Camps In Jordan Research Articles

The refugee camp as urban housing

This paper is a call to examine refugee camps and urban housing as interlinked phenomena. By comparatively examining the spatial-material arrangements of three Syrian refugee camps in Jordan, it suggests that the ‘how’ question (or how to plan refugee camps) has invited the housing agenda to appear spatially. In the Jordanian case, this has led to the production of three distinctive models of camps-housing namely a ghetto, a gated community and a mass housing project. In the German context, it has led to the production of camps phased into permanent and hybrid models of housing. Finally, and by underlying that the camp is first and foremost a form of urban housing, it suggests that the concepts, themes and analytical tools developed in housing studies has the potential to unpack the complexity of the camp and how it interlinks with our cities and urban realities today.

難民キャンプにおけるスポーツを通じた教育援助の意義 : シリア難民キャンプにおける参加型アクション・リサーチを用いた活動を事例として

難民キャンプにおけるスポーツを通じた教育援助の意義 : シリア難民キャンプにおける参加型アクション・リサーチを用いた活動を事例として

Towards a theory of informal supply networks: An exploratory case study of the Za'atari refugee camp

AbstractStudies of humanitarian supply chain operations contribute to efficient system designs for the delivery of goods and services to disaster‐ and conflict‐stricken regions. However, our understanding of what happens to these relief goods and services after they are delivered is quite limited. Using a case study of the Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan, we develop a theory of informal supply networks, whereby we uncover how refugee‐led, informal supply networks emerge in the camp. We find that these supply networks are an aggregate of predominantly illicit—yet legitimate—channels and social relationships that support the economic exchange of goods and services between distinct actors or actor groups. We not only identify the cultural conventions and behavioral codes that govern ties between refugees—and between refugees and relief‐related actors—but also define how these networks are configured. Considering these findings, we contend that the informal economic activities emanating from the refugee camp benefit the host community and enhance the resilience of the informal supply networks. As informal economic activities also improve the quality of life in the camp, camp authorities and host country governments should attend to informal activities as they create rules and policies for refugee resettlement.

The Impact of Blended Learning using the Ideas Box on the Motivation for Learning Among Non-formal Syrian Female Refugee Students in Jordan

The study aims to identify the impact of blended learning using the Ideas Box on the motivation toward learning among non-formal education female students in the Syrian refugee camps in Jordan. A semi-experimental approach was adopted; the sample of the study consisted of 30 female students enrolled in the Culture Promotion Program for Dropouts, second cycle, in the JOHUD Center for Social Support in January 2020. The experimental group consisted of 15 students who were taught the Islamic Pillars unit using the Ideas Box while the control group consisted of 15 students taught the same unit using the traditional way. Results show that there were no significant differences in mean scores of motivation between the two groups. This finding stresses the need for redesigning the current program used to teach students receiving the non-formal education to incorporate the Ideas Box into the curriculum.

Comparison of Two Photoscreeners in a Population of Syrian Refugee Children.

To evaluate children in the Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan to better understand the prevalence of ocular pathology and to compare two photoscreening devices to evaluate their utility. Families at the Syrian American Medical Society Clinic were offered vision screening for children aged 1 to 18 years. Participants were offered visual acuity measurement and photoscreening with two devices approved for use in the United States. If visual acuity in either eye was worse than 20/40 or either photoscreening device indicated possible pathology, a complete eye examination was performed with cycloplegic refraction and dilated examination. Ninety-one participants completed the screening protocol. The average age of participants who completed the study was 7.8 years (range: 1 to 16 years). Twenty-eight participants (30.8%) failed at least one screening component. In this population, the following pathology was identified: astigmatism (12.1%), esotropia (9.9%), amblyopia (9.9%), hyperopia (7.7%), exotropia (3.3%), and myopia (1.1%). The Plusoptix vision screener (Plusoptix) had a sensitivity of 100% for the identification of amblyopia and 85% specificity. The GoCheck Kids application (Gobiquity) had a sensitivity of 66.67% for the identification of amblyopia and 94% specificity. The positive predictive value for the Plusoptix vision screener and the GoCheck Kids application for the detection of amblyopia risk factors was 77% for both. The high rate of ophthalmic pathology identified in this study reinforces the urgent need for proper vision screening and intervention in this population. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2021;58(6):396-400.].

Satisfaction with healthcare services among refugees in Zaatari camp in Jordan

BackgroundFeedback on satisfaction regarding healthcare services is vital for continuous improvement of the service delivery process and outcome.Aims and methodsThe objective of this study was to assess the satisfaction of refugees with the medical and dental services in Zaatari camp, under 3 domains with 20 key indicators (human and physical health resources, interaction and reactivity, and administration) using a self-administered questionnaire.ResultsOf the 500 participants, the satisfaction rate was 72.5%. Young participants and participants with a shorter stay in the camp showed higher overall satisfaction rates (P ≤ 0.01). Within the domains, ‘interaction and reactivity’ achieved the highest satisfaction score, whereas ‘administration efficiency’ was ranked the lowest. As for elements within the domains, the most acceptable were the sufficient number of staff and the working hours, availability of radiological services and proper care for children, reasonable waiting time and asking for medical history in every visit. Whereas difficulty to access healthcare services, difficulty to be referred to hospitals, lack of follow up and lack of dental services were the least acceptable.ConclusionIn conclusion, whereas refugees were generally satisfied with the provided services, this study indicates that there are areas for further service improvement. This study highlights a significant gaps in healthcare services which if not addressed have the potential to amplify oral/medical health problems.

Humanitarianism, securitization, and containment in Jordan's Za'atari Refugee Camp.

Through a case study on Za'atari, the largest Syrian refugee camp in Jordan, this paper critically explores a contemporary example of intersection between local and global humanitarian and securitization processes in refugee governance. The paper argues that Syrian refugees have been subjected to humanitarian care and securitized treatment, with their construction in terms of potential threat to State security interests spiking in correlation with insecurities over the expansion of the "Islamic State" (IS). The paper tracks the suit of measures implemented by the host Jordanian State, with the support of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), to produce docile refugee subjects of "humanitarian government" in a closed camp. It notes how the UNHCR invariably augments and extends the remit of Jordanian State power at the expense of refugee rights, in the name of ensuring refugee and aid worker security and the effectiveness of the aid operation. The camp plays a critical role in a performative politics of containment targeting local and global audiences.

Palestinian Refugee Youth in Jordan: Parental Practices, Neighborhood Cohesion and Assistance, and Adolescent Wellbeing

In this study, a total of 335 Palestinian refugees (M = 15.5 years, SD = 1.05, 49% males), recruited from four United Nations Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA) schools at the Al-Baqa’a and Jabal Al-Hussein refugee camps in Jordan, rated their neighborhood physical environment and neighborhood support and cohesion, separately rated their mothers’ and fathers’ parenting on several dimensions, and reported on their adjustment to these circumstances (internalizing symptoms, self-concept clarity, and norm breaking). Living in more dangerous physical environments was associated with higher levels of refugee youths’ internalizing symptoms and norm breaking, but effects were not significant when parenting was considered. Our study showed that higher levels of psychological control–disrespect (significantly for fathers and marginally for mothers) and marginally, higher levels of maternal harsh punishment were associated with more teen internalizing symptoms. In addition, fathers’ greater psychological control and lower levels of support had a marginally significant effect on teens’ greater norm breaking. For behavioral control, only mothers’ greater behavioral control was associated with refugee youths’ greater self-concept clarity but not with paternal behavioral control. Thus, fathers’ psychological control and mothers’ behavioral control had the biggest association with adolescent outcomes.

UNRWA's role in promoting health outcomes of Palestinian refugees in Jordan: A systematic literature review.

The mandate of the United Nations Relief and Work Agency in the Near East (UNRWA) includes education and health services of registered Palestinian refugees in Jordan and other countries. UNRWA is facing limited funding because of unstable political circumstances. This review aims to spotlight the importance of UNRWA's role in promoting Palestinian refugees' health inside and outside camps in Jordan. This systematic review was conducted through iteratively searching electronic research databases for original, recent, full-text literature regarding the health and social outcomes of Palestinian refugees in Jordan. The 12 reviewed studies showed that UNRWA's programs through its clinics and schools have a crucial role in improving Palestinian refugees' health outcomes such as adolescents' cigarette smoking prevalence, infant mortality, non-communicable disease management, health-related quality of life, mental/psychological health services, and reproductive health. Access to UNRWA's health services may account for better or comparable health outcomes among Palestinian refugees. Despite the short funding and political pressures, UNRWA has provided aid and services to Palestinian refugees inside and outside refugee camps in Jordan. UNRWA's role is crucial in maintaining decent health outcomes in this vulnerable, underserved population. The further limiting of UNRWA funding may jeopardize the health of millions.

Sustainability in Refugee Camps: A Comparison of the Two Largest Refugee Camps in the World

Abstract Although the refugee phenomenon is not new and refugee camps are rarely temporary, in most cases, the procedures implemented within refugee camps have failed to apply principles of sustainability to ensure refugees’ dignity and improve their quality of life, thereby helping them become independent and self-reliant. This improvement, in turn, may help them return to their homes in the future or may, at least, reduce the high cost and negative coping strategies associated with refugee camps and instead increase refugees’ social integration within the host community. This paper discusses the procedures applied in both the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan and the Dadaab Refugee Complex in Kenya and provides evidence regarding the extent to which they meet the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development without leaving refugees behind. Furthermore, this paper shows how sustainable development goals (SDGs) are interconnected in a refugee camp setting. This study concludes that refugee camps not only failed to align with 2030 agenda but failed to ensure refugees’ basic rights where a more inclusive and sustainable approach is required to improve the refugees’ quality of life and to help them live in dignity and reach self-reliance that can benefit both refugees and their host communities.

Beyond the Fence: Constructed and Found spaces for children's outdoor play in natural and human-induced disaster contexts – Lessons from north-east Japan, and Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan

Play is part of the nature of childhood and affirmed as important internationally in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is therefore an anomaly that play is not a pillar of humanitarian aid and this is of particular concern because children are displaced and become refugees disproportionately compared to adults, as a result of both natural and human-induced disasters. Play can help children deal with some of the traumas resulting from a disaster and thus contribute to their health and well-being Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) and help prepare them for education Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4). Using the theoretical framework of constructed and found spaces for children's outdoor play the paper explores these in two contexts: after the triple disaster in north-east Japan and Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan. The results indicate that in the temporary housing areas of these disaster contexts children play in found spaces which are proximal, associated with temporary housing, and distal, beyond the temporary housing. New constructed spaces were stand alone or associated with safety/educational facilities for children but there were differences in this provision between the two contexts, with more provision in the bounded refugee camp than in the geographically dispersed disaster area in Japan. This difference in provision is suggested as being the result of several factors but may also reflect the fact that provision for children's play is not a pillar of humanitarian aid, which it should be in order to protect the child's right to play in such traumatic situations.

A spatial queuing model for the location decision of emergency medical vehicles for pandemic outbreaks: the case of Za'atari refugee camp

PurposeRefugee camps can be severely struck by pandemics, like potential COVID-19 outbreaks, due to high population densities and often only base-level medical infrastructure. Fast responding medical systems can help to avoid spikes in infections and death rates as they allow the prompt isolation and treatment of patients. At the same time, the normal demand for emergency medical services has to be dealt with as well. The overall goal of this study is the design of an emergency service system that is appropriate for both types of demand.Design/methodology/approachA spatial hypercube queuing model (HQM) is developed that uses queuing-theory methods to determine locations for emergency medical vehicles (also called servers). Therefore, a general optimization approach is applied, and subsequently, virus outbreaks at various locations of the study areas are simulated to analyze and evaluate the solution proposed. The derived performance metrics offer insights into the behavior of the proposed emergency service system during pandemic outbreaks. The Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan is used as a case study.FindingsThe derived locations of the emergency medical system (EMS) can handle all non-virus-related emergency demands. If additional demand due to virus outbreaks is considered, the system becomes largely congested. The HQM shows that the actual congestion is highly dependent on the overall amount of outbreaks and the corresponding case numbers per outbreak. Multiple outbreaks are much harder to handle even if their cumulative average case number is lower than for one singular outbreak. Additional servers can mitigate the described effects and lead to enhanced resilience in the case of virus outbreaks and better values in all considered performance metrics.Research limitations/implicationsSome parameters that were assumed for simplification purposes as well as the overall model should be verified in future studies with the relevant designers of EMSs in refugee camps. Moreover, from a practitioners perspective, the application of the model requires, at least some, training and knowledge in the overall field of optimization and queuing theory.Practical implicationsThe model can be applied to different data sets, e.g. refugee camps or temporary shelters. The optimization model, as well as the subsequent simulation, can be used collectively or independently. It can support decision-makers in the general location decision as well as for the simulation of stress-tests, like virus outbreaks in the camp area.Originality/valueThe study addresses the research gap in an optimization-based design of emergency service systems for refugee camps. The queuing theory-based approach allows the calculation of precise (expected) performance metrics for both the optimization process and the subsequent analysis of the system. Applied to pandemic outbreaks, it allows for the simulation of the behavior of the system during stress-tests and adds a further tool for designing resilient emergency service systems.

Feasibility trial of a scalable transdiagnostic group psychological intervention for Syrians residing in a refugee camp

ABSTRACT Background: Approximately 10% of Syrian refugees currently reside in camp settings, which can impose additional post-migration stressors. With elevated rates of psychological distress and few available resources, task-shifting psychosocial programmes are necessary to provide adequate care. One such programme developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) is Group Problem Management Plus (GroupPM+). Objective: This study aimed to test the safety and acceptability of GroupPM+ in a refugee camp and to identify areas for adaptation in preparation for a definitive RCT. Method: A feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted in Azraq refugee camp in Jordan. Inclusion criteria were: (1) Syrian adults aged ≥18 years, (2) parent of a child aged 10–16 years, (3) experiencing psychological distress as defined by a score of ≥16 on the Kessler Distress Scale, and (4) ≥17 on the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Following baseline assessments, participants were randomized to receive GroupPM+ or enhanced treatment-as-usual. Post-assessments were conducted one week following the last GroupPM+ session. Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptance of GroupPM+; symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, prodromal psychosis, grief, and child’s self-reported psychological distress were also assessed. Results: Of the 207 persons screened, 64 (31%) screened positive for psychological distress. Of the 35 randomized into the GroupPM+ intervention, 24 (69%) completed the intervention. No adverse events were reported throughout the trial. Children whose parents received GroupPM+ had greater reductions in internalizing and externalizing symptoms at posttreatment. 55 (86%) participants completed the post-assessment follow-up. These results demonstrate both the feasibility of conducting the trial in a camp and acceptance of the GroupPM+ intervention by Syrian refugees. Conclusions: Following the feasibility trial, both the implementation procedures and intervention were safe and culturally acceptable. The results support the readiness for a definitive RCT to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the intervention in camp settings.

The impact of using outsourcing strategy by humanitarian organizations on logistical performance: An empirical investigation from a developing country

This paper empirically investigates the potential benefits of outsourcing humanitarian logistics activities to commercial logistics service providers (LSPs) to improve rescue missions in the Al Zaatari Syrian refugee camp in Jordan. The study uses a quantitative research approach, a survey data set of 140 questionnaires was collected from the managers and managerial staff dealing with logistical activities. First, a comprehensive review of related literature was performed to guide this research and then to test the main hypotheses of this study, correlation and regression analysis were carried out. The findings confirmed that humanitarian organizations in Al Zaatary camp can get benefits from collaborating with LSPs on delivering primary logistic services (shelter, food, medicine, transportation, etc.) (Nurmala, de Leeuw, & Dullaert, 2017). Moreover, the findings showed that outsourcing is preferred in the response phase (Vega & Roussat, 2015). This paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge on humanitarian logistics in ways that fills a gap by empirically investigate the phenomenon, as well as it is considered well timed in the context of the still current situation due to political instability in the region. As far as the authors are aware, this research represents the first study within the humanitarian logistics sector in Jordan.

A longitudinal study of mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Syrian refugees

ABSTRACT Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased anxiety and depression around the world. Refugees may be particularly vulnerable to the mental health effects of the pandemic because of their higher rates of mental health disorders, trauma histories, and daily stressors. Objectives: This study used data from a controlled trial of a brief behavioural intervention for psychological distress in Syrian refugees living in Azraq Camp in Jordan to examine the psychological effects of the pandemic on refugee mental health. Method: A total of 410 participants were randomized to either the intervention or control arms of the trial and were assessed at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Half the sample (199; 48.5%) completed their 3-month follow-up assessment after the pandemic restrictions began in Jordan and 211 (51.5%) completed the assessment prior to the pandemic. Refugees were independently assessed for symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression at baseline and follow-up, and pandemic-related worries were assessed at follow-up for those who completed their assessment during the pandemic. Results: The most commonly reported worries were economic difficulties (82.4%), shortage of essential supplies (71.3%), and infecting others (59.7%) or themselves (51.9%). Refugees who were assessed during the pandemic had less severe PTSD symptoms than those assessed prior to the pandemic. Significant predictors of pandemic-related worries were lower levels of depression prior to the pandemic and greater anxiety during the pandemic. Conclusion: These findings highlight the specific needs of refugees during the pandemic and suggest that pre-existing mental health issues may not necessarily be the key risk factors for who will experience major mental health issues or worries during the pandemic.

The Refugee Camp as Site of Multiple Encounters and Realizations

AbstractLiterature in Human Geography has given much attention to “encounters” and their impact on negotiating difference in everyday life. These studies, however, have focused solely on cities, while “other” spaces like refugee camps have received little attention to date. In this paper, I highlight the significance of “encounters” in camps by exposing three main types: the “refugee-refugee,” the “refugee-humanitarian,” and the “refugee-more-than-human” encounters. Using empirical examples from Zaatari camp in Jordan, I show that the “refugee-refugee” encounters cannot be fully understood without taking refugees’ culture, background, and urban identities into consideration. I also explain how the “refugee-humanitarian” encounters result in new types of behaviors and might harden the boundaries between both groups. And lastly, I demonstrate how the “refugee-more-than-human” encounters can inform us about refugees’ unique experiences with shelters, space, and materiality. Building on the examples given for each type, this article suggests that “encounters” have the ability to generate knowledge and learnings, which contributes to shaping the space of the camp by either enforcing boundaries between different groups and/or by allowing new and hybrid spatialities to emerge. This not only confirms that “encounters” are an important entry point in understanding the socio-spatial and material composition of refugee camps, but also that further studies in this regard are direly needed. It also suggests that architects and planners need to allow for the “new” to emerge as a result of these encounters and, therefore, to enable flexibility and adaptability within camps’ design and planning.

A socio-eco-efficiency analysis of water and wastewater treatment processes for refugee communities in Jordan

As of 2017, the United Nations has estimated that there are 68.5 million displaced people in the world which live in refugee camps (RCs) in 125 host countries. RCs frequently encounter water scarcity issues which lead to a low daily limit of water consumption, as well as face management difficulties such as septic tank overflowing which contribute to the development of health problems. Considering the need for more sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene system in RCs, a socio-eco-efficiency analysis (SEEA) framework is proposed for the analysis and comparison of different wastewater treatment methods. The SEEA framework consists of the integration of the economic and environmental aspects analysed by an eco-efficiency analysis (EEA) with the social aspects evaluated by a social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) using the analytic hierarchy process. The SEEA framework was applied to compare different wastewater treatment methods in Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan. The SEEA results show that, if adopted, an effluent water reuse-based treatment would increase economic efficiency by 75%, decrease environmental impacts by 57%, and increase social sustainability by 57% compared to the current operation of the camp, where a wastewater system connects groups of seven to nine households to communal septic tanks. A ternary diagram is used to represent the comparison of different wastewater treatment methods for an RC. The diagram shows the degree of socio-eco-efficiency of each wastewater treatment method, in terms of its social impacts, environmental impacts, and cost by normalising results of the EEA and S-LCA into one score.

THE STATUS OF REFUGEE RIGHTS IN LIGHT OF MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING AND MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTATION

Purpose: According to the importance of the refugee issue and refugee rights and since that Hashimte Kingdom of Jordan did not join the 1951 convention of refugees status and its 1967 protocol and managed to sign the memorandum of understanding instead with UNHCR, this study aimed to tackle the issue of refugees rights and duties between reality and implementation in Jordan.
 Methodology: This study adopted the descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology of international and regional conventions, in addition to the comparison between the Jordanian legislation and the Memorandum of Understanding on Refugees with the provisions of international law. Also, it utilized the empirical method by conducting a field study.
 Main Findings: Results gained from the questionnaire concluded the refugees on Jordanian territory got rights more than what was stipulated on in the memorandum of understanding signed between the Jordan government and the United Nations high commissioner for refugees’ affairs (UNHCR). It also found out that the majority of refugees committed to their responsibilities in maintaining general security and order.
 Implications/Applications: This study has addressed the implications of the memorandum of understanding signed between the Jordan government and the United Nations high commissioner for refugees' affairs (UNHCR) by its analysis and application on a random sample of 150 refugees in Jordan, including Syrians in the biggest refugee camp in Jordan; Al- Zaatari refugee camp, in addition to the implications of the memorandum on Iraqi and Yemeni refugees in Jordan.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: This study was based on the memorandum of understanding between Jordan and (UNHCR) that was signed in the background of the refugee crisis that our countries witnessed. However, this study was the first to analyze the articles of the memorandum of understanding mentioned above and was backed up with a field study on a random sample of 150 Syrian refugees in Jordan refugees’ camps.

Catastrophic health expenditure among ex-Gazan families in Jerash camp, Jordan

ObjectivesThis study investigated the magnitude of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) among ex-Gazan households in Jerash camp in Jordan. Study designThis retrospective survey used a systematic sample. MethodsA systematic sample was used wherein every fifth house in Jerash camp was invited to participate in the study. The camp represents the largest community of ex-Gazan refugees in Jerash camp. Of the 1038 households who were invited, 976 households agreed to participate (response rate = 94%) and filled the pilot-structured questionnaire with information related to their socio-economic characteristics, health status, and their healthcare and total household expenditures. van Doorslaer's method was used to calculate the frequency of CHE, wherein the expenditure on health care was considered catastrophic if it exceeded 10% of a household's total expenditure. ResultsOf the sample, 41.8% suffered from CHE. Moreover, we calculated the frequency of CHE using 15%, 20%, 30%, and 40% as threshold values, and the total rates were 14.7, 6.3, 1, and 0.3%, respectively. In addition, the statistical analysis of the results showed higher frequencies of CHE in households with larger number of dependents, those headed by widowed women, and those with history of hospitalizations. ConclusionsThe study shows that the rate of CHE in Jerash camp is very high and mainly due to the cost of hospitalization. Special attention should be paid for the residents of that area.

"The assessment of odontophobia among Syrian refugees at the Moroccan military medical and surgical hospital in the Zaatari camp in Jordan and its influence by post-traumatic stress disorder : about an epidemiological investigation".

Introduction : 
 Odontophobia is a complex anxiety disorder related to excessive fear of dental care. Of multifactorial origin, it affects more females than males at all ages. Odontophobia can also be associated with other disorders, namely post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is recognized in refugees from civil wars.
 Materials and methods : 
 Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional epidemiological study, carried out during February 2020 at the Syrian refugee camp in Zaatari, Jordan, involving 200 consultants at the dental office to assess their degree of odontophobia and to determine the risk factors associated with this disorder, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
 Results : 
 The authors collated 200 subjects of which 125 (62.5%) were phobic with a corah score (> or = to 13) and 75 (37.5%) were non-phobic with a corah score (< to 13). The sex ratio was statistically different between the two populations with a predominance of female sex (p=0.025). odontophobia is also related to the length of time spent in Syria during the civil war, it is observed more in 96 (48%) patients who spent between (13 and 24 months) (p=0.017). Similarly, odontophobia is influenced by post-traumatic stress disorder in its severe form (p=0.011).
 Conclusion: 
 Descriptive and analytical observational epidemiological study showing the high prevalence of odontophobia among Syrian refugees consulting at the dental office of the Moroccan military medical-surgical hospital in Zaatari camp in Jordan and its influence by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).