Camper Plane Research Articles

ヒト外側翼突筋上頭へのＥＭＧ電極刺入に関する基礎的検討

To elucidate a safe and accurate method for inserting an EMG electrode into the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle (SLP), the anatomical relationship between the maxillary artery and SLP was examined, and the direction and distance of the EMG electrode inserted via an intra-oral route were measured in 22 human cadavers.An intra-oral approach was better than an extra-oral approach, because the maxillary artery generally ran laterally in close relation to the SLP. To avoid injuring the maxillary artery, the electrode should be inserted through the mucobuccal fold around the distal root of the upper first molar. The optimal angle of the electrode against the Camper plane was approximately 40° upward. As well against the sagittal plane was approximately 7° outward. The optimal distance from the intra-oral inserting point to the muscle was 40-45mm.Although these findings are useful for recording EMG activity of this muscle, it is necessary to consider carefully various differences in recording sides, sex and dentition of upper molars.

The correlation of various planes in dental prosthetics

The planes which serve as references for cranium and face in dental clinicals at present include occlusal plane, Frankfort plane, Camper plane, and HIP plane. These referential planes are used for the purposes from examination and diagnosis to treatment, and the scope of their application is not merely limited to the relationship between tooth and dental arch but the planes serve asbases leading to establishment of the normal oro-facial system by grasping their positional relations to cranium and face.We report the results of our study made comparatively, according to the three-dimentional measurement system, on occlusal plane, Frankfort plane, Camper plane, HIP plane and their positional relationship to the referential points in clinicals by adopting the Japanese nationals with the natural dentition as subjects.

The occlusal plane in relation to facial types

1. The mean location of the occlusal plane of the dentitions of 53 dental and dental hygiene students was studied. The Schwarz mirror-photographic method was used, and the facial type was determined according to the Simon classification. The mean ala-tragus line, and the relation of it to the occlusal plane was studied for Simon's six facial types. 2. Data of this study indicate that, among the different facial types studied, the line connecting the lowest point of the ala of the nose to the inferior margin of the tragus is nearly parallel to the occlusal plane. This line is referred to as Camper's plane when used by prosthodontists. The correlation between facial types and the location of the occlusal plane, when considered from the lateral aspect, was also indicated. 3. A comparison of the results of this study with those of other investigators indicate that our results are reasonable. 4. The method used in this study is clinically applicable to complete denture construction.

Radiographic Investigation of Facial Asymmetry

The projective factors of some arbitrary lines of the skull, utilised for measurements, are studied and discussed with special regard to the “Camper Plane”. The analysis includes not only direct radiography, but also possible additive misleading effects made clear by the use of photofluorographic recording. At the same time, conclusions can be drawn about the frequency of facial asymmetry in an unselected material of 110 skulls in vivo.