasive or potentially invasive in the country.

Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of northwestern and western Crete (Greece) in early July, with the finding of new larval host plant for Lampides boeticus

During the summer of 2021 northwestern and western areas of the Greek island of Crete were surveyed, in order to confirm certain observations of the diurnal butterfly fauna of the island. Research was focused especially on the unsurveyed north-western parts of the island, as well as surveying the species that are extending their areal (Cacyreus marshalli (Butler), Lampides boeticus (L.)). From 47 species reported from the island, 23 were observed. The surveys were all carried out during an especially hot and dry weather period (30-37 °C), between 30th of June and 6th of July. Additionally, a new larval host plant for L. boeticus was confirmed, as oviposition of females on Campsis radicans (Seem.) was observed on several occasions.

Pollen limitation of native plant reproduction in an urban landscape.

Evidence suggests that bees may benefit from moderate levels of human development. However, the effects of human development on pollination and reproduction of bee-pollinated plants are less-well understood. Studies have measured natural variation in pollination and plant reproduction as a function of urbanization, but few have experimentally measured the magnitude of pollen limitation in urban vs. non-urban sites. Doing so is important to unambiguously link changes in pollination to plant reproduction. Previous work in the Southeastern United States found that urban sites supported twice the abundance of bees compared to non-urban sites. We tested the hypothesis that greater bee abundance in some of the same urban sites translates into reduced pollen limitation compared to non-urban sites. We manipulated pollination to three native, wild-growing, bee-pollinated plants: Gelsemium sempervirens, Oenothera fruticosa, and Campsis radicans. Using supplemental pollinations, we tested for pollen limitation of three components of female reproduction in paired urban and non-urban sites. We also measured pollen receipt as a proxy for pollinator visitation. We found that all three plant species were pollen-limited for some measures of female reproduction. However, opposite to our original hypothesis, two of the three species were more pollen-limited in urban relative to non-urban sites. We found that open-pollinated flowers in urban sites received less conspecific and more heterospecific pollen on average than those in non-urban sites. These results suggest that even when urban sites have more abundant pollinators, this may not alleviate pollen limitation of native plant reproduction in urban landscapes.

The Campsis-Icterus association as a model system for avian nectar-robbery studies

Avian nectar-robbing is common in some floras but its impact on plant-pollinator mutualisms, flowering phenology, and the evolution of floral traits remains largely unexplored. Surprisingly, there have been no quantitative studies of the topography and extent of floral damage inflicted on any flowering species by nectar-robbing birds. I studied nectar-robbing of orchard oriole (Icteridae: Icterus spurius) on the large reddish-orange flowers of trumpet creeper (Bignoniaceae: Campsis radicans), an ornithophilous liana of eastern North America. Floral traits that inhibit nectar-robbery by hummingbirds and bees, such as the thickened calyx and sympetalous corolla, are ineffective in deterring orioles. Orioles target the zygomorphic trumpet-shaped corollas at the 11:00 h or 01:00 h positions with a closed-bill puncture and then enlarge the incision with bill-gaping to reach the nectary. More than 92% of flowers were robbed when orioles were present. Fruit set was nil until orioles departed on fall migration in late July-early August. The timing suggests oriole nectary-robbery may be a potent selection agent for an extended flowering season or delay in the onset of flowering. The biological and geographic attributes of the Campsis-Icterus association make it a promising model system for studying the consequences of avian nectar-robbery on pollination biology and floral trait evolution.

Effects of heterospecific pollen on stigma behavior in Campsis radicans: Causes and consequences.

Pollinator sharing of co-flowering plants may result in interspecific pollen receipt with a fitness cost. However, the underlying factors that determine the effects of heterospecific pollen (HP) are not fully understood. Moreover, the cost of stigma closure induced by HP may be more severe for plants with special touch-sensitive stigmas than for plants with non-touch-sensitive stigmas. Very few studies have assessed HP effects on stigma behavior. We conducted hand-pollination experiments with 10 HP donors to estimate HP effects on stigma behavior and stigmatic pollen germination in Campsis radicans (Bignoniaceae) at low and high pollen loads. We assessed the role of phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient, pollen size, and pollen aperture number in mediating HP effects. Additionally, we observed pollen tube growth to determine the conspecific pollen-tube-growth advantage. Stigma behavior differed significantly with HP of different species. Pollen load increased, while pollen size decreased, the percentage of permanent closure and stigmatic germination of HP. Stigmatic HP germination increased with increasing aperture number. However, HP effects did not depend on phylogenetic distance. In addition, conspecific pollen had a pollen-tube-growth advantage over HP. Our results provide a good basis for understanding the stigma-pollen recognition process of plant taxa with touch-sensitive stigmas. We concluded that certain flowering traits drive the HP effects on the post-pollination period. To better understand the impact of pollinator sharing and interspecific pollen transfer on plant evolution, we highlight the importance of evaluating more factors that determine HP effects at the community level.

Summer‐flowering trees and shrubs in landscaping for the south‐eastern coast of the Crimea

Aim. To study the species composition, form diversity, bioecological features of summer‐ flowering trees and shrubs in green spaces of the south‐eastern coast of the Crimea and suggest ways to expand the range. Materials and Methods. The green spaces of Feodosia, Sudak and the localities of Semidvorye, Solnechnogorskoye, Malorechenskoye, Rybachye, Morskoye, Novy Svet, Solnechnaya Dolina, Shchebetovka, Kurortnoye, Koktebel and Primorskiy were investigated. Bioecological and phenological studies of ornamental trees and shrubs were undertaken according to generally accepted methods. Results. The species composition and shape diversity of summer‐flowering trees and shrubs in green plantings of Crimea’s south‐eastern coast were identified. It was found that summer‐ flowering plants make up almost half of the species composition (48.6%) used in landscaping. However, only 23 species are widespread throughout the region, such as Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Albizia julibrissin Durazz., Buddleja davidii Franch., Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Elaeagnus angustifolia L. etc. The greatest number of species and forms of arboreal plants bloom in early summer, their number decreasing significantly from the second decade of June. Conclusion. An assortment is proposed for increasing the number of trees and shrubs which flower during the summer, taking into account both their decorative visual appeal and their environmental requirements, especially drought and frost resistance. Of great interest are species that bloom from June onwards, especially those which are highly decorative and have a long flowering period, such as Albizia julibrissin, Buddleja davidi and forms, Hydrangea arborescens L., Campsis radicans, Kerria japonica f. plena C.K. Schneid, Robinia viscosа Vent., Vitex angus‐castus L.

STUDY OF THE SORPTION ABILITY OF NATURAL SORBENTS ISOLATED FROM THE CAMPSIS RADICANS

Currently, more and more chemical additives are used in food products, which leads to the accumulation of harmful substances in the body. Therefore, it is relevant to search for new substances of natural origin with detoxification properties. The aim of the work was to determine the sorption ability of pectin substances and water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from the leaves and flowers of the campsis radicans. By the method of N.K. Kochetkova and M. Sinner isolated polysaccharides from water-borne campsis leaves and flowers: water-soluble polysaccharides, pectin, hemicellulose A and hemicellulose B. The adsorption capacity of pectins and water-soluble polysaccharides was studied on the basis of their complexing properties with respect to lead ions. The determination of their content in the raffinate was carried out by titration with a solution of sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate disubstituted. To evaluate the nature of the sorbent, the calculated Langmuir and Freindlich equations were used. A study of the sorption ability of polysaccharides isolated from leaves of the campsis radicans showed the presence of a high binding ability of Pb2+ ions in pectin substances was associated with 54.2%, and in water-soluble polysaccharides – 37.5%. Polysaccharides isolated from the flowers of the campsis radicans showed sorption activity in the ratio: pectin substances – 32.6%, water-soluble polysaccharides – 80.1%.
 The expressed complexing ability of the studied polysaccharides with respect to lead ions was revealed. The ratio of the experimental and calculated data on the values of the adsorption of lead ions showed that the sorption process is largely subordinate to the Langmuir equation. Pectic substances and water-soluble polysaccharides obtained from the leaves and flowers of the campsis radicans can be considered as effective detoxifiers. Further study of the physicochemical properties will make it possible to assess the possibility of their biomedical use.

Altered feeding behavior and immune competence in paper wasps: A case of parasite manipulation?

Paper wasps (Polistes dominula), parasitized by the strepsipteran Xenos vesparum, are castrated and desert the colony to gather on plants where the parasite mates and releases primary larvae, thus completing its lifecycle. One of these plants is the trumpet creeper Campsis radicans: in a previous study the majority of all wasps collected from this plant were parasitized and focused their foraging activity on C. radicans buds. The unexpected prevalence and unusual feeding strategy prompted us to investigate the influence of this plant on wasp behavior and physiology through a multidisciplinary approach. First, in a series of laboratory bioassays, we observed that parasitized wasps spent more time than non-parasitized ones on fresh C. radicans buds, rich of extra-floral nectaries (EFNs), while the same wasps ignored treated buds that lacked nectar drops. Then, we described the structure and ultra-structure of EFNs secreting cells, compatible with the synthesis of phenolic compounds. Subsequently, we analysed extracts from different bud tissues by HPLC-DAD-MS and found that verbascoside was the most abundant bioactive molecule in those tissues rich in EFNs. Finally, we tested the immune-stimulant properties of verbascoside, as the biochemical nature of this compound indicates it might function as an antibacterial and antioxidant. We measured bacterial clearance in wasps, as a proxy for overall immune competence, and observed that it was enhanced after administration of verbascoside-even more so if the wasp was parasitized. We hypothesize that the parasite manipulates wasp behavior to preferentially feed on C. radicans EFNs, since the bioactive properties of verbascoside likely increase host survival and thus the parasite own fitness.

Bees provide pollination service to Campsis radicans (Bignoniaceae), a primarily ornithophilous trumpet flowering vine

Pollination syndromes refer to stereotyped floral characteristics (flower colour, shape, etc.) that are associated with a functional group of pollinators (bee, bird, etc.). The trumpet creeper Campsis radicans, endemic to the southeast and mid‐west United States, has been assigned to the hummingbird‐pollination syndrome, due mainly to its red, trumpet‐shaped flowers. Previous studies demonstrated that the ruby‐throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris is C. radicans' primary pollinator, but anecdotal data suggest various bee species may provide pollination service when hummingbirds are absent. This study characterised C. radicans nectar volume and concentration by time of day. Nectar volume was suitable for hummingbirds, but concentration was higher than typical hummingbird‐pollinated plants (∼20% w/w); at ∼30% w/w, it approached the concentration expected in bee‐pollinated plants (∼50% w/w). We also found substantial amounts of nectar at night. Two C. radicans populations received virtually no hummingbird visits, but the number of bees were markedly higher than in the populations previously described. Interestingly, there were no night‐time visitors despite the large quantity of nocturnal nectar. Based on previously published pollen delivery per visit by various species, this study estimated that cumulative deposition by bees routinely reached pollen deposition thresholds for setting fruit in C. radicans. They are, unequivocally, the predominant pollinators in these populations, thus providing pollination service in the absence of hummingbirds. These results highlight C. radicans as a food source for native bees and add to the understanding of how floral phenotypes can facilitate pollination by disparate functional groups.

Antibacterial and fungicidal activities of ethanol extracts of 38 species of plants

Galenic preparations are broadly used against microorganisms pathogenic to humans, thought their poteintial in this aspect is not studied completely. In our in vitro experiment we studied the influence of alcohol tinctures from 38 species of plants on 15 species of bacteria and one species of fungus. Zones of growth inhibition of colonies measuring over 8 mm were observed during the use of ethanol extracts of Maclura pomifera against eight species of microorganisms (Escherichia сoli, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhimurium, Rhodococcus equi, Campylobacter jejuni and Corynebacterium xerosis), Ginkgo biloba – against eight species (Enterococcus faecalis, S. marcescens, Y. enterocolitica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria іnnocua, L. monocytogenes, Р. аeruginosa and C. jejuni), Genista tinctoria – against seven species (E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, Р. аeruginosa and Rh. equi), Phellodendron amurense – against seven species (E. faecalis, S. marcescens, S. typhimurium, Rh. equi, C. jejunі, C. xerosis and Candida albicans), Berberis vulgaris – against seven species (P. mirabilis, S. marcescens, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, C. jejuni, Р. аeruginosa and C. xerosis), Vitex negundo – against six species (E. faecalis, E. coli, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium and Rh. equi), Koelreuteria paniculata – against six species (E. faecalis, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens, S. typhimurium, C. jejunі and E. coli), Magnolia kobus – against six species (E. faecalis, E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens, S. typhimurium, C. jejunі and C. xerosis), Liriodendron tulipifera – against six species (K. pneumoniae, Listeria іnnocua, Р. аeruginosa, C. jejuni, Rh. equi and C. albicans), Clematis flammula – against six species (E. faecalis, P. mirabilis, L. monocytogenes, Р. аeruginosa, C. jejuni and C. xerosis), Wisteria sinensis – against five species (E. coli, S. typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, Rh. equi and C. albicans), Chimonanthus praecox – against five species (E. faecalis, S. marcescens, L. monocytogenes, C. jejuni and Rh. equi), Colchicum autumnale – against five species (S. marcescens, K. pneumoniae, L. ivanovi, L. monocytogenes and Р. аeruginosa). As a result of the study, these plants were found to be the most promising for further study of in vivo antibacterial activity. In the search of antibacterial and antifungal activities, the following plants were observed to be less promising: Ailanthus altissima, Aristolochia manshuriensis, Artemisia absinthium, Callicarpa bodinieri, Campsis radicans, Catalpa duclouxii, Celastrus scandens, Dictamnus alba, Eucommia ulmoides, Geranium sanguineum, Laburnum anagyroides, Nepeta racemosa, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Polygonatum multiflorum, Prunus dulcis, P. laurocerasus, Ptelea trifoliata, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus castaneifolia, Q. petraea iberica, Salvia officinalis, Securigera varia, Styphnolobium japonicum, Tamarix elongata and Vitex agnus-castus.

Ecological and biological assessment of climbing shrubs for landscaping residential areas

Promising types of climbing shrubs have important aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic importance as types of multi-purpose use in the development of urban and agroecosystems in arid regions (Volgograd region). The purpose of the research is to determine the prospects for the use of climbing shrubs in the vertical gardening of residential areas on chestnut soils based on the study of their biological potential. The object of research was climbing shrubs growing in the collections of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the landscaping of Volgograd and Kamyshin. In collection plantings, 5 species of different geographical origin grow: Campsis radicans; Vitis amurensis; Parthenocissus quinguefolia; Celastrus orbiculata; Lonicera caprifolium. Under the conditions of introduction, all types of climbing shrubs bloom and bear fruit. The ability of climbing shrubs to self-reproduce indicates the degree of their adaptation to new environmental conditions. Plants of all studied species reached the generative phase of development. Studies on the negative effects of low temperatures on plants in the winter showed that they are mostly frost and winter hardy and suitable for vertical gardening of residential areas of Volgograd and Kamyshin. It was revealed that climbing shrubs are quite resistant to the transfer of a complex of winter factors. North American, European and Far Eastern (Vitis amurensis, Parthenocissus quinguefolia, Celastrus orbiculata) winter the best in the collections. They have a high winter hardiness score. The area of their natural distribution is located at the same geographical latitudes as the Lower Volga. Campsis radicans freezes when lowering winter temperatures to -37°C. It has been established that the climate of the region of their natural distribution is largely similar to the area of introduction, therefore, they turned out to be quite adapted to the new growing conditions. The distribution range of the Caucasian-Mediterranean and East Asian species is much to the south. Campsis radicans and Lonicera caprifolium tolerate lower freezing temperatures worse. These species should be introduced into the southern regions of the Volgograd region. In plants at a young age and with increasing temperature and falling humidity of air and soil by the end of the growing season, the water deficit increases. The greatest water deficit during drought (July, August) as a percentage is observed in Vitis amurensis at about 22%. Celastrus orbiculata rotundifolia has a water deficit of about 18%, then Campsis radicanswithin 14%, Parthenocissus quinguefolia - 12%. The lowest water deficit is observed in Lonicera caprifolium (about 10%). Studies have shown that vertical landscaping involving climbing shrubs improves the microclimate. Wall plantings of maiden grapes in the hot summer months (July, August) reduce the air temperature by an average of 3 - 4 ° C, increase air humidity to 55 - 60% and bring microclimate parameters closer to the zone of hygienic comfort. A high yield of planting material can be achieved due to the optimal harvesting time of cuttings. The economic efficiency of production, expressed as a percentage, was 186 for Campsis radicans and 212% for Lonicera caprifolium. Вьющиеся кустарники имеют важное эстетическое и санитарно-гигиеническое значение как виды многоцелевого использования при развитии городских и агроэкосистем в засушливых районах (Волгоградская область). Объекты исследования – 5 видов вьющихся кустарников(Campsis radicans; Vitis amurensis; Parthenocissus quinguefolia; Celastrus orbiculata; Lonicera Caprifolium) в коллекциях Федерального научного центра агроэкологии Российской академии наук. Выявлено, что устойчивы к переносу комплекса зимних факторов североамериканские, европейские и дальневосточные виды (Vitis amurensis, Parthenocissus quinguefolia, Celastrus orbiculata), естественный ареал которых расположен в тех же географических широтах, что и Нижнее Поволжье. Ареал кавказско-средиземноморских и восточноазиатских видов значительно южнее. Campsis radicans и Lonicera caprifoliumрекомендуются для южных районов Волгоградской области. Установлено, что с повышением температуры и падением влажности воздуха и почвы к концу вегетации наибольший дефицит наблюдается у Vitis amurensis - 22%. Celastrus orbiculata rotundifolia–18%, Campsis radicans– 14%, Parthenocissus quinguefolia - 12%. Низкий дефицит воды у Lonicera Caprifolium (около 10%). Исследования показали, что вертикальное озеленение с использованием вьющихся кустарников улучшает микроклимат в жаркие летние месяцы.

Interaction of a <i>Myrothecium verrucaria</i> Mycelial Preparation and a Glyphosate Product for Controlling Redvine (<i>Brunnichia ovata</i>) and Trumpet Creeper (<i>Campsis radicans</i>)

A mycelial formulation of the bioherbicidal fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) Ditmar: Fr. (MV) was tested alone and in combination with a commercially available glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] (GLY) product for controlling the invasive vines, redvine [Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners], and trumpet creeper [Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau] in field experiments conducted near Stoneville, MS. Several application timing regimens were evaluated (Fall, Spring, Fall + Spring, and Spring + Fall). We found that a Fall + Spring application of MV + GLY controlled redvine and trumpet creeper by 95%, 12 days after the second treatment, through a synergistic interaction of the fungus and glyphosate. Disease symptomatology was characterized by rapid necrosis of leaf and stem tissues, with mortality occurring within 72 h. Neither glyphosate alone, nor MV alone, effectively controlled either weed species under any application timing regimen. No visual disease or herbicide damage occurred on glyphosate-resistant soybean plants in the treated test plots. These results suggest that some formulations of glyphosate, mixed with the bioherbicide MV, can effectively control redvine and trumpet creeper, two of the most troublesome weeds in the row crops of the Mississippi Delta region in the mid-southern U.S.

Оцінювання біолого-екологічних властивостей деревних ліан в умовах міста Херсон

У ході досліджень на території Херсона виявлено 31 вид деревних витких рослин. Встановлено, що всі деревні ліани, що використовуються в озелененні міста, є інтродуцентами. Показниками їх успішного зростання та онтогенезу у нових умовах є зимостійкість, посухостійкість, стійкість до шкідників та хвороб, а також здатність до розмноження. Найбільш зимостійкими ліанами в досліджених умовах виявились Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., P. tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch., Lonicera caprifolium L., Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr.) Maxim. та Clematis jackmanii Moore. Найвищий бал посухостійкості присвоєний тільки Fallopia baldshuanica (Regel) Holub та Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet. Інші види менш посухостійкі. Важливим чинником, який впливає на хід інтродукції, є стійкість до хвороб та шкідників. Виявлено, що найбільш стійкими є Celastrus scandens L., Lonicera periclymenum L., L. brownii (Reg.) Carr., L. japonica Thunb., Menispermum canadense L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Ваill., Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet. Рясно самосів утворюють Wisteria sinensis, Periploca graeca L., Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bge, Clematis manschurica Rupr., C. glauka Willd. Інші виткі рослини частіше розмножуються вегетативним шляхом. За результатами визначення коефіцієнта адаптації деревних ліан з'ясовано, що за комплексом ознак найбільш пристосовані до умов дослідження Ampelopsis aconitifolia, Campsis radicans, Celastrus orbiculata Thunb., Clematis jackmanii, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, P. tricuspidata, Lonicera caprifolium, L. giraldii Rehd., Fallopia baldshuanica (Regel) Holub, F. auberti (Henry) Holub, Menispermum canadense, Wisteria sinensis, Periploca graeca. Інші види є обмежено перспективними або малоперспективними для вертикального озеленення міста, однак їх використання можливе при ретельному підборі місця посадки та організації догляду за ними.

Color characteristics of Beijing's regional woody vegetation based on Natural Color System

AbstractSeasonality is a typical characteristic of Beijing's regional vegetation, and plant color is one of the most prominent visual factors of vegetation dynamic. In this research, we explored the composition and dynamic characteristics of plant color in Beijing's urban vegetation, involving the analysis of overall characteristics and respective features of leaf, flower, and fruit colors. Color data was collected from 177 woody plant species in Beijing Botanical Garden, spanning their annual life cycle, and identified with the colorimetry of the Natural Color System (NCS). Correlation and regression analyses were applied to reveal the temporal dynamic features of overall plant color richness. Cluster analysis was applied to categorize tree species based on typical colors of various plant organs. Color richness and color dispersion were introduced as two factors to measure color diversity of various tree species, applied in species evaluation by sorting and principal component analysis (PCA). Color dispersion of three‐dimensional NCS data was measured with a modified SD based on the calculation of mean spatial distance in the NCS space. Main results are as follows. The first part is plant color composition. The composition of all plant colors contains 862 NCS color species, 20 blackness species ranging from 3 to 90, 20 chromaticness species ranging from 0 to 90, 35 hue species ranging from G10Y‐B90G, and N. The second part is temporal dynamic of overall color richness. Leaf color richness and total color richness are significantly positively correlated with pentad (5‐day) sequence; flower color richness is significantly negatively correlated with pentad sequence; and fruit color richness first increases and then decreases over time. The third part is cluster analysis of tree species. Based on typical growing‐leaf color, various tree species were clustered into 6 categories; based on typical senescent‐leaf color, various tree species were clustered into 6 categories; based on typical flower color, various tree species were clustered into 15 categories; based on typical fruit color, various tree species were clustered into 7 categories. The fourth part is color diversity evaluation of various tree species with PCA. According to the PCA of flower‐leaf color diversity, the species with higher leaf color diversity and higher flower color diversity include Cotinus coggygria, Lagerstroemia indica, and Amygdalus triloba; the species with higher flower color diversity and lower leaf color diversity include Campsis radicans and Tamarix chinensis; the species with higher leaf color diversity and lower flower color diversity include Acer ginnala and Crataegus pinnatifida; the species with lower color diversity both for flower and leaf colors include Fontanesia fortune and Gleditsia sinensis. According to the PCA of leaf color diversity, the species with higher leaf color diversity in both leaf growth period and leaf senescence period include Diospyros kaki, Lagerstroemia indica and Paeonia suffruticosa; the species with higher leaf color diversity in leaf growth period and lower leaf color diversity in leaf senescence period include Amygdalus persica ‘Atropurpurea’ and Prunus virginiana ‘Canada Red’; the species with higher leaf color diversity in leaf senescent period and lower color diversity in leaf growth period include Quercus palustris, Armeniaca sibirica, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides; the species with lower leaf color diversity for the whole leaf development period include Gleditsia sinensis and Swida walteri.

Tecoma stans: Alkaloid Profile and Antimicrobial Activity.

Aim:Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth is a promising species in the trumpet creeper family Bignoniaceae. This study aimed at showing the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of T. stans methanolic leaf extract (TSME) correlated to its phytoconstituents.Materials and Methods:The antimicrobial potential of TSME was evaluated using agar diffusion method. The main alkaloids were separated on silica gel column and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis. Molecular docking was performed for the isolated compounds against MurD ligase, penicillin-binding protein, and dihydropteroate synthase enzyme to rationalize the observed antibacterial effect.Results and Discussion:TSME showed significant antibacterial effect against all tested microorganisms with comparable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the ampicillin and gentamicin with MIC values ranging between 0.98 and 1.95 µg/mL, in addition to a promising antifungal effect when compared to amphotericin with MIC values 3.9 and 15.63 µg/mL for Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans, respectively. Several alkaloids were separated, purified, and identified as tecostanine, 4-OH tecomanine, 5-hydroxyskytanthine, and tecomanine, which were previously isolated from T. stans. The docking study showed that the alkaloids bind in a similar fashion to the co-crystallized ligands of the crystal structures of MurD ligase. The binding poses and scores in the case of penicillin-binding protein and dihydropteroate synthase did not match the co-crystallized ligands in their crystal structures. The in silico results suggest an antibacterial mechanism that involves the inhibition of MurD ligase.Conclusion:T. stans alkaloids could represent the basic skeleton for a powerful antimicrobial agent.

CHALCIDOIDEA SPECIES (INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA) ON THE WOODY VINE CAMPSIS RADICANS (L.) SEEM. EX BUREAU

The woody vine Campsis radicans has extrafloral nectaries on the sepal, pedicel and green fruits. Its nectar attracts abundant Hymenoptera and especially representatives of the Chalcidoidea superfamily. During a six-year study (2012-2017) in the period from July to mid-October, 2117, specimens of Chalcidoidea from 13 families were collected. A total of 116 species were determined, of which 63 were new species to the Serbian fauna, and 11 to the fauna of the Balkan Peninsula. Campsis radicans can be considered as a “bait plant” that attracts many groups of Hymenoptera, which is very important for the study of their fauna, and in particular, for almost all the families of the Chalcidoidea superfamily. Campsis radicans is also significant since its extrafloral nectar is food to many Chalcidoidea species in periods when no other food is available. Given that almost all of the identified Chalcidoidea species are natural enemies of other insects (most commonly of phytophagous insects), C. radicans indirectly provides a natural balance in different terrestrial ecosystems.