Campo De Research Articles

Tradução automática e poesia: o caso do inglês e do português

This article sets out to analyse the translations into Portuguese of three poems written I English, “A Letter is a Joy of Earth” by Emily Dickinson, “To a Stranger” by Walt Whitman and “Sandra” by Charles Bukowski. Three translations by three human translators, Geir Campos, Pedro Gonzaga and Jorge de Sena, are compared to the translations made by Google Translate in order to evaluate machine translation quality. This research shows that machine translations are less “ludicrous” than some would think and are in fact quite acceptable. In the cases investigated, machine translations are sometimes as acceptable as the ones made by the professional translators, and they could even help them to make mistakes through a lack of attention or by ignoring all the possibilities in the case of polysemous words. The Google translations are obviously plainer and there are a number of mistakes in them of the kind one expects: wrong concordances, wrong interpretations of polysemous words, wrong interpretation of gendered words. However, overall the results are far more satisfying than forecast. Google Translate, or similar programmes, may help translators with different, albeit sound alternatives. Additionally, machine translations provide a useful tool to analyse the idiosyncrasies of translators.

Granulite-facies gneisses and meta-igneous xenoliths from the Campo de Calatrava volcanic field (Spain): Implications for the tectonics of the Variscan lower crust

The microstructural, petrofabric and geochronological study of deep-seated xenoliths from the La Encomienda volcano (Neogene Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field) has helped to characterize the nature and dynamics of processes operative in the lower crust and subcontinental mantle domains of the Central Iberian Zone in the Iberian Massif (Spain). We present the finding of three new xenolith types: noritic andesine meta-anorthosites, aluminous granulites and felsic granulites. Plagioclase (andesine), hypersthene, ilmenite, apatite and zircon make up the mineral assemblage in equilibrium in the anorthosite xenoliths, whereas K-feldspar (sanidine), antiperthitic plagioclase (oligoclase-andesine), quartz, sillimanite, garnet, rutile and biotite conform the mineral assemblage in the aluminous granulites. Felsic granulites differ from the aluminous type in the smaller amount of garnet, the occurrence of perthitic microcline and the lack of sillimanite and biotite. The presence of significant fabrics in the constituent minerals indicates that they underwent high-temperature deformations representative of low crustal domains.U-Th-Pb analyses on anorthositic zircons provide a Variscan Late Carboniferous Concordia age of 309 ± 3 Ma, interpreted as the age of the igneous protolith of the granulitic anorthosite. Estimations for zircons in the felsic granulites yield three age groups at 288 ± 2 Ma, 398 ± 2 Ma and 490 ± 2 Ma. The first one would represent a late- to post-Variscan (Cimmerian) regional metamorphic event under granulite-facies conditions. The last two might be related to the age of an igneous component of the protolith at ca. 490 Ma and possibly that of a previous tectonothermal event at 400 Ma. 206Pb/238U results on the aluminous and felsic granulitic rutiles give ages of 5 ± 1 Ma that may correspond to resetting during Neogene volcanic events.A tentative scenario would contemplate the existence of Upper Carboniferous (late-Variscan) lithospheric shear zones along which mantle-derived components would have raised until the mantle-crust interface. The associated thermal budget would have acted as an important heat source responsible for heat conduction into the lower crust, along with eventual crustal melting. Removal of the mafic portions would have led to formation of low-density plagioclase-rich accumulations propagating upwards until its eventual incorporation in low crustal domains along with the formation of deep-seated granulites. The occurrence of these lithologies and the large volumes of hybrid monzogranites to granodiorites in the Central Iberian Zone might indicate, congruently, that, more than expected, mantle-derived magmas would have also played an important role during crustal growth processes related to the final stages of the Variscan orogeny in this part of the Iberian Massif.

Lithology identification on well logs by fuzzy inference

The purpose of this work is to present a fuzzy inference system in order to identify lithologies from wireline logs and core data from a specific borehole and transport this information to nearby uncored wells in the same oilfield. Input variables in this inference system are natural gamma ray log (GR) and porosity logs (density, neutron porosity and sonic) used to obtain M and N parameters from M-N plot in order to reduce the number of variables used and obtaining more discrete numerical intervals for the variables. The database of this inference system is built from the core information with evidence of the presence of recognised lithologies. The response of this inference system (output) is indicated along the depth of uncored boreholes where the lithologies occurring. The proposed methodology was applied to real well log data recorded in two boreholes in the Campo de Namorado (Bacia de Campos, Rio de Janeiro). In general, the system obtained 97% of accuracy, getting the conclusion that the methodology presented is applicable to the mapping of one reservoir layer (sandstone, for example) along oilfield, even at complex geologic scenarios which cause the thickness variations and of the depth of the layer of interest.

Organizational communication from an ethical perspective

Introduction.The present research is about the management of the organizational communication of the Cooperativa Campo de Unión y Progreso of San Isidro CUPSI Ltda. Manabí - Ecuador, the study focused on the speeches that every company offers through its publicity, information of the administration and the real facts, elements studied based on ethics and the process of credibility - trust in the psychological structure of the public. Goal.Analyze communicative management based on ethics and its effect on the image and reputation they have in the public of reciprocal interest. Materials and methods. It is a quantitative and qualitative research to describe the data that determine its impact on intangible assets. ResultsIt is considered that the publicity issued has a low level of readability, institutional communication towards partners generates distrust, and the level of internal communication is very low due to a weak culture. Discussion. Facts and messages that the cooperative issues, are not being planned to be taxed to the business objectives, which have built their identity, as a socially responsible company; but the information is not transparent, Conclusionsthe assessment that the public understands and believes of it, according to the research.

Retos de la traducción del imaginario creole: negociar la distancia enunciativa entre texto original heterolingüe y traducción

Presentamos en este artículo uno de los aspectos que emergen del análisis de las traducciones de textos literarios heterolingües: la dimensión enunciativa del texto traducido[i]. Siguiendo a Suchet (2010), analizamos la postura del responsable del texto meta o segunda enunciación, y su relación con la instancia enunciativa primera del texto fuente. Nos ocupamos de la escritura de uno de los representantes de la literatura antillana contemporánea, Patrick Chamoiseau, en una de sus novelas galardonadas con el premio Goncourt el año de su publicación, 1992, Texaco, y su versión española de 1994, traducida por Emma Calatayud. Junto con Jean Bernabé y Raphaël Confiant, Chamoiseau es uno de los impulsores del movimiento de la Creolidad, que persigue la reivindicación de la identidad y del imaginario antillano. En este contexto, en una primera etapa, abordamos las representaciones de la escritura y del escritor en un campo literario en construcción, el valor simbólico de las lenguas de escritura, los fenómenos heterolingües del original y la gestión de la alteridad en la traducción. En una segunda etapa, analizamos la gestión de la distancia enunciativa entre ambos textos donde es posible distinguir diferentes modos de negociación. Para la confección del corpus seleccionamos algunos fragmentos representativos del imaginario creole martiniqueño como la sabiduría vegetal y las creencias mágico-religiosas. Nuestro objetivo es doble: (1) identificar el /los tipo/s de ethos que se manifiesta/n en el texto traducido y (2) poner a prueba una herramienta de análisis que parte de la práctica de la traducción y contribuye a su redefinición como espacio de transformación que se abre al Otro en múltiples direcciones.
 
 [i] Este artículo se enmmarca dentro del proyecto de investigación “La construcción del ethos y el tratamiento de los culturemas en situación de contacto de lenguas: su articulación en el campo de la Traductología y la Didáctica de las lenguas-culturas extranjeras” (H770, 2016-2020).

Pinturas rupestres y comunicación en la cuenca de los lagos Tar y San Martín (provincia de Santa Cruz)

Se aborda el análisis de las representaciones rupestres de los sitios Bloque 1 del Campo de Bloques 1 y Alero con Manos del Río Chalía, relevados en los sectores bajos asociados a la cuenca de los lagos Tar y San Martín (sudoeste de la provincia de Santa Cruz). Aquí se resumen las particularidades de ambos sitios y se propone una secuencia de ejecución de los motivos. Asimismo, los sitios son contextualizados con la información general sobre uso del espacio regional y con los datos disponibles sobre otros sitios con representaciones rupestres ubicados en las cercanías y a distintas altitudes. El análisis indica que en los sectores bajos asociados a la cuenca de los lagos Tar y San Martín se evidencia una baja densidad de representaciones rupestres, el uso exclusivo de la pintura y una baja diversidad de motivos que se diferencia de lo observado en espacios lindantes. De este modo, el estudio integrado de estas representaciones permite reconocer particularidades de los sectores bajos y evaluar la jerarquización de los espacios y la dinámica de circulación de información, principalmente durante el Holoceno tardío.

Refining regional soil C stocks estimates in temperate highlands of Southern Brazil

Agricultural expansion on pristine woodlands and grasslands in Brazil usually causes major changes in soil organic C (SOC) stocks. Quantitative assessment of these stocks, their regional distribution and variability in rural landscapes are key scientific issues related to the Brazilian commitment to pursue climate-friendly agriculture. The aim of this research was to refine existing SOC stocks estimates in the Campos de Cima da Serra (temperate highlands) of Rio Grande do Sul state. Our approach included soil sampling campaigns to obtain primary SOC data, complemented by secondary data sources (published surveys and research projects). The field study sampled surface soil layers (to 30 cm depth) stratified by the predominant soil classes and agricultural land uses: primary grasslands with and without fire management, grasslands overseeded with legume forages, and fields fallowed after intensive annual horticultural crops or Pinus plantations (secondary grasslands). Large SOC stocks (0–30 cm depth) were measured in Ultisols (244.4 Mg C ha−1) and Inceptisols (191.1 Mg C ha−1) under grasslands without burning, whereas lower stocks were found in Inceptisols under agricultural crops. SOC stocks in this study were generally larger than those calculated using IPCC global reference SOC stocks, those estimated in SOC maps of Brazil − 70% higher in Inceptisols and 120% higher in Ultisols. Our estimates were 75% higher than those estimated for the study region in a state SOC map. Soils in this region store large C stocks, which had been generally underestimated in previous smaller scale inventory. Additionally, the SOC stock map obtained allows more detailed visualization of the spatial distribution of SOC than previously possible. This information can be used to define public policies for conservation agriculture and support the update and refinement of national inventories of SOC greenhouse gases.

Geomorphological evolution and chronology of the eruptive activity of the Columba and Cuevas volcanoes (Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field, Ciudad Real, Central Spain)

In this study we analyze the geomorphological evolution and chronology of the eruptive phases of the Columba and Cuevas volcanoes (Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field, Central Spain). These are two cinder cones located at the margins of the Jabalón River valley, between the localities of Granátula de Calatrava and Aldea del Rey (Ciudad Real). In order to generate geomorphological map, we conducted fieldwork and photointerpretation of aerial images, in addition to morphometric and volcanostratigraphic analyses aimed at correlating the volcanic deposits and fluvial terraces of the Jabalón River. Finally, we applied OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) dating to obtain the age of fluvial deposits affected by both volcanoes, plus radiocarbon dating to the organic matter of a paleosoil located between the Columba volcano deposits. The results provide a maximum age of 75.16 ± 4.9 ka for the formation of the Cuevas volcano. Moreover, the Columba volcano began its activity with a Strombolian phase around 33.9 ± 2.36 ka BP, followed by a long period of inactivity between 24.9 and 23.2 ka and 14–13.5 ka BP in which the aforementioned paleosoil formed. Subsequently, the eruptive activity resumed with a phreatomagmatic phase followed by another Strombolian phase, in which a lava flow was emplaced crossing and damming the Jabalón River, thus forcing the deposition of a 9 m thick fluvial terrace above it, at about 6.27 ± 4.28 ka. The Columba volcano is a good example of polycyclic eruptive behavior in a monogenetic volcanic field, whose last eruption occurred between 14 and 6.2 ka ago. The interaction between volcanic and fluvial processes was responsible for the morphological evolution of the area, the study of which has been crucial to determine the evolution of the eruptive activity, its morphological results, and the relative chronologies.

Fine-scale effects of fire on non-woody species in a southern Amazonian seasonal wetland

Grasslands and wetlands are non-forested highly biodiverse ecosystems. Although fire is a major factor controlling and maintaining biodiversity in different landscapes of Central Brazil, there are still knowledge gaps about its effect on these systems. We compared composition, diversity and coverage of herbaceous and sub-shrub species in ‘campos de murundus’ (murundus fields) before and after recurrent fire events. We sampled and collected species in 32 subplots of 1 m2 within a 100 × 100 m plot, and compared species richness, diversity, frequency, and cover percentage before and after recurrent fires. Floristic composition was evaluated through multivariate dispersion analysis. Our results show that recurrent fires in murundus fields decreased species richness and modified the composition of herbaceous and sub-shrub (i.e., species with a woody base and soft shoots) species. However, species diversity either increased or was maintained, depending on the diversity index used. In addition, repeated fire events modified the coverage and increased the dominance of fire-tolerant species, such as Aristida pendula, over fire-sensitive ones, such as Eriocaulon burchellii, Eleocharis minima, Hyptis hygrobia, Scleria sp., Paspalum lineare, Piriqueta sp., Polygala celosioides and Sipanea biflora. These post-fire changes resulted in altered species composition, richness and soil cover. Generally, fire increased the amount of bare ground and, consequently, decreased species richness and species diversity.

El patrimonio de la <em>lengua</em> de Castilla y León de la Orden de Malta o «todo lo que adquiera el religioso es para su religión»

Entre el Siglo de Oro la Orden de Malta en la guerra fronteriza del siglo XVI y su desintegración a manos de Napoleón a fines del XVIII hubo una evolución cualitativa en el seno de la Religión del Hospital. A diferencia de otros ámbitos de la Península Ibérica en los que aquélla estaba asentada, como Navarra, Aragón y Cataluña, aún no se ha estudiado en profundidad el patrimonio sanjuanista de la lengua de Castilla y León, como hilo conductor para analizar dichos cambios en el discurrir del tiempo. Al centrarnos en su Gran Priorirato, que asentaba sus reales en el manchego Campo de San Juan, podemos sopesar la envergadura económica y social de tierras y vasallos, bienes y rentas, administración y órganos de justicia y gobierno. De resultas, veremos cómo los beneficiarios reales de estas Encomiendas serán los Infantes que ostentaban las dignidades priorales y las oligarquías locales, así como la calidad de noleza generosa y eclesiástica de los caballeros hospitalarios y su rol político y económico en el ordenamiento general del reino, hasta culminar con la incorporación a la Corona por Carlos IV de las «Lenguas y Asambleas de España» de la otrora todopoderosa Orden Jerosolimitana.

Aquifer Sustainability and the Use of Desalinated Seawater for Greenhouse Irrigation in the Campo de Níjar, Southeast Spain.

In the Campo de Níjar (southeast Spain), an intensive horticulture model under plastic has been developed based on the use of groundwater. For many years, aquifers have been overexploited, almost generating an environmental collapse. The construction of a desalination plant was planned to improve this situation and to achieve sustainable aquifer management. However, the aquifer is still being overexploited, since farmers scarcely use desalinated seawater for irrigation. In this paper, farmers irrigating with desalinated seawater are characterized, since they contribute to aquifer sustainability. The study aimed to identify the variables which condition the use of this water resource, as well as the kinds of incentives that encourage this option. For this purpose, a survey was undertaken within a sample of 110 farmers. A cluster analysis and a binary logistic regression were employed. The results from the cluster analysis allowed the characterization of farmers who use desalinated seawater for irrigation. Furthermore, the regression model showed the variables that determine a more intensive use of this irrigation source, such as crop diversification, availability of different water resources and the conductivity of aquifer water available for irrigation. The incentives promoting the use of desalinated seawater for irrigation that most encourage farmers are the implementation of tax relief, price reductions and the obligation to install rainwater collection systems.

Meninos e moleques: faces da infância em chove nos campos de cachoeira

O presente ensaio focaliza a figuração da infância e da criança no romance de estreia de Dalcidio Jurandir, Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira (1941). Assim, nossa análise se volta para os personagens mirins denominadas na narrativa de meninos e moleques, que a nosso ver encenam, dentro do universo infantil retratado nas passagens do livro, uma luta de classes entre os mais privilegiados socialmente e os desvalidos.

The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field (central Spain): Fluid geochemistry in a CO2-rich area

The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field (CCVF) located in central-southern Spain (along with Selva-Emporda in Catalonia, NE Spain) is regarded as one of the most important CO2 emitting zones in Peninsular Spain. Here, we report and evaluate new molecular and isotopic geochemistry of thermal waters and CO2-rich gas discharges from the CCVF. Locally, these CO2-rich fluid emissions represent the remnants of the past volcanic activity that affected this area from the late Miocene through the Quaternary, with the most recent events occurring in the Holocene. The locations of discharging fluids and previous volcanic centers appear to be aligned along well-defined NW-SE and NNW-SSE lineaments, with subordinate trends in the ENE-WSW direction. The chemical and isotopic composition of the thermal waters suggests a meteoric origin, dominated by three distinct geochemical facies: 1) HCO3-Mg(Ca) type waters, associated with a relatively shallow aquifer and related to the interaction of meteoric waters with CO2-rich gases, alkaline volcanic products, and sedimentary formations, 2) SO4(Cl)-Ca(Mg) type waters, which stems from the two rivers (Guadiana and Jabalón) that drain Triassic evaporitic rocks before entering the study area, and 3) HCO3-Na type waters, hosted in deep geopressurized CO2-rich reservoirs within the Ordovician basement rocks.The 87Sr/86Sr isotopic compositions (ranging between 0.70415 and 0.71623) and δ34S-SO4 values (+10.7 to +18.3‰ vs. CDT) of CO2-rich fluids are consistent with interactions between water and either the Paleozoic basement, Triassic evaporites, Quaternary volcanic rocks, or a combination thereof. Dissolution of a CO2-rich gas phase into the aquifer produces low pH values (down to 5.4) and enhances water-rock interactions causing relatively high salinity (Total Ionic Salinity: up to ∼185 meq/L). Carbon dioxide is by far the most abundant gas constituent (up to 992 mmol/mol) and is dominated by mantle-derived sources as indicated by the combination of relatively high helium isotopic ratios (up to 2.7 R/Ra), high isotopic ratios of carbon in CO2 (ranging between −6.8 and −3.2‰ V-PDB), and the carbon isotopic signature of TDIC (from −6.8 to +2.2‰ vs. VPDB).In the last two decades, numerous (CO2-rich) gas blowouts have occurred in the area during well drillings, suggesting the presence of a geopressurized gas reservoir at relatively shallow depth.

Hydrogeological modelling for the watershed management of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (Spain)

The Mar Menor is the largest lagoon along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. It suffers from eutrophication and algal blooms associated with intensive agricultural activities and urban pressure in the surrounding Campo de Cartagena plain. A balanced discharge of groundwater, carrier of algal nutrients such as nitrate, is essential to ensure the integrity of the coastal lagoon and the availability of groundwater resources inland. We here present a 3D hydrogeological model of the unconfined Quaternary aquifer that discharges into the lagoon. The model couples both surface water balance and groundwater dynamics and has been calibrated to available data in the period 2000–2016. The calibrated model allows understanding of the current state of the aquifer and its link to the lagoon. The potential discharge has been quantified in both space and time and falls between 69.5 and 84.9 hm3/yr during dry and wet periods, respectively (with values of nitrate discharge of 11.4–11.8 Mkg/yr in the absence of aquifer sink terms, e.g., leakage to deeper aquifers and pumping from groundwater wells). The predictive capabilities of the calibrated model can be used to test the impact of different integrated management scenarios on the surface-groundwater dynamics of the catchment. Three plausible management scenarios are proposed that include localized and distributed groundwater pumping (drains and groundwater wells, respectively). Results show the effectiveness of the scenarios in reducing the groundwater and nitrate discharge into the lagoon. The disadvantages of the proposed scenarios, including potential seawater intrusion, need to be balanced with their relative merits for the sustainable development of the region and the survival of the Mar Menor ecosystem. The modelling approach proposed provides a valuable tool for the integrated and holistic management of the Campo de Cartagena-Mar Menor catchment and should be of great interest to similar hydrological systems with high ecological value.

Anti-Literature: The Politics and Limits of Representation in Modern Brazil and Argentina by Adam Joseph Shellhorse

Reviewed by: Anti-Literature: The Politics and Limits of Representation in Modern Brazil and Argentina by Adam Joseph Shellhorse Patrick Thomas Ridge Shellhorse, Adam Joseph. Anti-Literature: The Politics and Limits of Representation in Modern Brazil and Argentina. Pittsburgh: U Pittsburgh P, 2017. 258 pp. ISBN: 978-08-2296-447-6. Anti-Literature offers an important contribution to the field of Latin American studies. Critical analyses of what Shellhorse deems "anti-literature"—multidisciplinary and minoritarian writings that emphasize affect and perception over representation—aim to reconceptualize the idea of Latin American literature. As Shellhorse further explains, the anti-literary text "recaptures form as an assemblage of expression, an interplay between media, that effectuates subversions of the sensible" (194). Case studies demonstrate how these works from Brazil and Argentina—this includes the visual arts, concrete poetics, and film scripts, among others—experiment with form to express their subaltern, feminine, and political dimensions, thus countering the region's historical state-centered and identitarian literary projects. Furthermore, the volume's heightened focus on Brazilian writers, as well as critical dialogue with the field's most influential theories, call for a more interdisciplinary and inter-American understanding of regional literature. From the outset, Shellhorse examines Clarice Lispector's A hora da estrela (1977), suggesting that the anti-literary text distances itself from traditional regimes of representation by exploring the writing of subalternity and the feminine. Accompanying these observations, facsimiles of the author's manuscript illuminate her subversive compositional mode. Next, Anti-Literature shifts its attention to Argentina's David Viñas, emphasizing the role of affect and cinema in his hybrid work Dar la cara (1962). Screenshots from José Martínez Suárez's film adaptation advance Shellhorse's argument surrounding Viñas's radicalized medium and montage narrative technique. A substantial part of the analysis considers the anti-literary tendencies of Brazil's concrete poets, a notably understudied chapter of the region's literature. Different from the existing scholarship that underscores the identitarian framework of Oswald de Andrade's anthropophagia, Shellhorse redirects critical attention to the cannibalistic poetics that employ "a powerful syntactic and sensory sabotage of the discursive codes of official culture" (71). Once more, readings and visuals of works by Andrade, as well as Haroldo de Campos, Décio Pignatari, and Augusto de Campos, demonstrate, as Shellhorse posits, how the concrete poets created a "multimedial defiance of representational logic" (71). The study concludes with extensive analyses of Osman Lins's "Retábulo de Santa Joana Carolina" (1966) and Haroldo de Campos's "O anjo esquerdo da história" (1996). Reinforcing his main thesis, Shellhorse argues that the texts' subaltern elements and experimental form complicate dominant understandings of Latin American literature. Accordingly, the study highlights Lins's cannibalization of baroque ornamentation to narrate the violence of subalternity in the Brazilian Northeast. A convincing reading of Campo's revolutionary poem, inspired by the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre, notes the experimental use of language combined with subaltern affect. Paired with images of the MST occupation taken by Sebastião [End Page 166] Salgado, one of Brazil's most renowned— and, at times controversial—photographers, Shellhorse dissects Campos's manipulation of typography and punctuation to produce a sensorial experience of this struggle that challenges the official discourse of the State. By focusing on experimental countertraditions, particularly the Brazilian avantgarde, Anti-Literature adds a new layer to Latin American criticism. Shellhorse's study not only sparks new discussion surrounding Brazilian and Spanish American literature, but its combination of close readings and engagement with current literary theory offers an innovative interdisciplinary formula for future textual analyses. Patrick Thomas Ridge Virginia Tech Copyright © 2019 Department of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Influence of Edaphic Attributes on the Distribution of Tree Species in a Riparian Forest in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT This study aims at identifying the formation of clusters and to evaluate the influence of chemical attributes in the soil on the groups and species in a riparian forest fragment in Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Thirteen plots (10 × 20 m) were demarcated to carry out the study. Forest inventory data were employed in a multivariate analysis using the Twinspan method and the correlation between vegetation data and chemical characterization of the soil was carried out by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Thirty-one species were sampled (DBH ≥ 30 cm) and two floristic groups were identified. The results indicated a structural difference between the two environments, likely due to the steeper slope and less influence of groundwater. Variables such as sulfur, calcium and organic matter were explanatory of the vegetation grouping known as riparian forest of hillside and aluminum, aluminum saturation and copper of riparian forest with flat topography.

Identity, feeling of belonging and collective action in localized agrifood systems. Example of the Serrano cheese in the Campos de Cima da Serra, Brazil

The study is aimed at linking social representations of identity and feeling of belonging to territory of farmers, to their degree of involvement in collective action within localized agrifood systems (LAS). The study was conducted with producers’ families producing Serrano cheese, in the mountains of the Campos de Cima da Serra, in southern Brazil. Collective action for the valorization of the Serrano cheese relied on the producers’ associations, which are the only form of collective organization. Fifty-four families were selected according to their level of involvement in collective action. First, we used a quantitative approach called the free word association, analyzed by Factorial Correspondence Analysis. Second, we asked closed questions to the producers to assess their feeling of belonging. We showed that the content of the social representation reflected the participation of producers in collective action. Producers who put forward the typicality of the cheese, the territory and their identity, were the most engaged in the associations. On the other hand, producers not involved in associations put forward the difficulties of their activity. In this sense, it appears valuable to encourage discussion between the different producers according to their level of involvement to build common representations that favor collective action for the defense and valorization of the Serrano cheese. Nonetheless, most producers tended to show a high feeling of belonging which could form the basis for discussion. However, collective action in the LAS follows a top-down model led by extension services, in which the producers need to be integrated in a more participatory governance to lead more efficient projects.

Itinerarios virtuales como herramientas complementarias a las salidas de campo de Biología Marina

Extended reality technologies combine real and virtual environments through computer generated interactions, allowing to extend and amplify the sensory experiences of the user. Currently, the most widely known extended reality experiences are augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) which are being increasingly incorporated in a wide variety of areas that range from marketing to health care. Despite the relatively recent application of these technologies in education they have already shown an enormous potential, as they significantly improve student motivation and learning, adapt to different learning styles, reduce social inequalities to some extent, and facilitate inclusiveness and diversity practices in the classroom. In this work, we present a project that incorporates AR and VR to university teaching, with the aim of offeringan immersive learning experience that complements field work practices in courses related to marine biology and zoology. Using 360º images and the open source software Roundme, we have developed a virtual itinerary through a rocky shore in O Grove (Galicia, Spain), in which students can observe and study the biodiversity associated to the distinct intertidal zones. We have also created an underwater VR 360º video that allows students to experience a virtual SCUBA dive in the Marine Reserve of Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Níjar (Almería, Spain). During this virtual dive, students can observe and identify the rich biodiversity associated to Posidonia oceanica meadows as well as other characteristic species and communities of this marine protected area, even if they can’t swim or if they are hundreds of kilometers away from the coast. Lastly, we have also designed an AR app that allows the visualization of representative marine invertebrate 3D models and internal anatomy videos through a smartphone. The 3D models were created with the app Qlone and integrated with QR codes using the software Creator to develop the app VitrinasXR, which can be accessed with the open source app Scope. AR and VR are among the tools with the most potential to revolutionize education, significantly promoting motivation and learning in the classroom. The technological advances and popularity of these tools has made them easy to use for both the teachers and the students, allowing their effective use in education. Specifically, the application of these technologies to develop virtual itineraries and field trips has added benefits, allowing access to students from all socio-economic backgrounds, providing flexibility to adapt to different learning styles, and promoting inclusivity and diversity practices in the classroom. Here, we provide detailed information regarding the design and creation of our marine biology AR and VR teaching materials, in order to facilitate and encourage their use in higher education by any interested party La realidad extendida combina entornos reales y virtuales mediante interacciones generadas por ordenador, permitiendo extender y ampliar las experiencias sensoriales del usuario. Actualmente, las experiencias de realidad extendida más conocidas son la realidad aumentada (RA) y la realidad virtual (RV) que se están incorporando de manera incremental en áreas que abarcan desde el marketing, a la sanidad. A pesar de que la aplicación de estastecnologías a la educación es aún reciente, muestran un enorme potencial ya que fomentan de manera significativa la motivación y aprendizaje de los estudiantes, se adaptan a distintos estilos de aprendizaje, reducen en cierta medida desigualdades sociales, y facilitan la inclusividad y atención a la diversidad en el aula. En este trabajo, presentamos un proyecto que incorpora elementos de RA y RV a la docencia universitaria, con el objetivo de proporcionar una experiencia de aprendizaje que favorezca la inmersión en el tema/asignatura y que complemente las prácticas de campo de asignaturas relacionadas con la biología marina. Proporcionamos información detallada sobre el proceso diseño y creación del material para promover y facilitar el uso de estas herramientas a cualquier docente interesado.

Gibraltar, Land Reclamation, the Environment and Brexit

The implementation of EU environmental legislation in Gibraltar will be analyzed in this Paper. An study strongly affected by the historical Anglo-Spanish dispute concerning sovereignty over Gibraltar (Rock and Isthmus), which also extends to the surrounding maritime spaces, the airspace over the territory and the internal waters of the port of Gibraltar. Since environmental matters are the responsibility of the Government of Gibraltar, this latter is also responsible for transposing environmental directives, whereas the UK is answerable to the EU for compliance with them.It also will be analyzed the lack of cooperation between the States, that is evidenced by the overlapping of spaces protected surrounding Gibraltar, as Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), for which the adoption of conservation measures is envisaged, including regulation of fishing activity and navigation, environmental impact assessment of projects with transboundary effects that may derive from the practice of land reclamation (in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive), pollution prevention, bunkering and scientific research. For several years, these activities have been challenged at the European level by the NGO ‘Campo de Gibraltar Verdemar-Ecologists in Action Association’, and have also been the subject of complaints and protests on the part of the Spanish Government to the UK.Finally, the effect of Brexit on marine environment protection and the expansion of maritime spaces around Gibraltar will be studied, specially the Spanish-British Memorandum of Understanding of 2018 on environmental cooperation which was referenced by the Protocol on Gibraltar included in the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the UK from the EU.

The End Again: Degeneration and Visual Culture in Modern Spain by Oscar E. Vázquez

Reviewed by: The End Again: Degeneration and Visual Culture in Modern Spain by Oscar E. Vázquez María del Pilar Blanco The End Again: Degeneration and Visual Culture in Modern Spain. Oscar E. Vázquez. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017. Pp. 272. $84.95 (cloth). Reading Oscar E. Vázquez’s excellent The End Again immediately brought to mind Antonio Machado’s “Por tierras de España” (In the Lands of Spain) from his Campos de Castilla (1907–17), a work that I have spent a number of years unpacking with my undergraduate students for the variety of discourses it espouses. In this poem, a speaker contemplates the Castilian landscape directly before his eyes, moving from seemingly detached description of the landscape to a biting diagnosis of the ills befalling a post-1898 “Disaster” Spain—ailments so pervasive they are evidenced on the bodies of the subjects living within this landscape. One of the stanzas reads: “Abunda el hombre malo del campo y de la aldea,/ capaz de insanos vicios y crímenes bestiales,/ que bajo el pardo sayo esconde un alma fea,/ esclava de los siete pecados capitales” (The land and the villages are full of evil men/capable of perverse behaviour and bestial crimes,/ who hide an ugly soul under their dark cloak/like a slave to the seven deadly sins”).1 In class, I ask my students to consider the register of that voice (what is he judging, and why is he so judgmental?), but also the variety of information that seems to accompany the accusations posed herein. Machado’s observer insists on a character connection between man and landscape, as much as he sees in that everyman a generalized outlook on Castille, and Spain as a whole. The poem’s mournful register is weighed down by its stark indictment, which, in one fell swoop, merges references to those bêtes noires of the Catholic faith (the seven deadly sins) and the criminological discourse that was in vogue during the fin-de-siècle, conveying a seamless and problematic connection between physiognomy and behavior. Machado’s sentiment and thinking in this poem is symptomatic of a pessimism over the country’s modernity that had settled in the minds of Spanish writers and artists of the fin-de-siècle. It was a pessimism that found a set of ripe justifications in the medical and sociological [End Page 893] discourses emerging from other European nations—particularly France and Italy—and that described patterns of moral and physical degeneracy in their populations. While critical histories of this sentiment as it is manifested in literature abound, Vázquez’s The End Again presents an original and necessary window into the question of how the visual arts, in conjunction with writing from the period between the 1870s and the 1920s, interpreted this multifaceted questioning of national character. Scholars and students of modernisms unfamiliar with the multi-region Spanish experience will find this an engaging book that digs down into the contradictions within discourses about modernity. Vázquez is clear in setting up his position vis-à-vis modernism: while the book, he writes, does not “take up anew the question of ‘singular,’ ‘comparative,’ or ‘alternative’ modernities,” The End Again “begins with the premise that there were competing definitions of what was modern or backward in Spain, and they were argued in different languages across multiple regional centers” (12). This is a necessarily ambitious project, given the problematic nature of “degeneration” as a term in itself: pervasive as it was across the nineteenth century and beyond, this notion tended to align itself with other, somewhat similar ideas like “decay” and “decadence,” which in turn attracted a wealth of scientific, aesthetic, and historical interpretations. For Spanish thinkers in particular, the soul-searching related to the country’s place in the modern world at the dawn of the twentieth century entailed a tricky ethnic and cultural crisis. As Vázquez ably illustrates, degeneration cropped up in all manner of spaces: in medical journals, in political discussions about the nobility (and their lived spaces, from homes to gardens), or the future of the country’s arts. One of the key questions...